Peer-reviewed international research papers published open-access with EOI assignment and global indexing across engineering, computer science, environmental science, social sciences, and more.
Curriculum development is a dynamic and multifaceted process that plays a crucial role in shaping student learning and success. The term “curriculum,” derived from the Latin word for “racecourse,” symbolizes the structured educational path students follow. Essen-tially, a curriculum is a detailed plan that outlines the learning experiences, skills, and knowledge students need to acquire. This review delves into the key elements and models of curriculum development, emphasizing the importance of connecting educational theories with practical applications to create meaningful learning experiences. Effective curriculum development involves several interconnected stag-es: development, planning, assessment, evaluation, and implementation. Each stage contributes to building a cohesive and adaptable cur-riculum that meets educational standards and addresses the diverse needs of students. Despite these theoretical models, the review iden-tifies significant gaps and challenges in current curriculum development practices. One major issue is the neglect of teachers’ needs dur-ing curriculum reform. When reformers focus solely on changing programs without considering the impact on teachers and their teaching methods that can lead to disengagement and ineffective implementation. Additionally, the review highlights poor communication within educational institutions as another barrier to successful curriculum implementation. The review also emphasizes the importance of relia-ble data in curriculum development. Accurate data is vital for making informed decisions, but gaps in data collection and analysis can undermine the success of the curriculum. When data is not robust, curriculum developers may make poor decisions, leading to ineffective practices. Furthermore, an overemphasis on management and organizational concerns can shift focus away from teaching strategies and student learning experiences, which should be at the heart of curriculum development. While procedural steps are necessary for order, they should not overshadow the need for innovation and effective teaching methods. This literature review underscores the importance of bridging the gap between theory and practice in curriculum development. By integrating sound educational principles with practical strategies, educators can create curricula that are adaptable and responsive to the needs of students and their communities. Addressing the identified challenges such as supporting teacher involvement, creating comprehensive change plans, improving communication, maintaining a broad perspective, ensuring data reliability, and focusing on pedagogy over management can lead to more effective and sustainable curriculum outcomes. The review concludes with practical recommendations aimed at enhancing curriculum planning, foster-ing strategic change initiatives, improving communication, and promoting a holistic approach to curriculum development, ultimately sup-porting long-term educational success.
Information systems engineers are among the few sectors that prioritize catastrophe prevention and recovery in their daily operations. Furthermore, ensuring a quick return to the pre-disaster capabilities of systems is more crucial in other businesses than in the healthcare sector. Healthcare businesses must prepare for the recovery of business operations, the foundational IT systems, and the data needed to treat patients since they rely heavily on Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and have low tolerances for system outages. The integration points of disaster recovery, business continuity, and incident response are briefly discussed in this white paper. To ensure a thorough grasp of each plan's breadth and to assist healthcare organizations in strengthening their resilience to setbacks and unfavorable circumstances, key components of these plans will be given. Continuity of Business and Incident Response plans need to take into consideration both emerging cyber threats like ransomware and other harmful codes, as well as more conventional risks like floods and fires. The infrastructure of healthcare institutions has security flaws that hackers and other cybercriminals are exploiting. They breach the network's security, encrypt the information, and then charge the healthcare organization a premium for the key that will allow them to unlock and recover their patient data. Recent attacks like NotPetya are much more pernicious because the hackers' goal was not extortion but rather data destruction and disruption of the affected enterprise.
Human-computer interaction (HCI) is the study of how humans create, implement, and utilize interactive computer systems, as well as the impact of computers on individuals, companies, and society. This includes not simply simplicity of use, but also innovative interaction approaches for assisting users, improving access to information, and developing more powerful forms of communication. It includes input and output devices and the interaction techniques that use them; how information is presented and requested; how the computer's actions are controlled and monitored; all forms of assistance, documentation, and training; the tools used to design, build, test, and evaluate user interfaces; and the processes that developers use when creating interfaces. Overall, HCI is a multidisciplinary field. It is emerging as a specialist issue in a variety of areas. It is emerging as a specialty concern within several disciplines, each with a distinct emphasis: computer science (application design and engineering of human interfaces), psychology (the application of cognitive process theories and empirical analysis of user behavior), sociology and anthropology (interactions between technology, work, and organization), and industrial design (interactive products).
This study intended to determine the factors affecting professional women’s purchase behavior towards cosmetics in the First District of Davao City. Specifically, it examined the demographic profiles of these women, including civil status, profession, household size, and monthly income, to understand how these characteristics influence their purchasing patterns. The research also assessed the impact of exogenous factors—innovative decisions, attitudes towards cosmetics, and subjective norms—on purchase behavior. Additionally, it evaluated the marketability of cosmetic products as perceived by professional women across four dimensions: product, price, place, and promotion. Furthermore, the study explored the extent of purchase behavior for two categories: skin care essentials and hair care essentials, analyzing differences based on demographic profiles. The results indicated significant relationships between professional women’s profiles and their purchase behaviors. Based on these findings, best-fit models for predicting purchase behavior for both skin care and hair care essentials were developed, providing insights for marketers targeting this demographic.
The study aimed to identify the distribution of rhinovirus cases in Tshopo from 2013 to 2023 to contribute to better control of the disease's propagation. A retrospective analysis of data on vaccination coverage and annual rhinovirus outbreaks was conducted. A total of 83,374 cases were used, and the spatial distribution of incidence rates, cases, and deaths of rhinovirus was generated using QGIS 3.6.0 with GRASS 7.6.0. Socioeconomic factors were also analyzed. The results showed that rhinovirus cases were not uniformly distributed in Tshopo, with a more significant difference in rural areas (62.10%). The study found that low vaccination coverage was linked to higher incidence rates. Sociodemographic factors, such as age and gender, were also linked to the prevalence of rhinovirus cases. In rural areas, the prevalence of children under five years old was higher (83.94%), and men were slightly more numerous (51.47%) and were vaccinated against the disease (62.43%). The study found that the average age of the subjects was 36 months, with a typical deviation of ±26.67. In conclusion, the study highlights the dynamic nature of rhinovirus outbreaks in Tshopo and the importance of maintaining high vaccination coverage, particularly in vulnerable populations, as a crucial strategy for controlling and preventing the disease. Keywords: measles, spatial distribution, epidemic, Tshopo
Needs for communication tools creates a lot of demand and supply and also creates competition between producers with other producers. iPhone is a sophisticated communication tool in current times, and is also very popular, including in Indonesia. Besides its product appearance, quality, and performance advantages, the company's marketing strategy is also essential. This study aims to determine how product quality, price, and promotion influence iPhone purchasing decisions for Gen Z who use iPhones in Indonesia. The population used in this study were all Indonesians, in the age range 11 to 28, who used the iPhone, with a sample of 120 respondents. The study was conducted in December 2023 using an online questionnaire—data analysis using the SPSS 20.0 program. The results showed that product quality, price, and promotion affected the purchasing decisions of iPhone products by Gen Z in Indonesia.
This study determined the relationship of faculty members’ job satisfaction and their work performance in Cotabato State University, Cotabato City during the school year 2022-2023. One hundred and four (104) faculty members from the different colleges of the University responded to the study. The researcher used the descriptive-correlational research design; and the faculty member Job Satisfaction Survey Questionnaire and Individual Performance Commitment Review Form as instruments. Mean, standard deviation, and Multiple Regression Analysis were the statistical tools used. Findings revealed that the teachers were highly satisfied with their job, and their work performance was very satisfactory. The satisfaction of teachers on school heads’ supervision and job security inversely affect the teachers’ work performance. Schools have to be provided with the faculty lounge so teachers can talk freely on their well-being. Human Resource Department officers have to include in their faculty retention strategies the faculty members’ welfare packages. Future researchers have to look into other factors that might predict the faculty members’ work performance. Keywords: Work Performance, Job Satisfaction, Cotabato State University
E-commerce has revolutionized the interactions between businesses and consumers globally, offering significant opportunities for economic growth and innovation. However, the adoption of e-commerce in developing countries, particularly in Congo Brazzaville, remains limited due to various socio-economic and technological barriers. This study aims to empirically examine the factors influencing consumer adoption of e-commerce in Congo Brazzaville. Based on data collected from 281 respondents through surveys, the findings highlight the socio-economic, demographic, and technological dimensions that influence online shopping behaviors in this region. We analyze the key drivers and obstacles to e-commerce adoption in Congo Brazzaville. The results reveal several barriers that significantly hinder e-commerce adoption, such as poor internet connectivity, lack of trust in online transactions, and limited access to technological resources. This study contributes to the growing literature on e-commerce in developing economies and proposes strategies to overcome the identified challenges, including improving digital infrastructure, enhancing consumer education, and developing robust e-commerce policies. These recommendations aim to create a more conducive environment for e-commerce adoption, thereby supporting economic growth and innovation in Congo Brazzaville.
This article aimed to explain the deeper understanding about Curriculum Change, It also dealt with the transitioned of K-12 Basic Education in the Philippines to the MATATAG Curriculum, marking a significant shift in the country's educational landscape. It addresses long-standing challenges in the education system by prioritizing foundational skills, reducing academic pressures, and incorporating 21st-century competencies such as critical thinking, creativity, and digital literacy. This aimed to address several shortcomings perceived in the previous K to 12 Curriculum, which was implemented in 2013. The MATATAG Curriculum, which stands for Matalino, Talino, at Galing (meaning "intelligent, skillful, and excellent"), focuses on enhancing foundational skills, particularly literacy, numeracy, and socio-emotional learning, especially for students in elementary level. The MATATAG Curriculum, also known as "Bansang Makabata, Batang Makabansa," aims to prioritize the mastery of literacy and numeracy skills among learners while decongesting the existing curriculum to focus on foundational skills.
This article examines a crucial phase in the Turkish women's rights movement from 1923 to 1935, focusing on the press's portrayal of this struggle, the impact of secularism, nation-state building, and modernization on advancing women's rights, and the role of the state in these developments. By concentrating on these core elements, the study aims to analyze the social and political evolution of Turkish women. The 1924 Constitution contradicted its own principle of equal rights for all citizens by restricting women’s right to vote and their access to public office. Women opposed this discrimination and sought to claim their rights, although they faced resistance from the government. Subsequently, women reorganized under the Turkish Women's Union, led by Nezihe Muhiddin, to continue their efforts for constitutional inclusion. The Union’s activities are thoroughly analyzed, including strategies in education, awareness campaigns, legal advocacy, and efforts for social transformation. Under Nezihe Muhiddin's leadership, the article highlights the influence of the Turkish Women's Union on the women’s rights movement and its impact on the status of women in Turkish society. Through educational and awareness-raising initiatives, the Union sought to strengthen women’s roles in society. Under its leadership, the Union’s contributions to social change fostered greater participation of women in the public sphere and influenced societal views on women’s rights.
This paper explores the complexities of managing intellectual property (IP) in the context of remote work, focusing on the challenges posed by varying state laws, employee responsibilities, and technological solutions. As remote work becomes increasingly prevalent, companies face heightened risks related to IP breaches and ownership disputes. Key issues include the necessity of drafting clear employment contracts that delineate IP ownership, the importance of effective communication and training for employees on IP protection, and the need for compliance with diverse regional laws governing IP rights. Additionally, the paper emphasizes the critical role of technological safeguards, such as encryption and data loss prevention tools, in mitigating IP risks while maintaining employee autonomy. The conclusion highlights the importance of balancing strong IP protection measures with fostering a culture of trust and innovation within the workforce. Recommendations for organizations include defining IP ownership clearly in contracts, providing regular training on IP responsibilities, ensuring compliance with local regulations, implementing robust technological solutions, and promoting employee engagement. By adopting these strategies, companies can effectively protect their intellectual assets while retaining top talent in an increasingly remote work environment.
The Ministry of Education has taken necessary steps to use technology in the teaching - learning process in schools and the necessary digital devices and training have been provided through various projects. But the extent to which these devices are used to make the teaching - learning process effective is currently a problem. One of the reasons for this is the problems faced by teachers in using digital devices for the teaching- learning process, so I decided to examine those problems. The literature investigation was carried out through the two parts of theoretical literature investigation and empirical literature investigation. The research method and process are described in order to achieve the objectives of the research. This study includes all the teachers related to grades 6-9, but a sample is selected considering the convenience and time of the research. In this case, 10 schools were selected from one zone of the Western Province and questionnaires were presented to 10 teachers from each school and interviews were conducted with the provincial and zonal information and communication technology officers and the principals of those schools. Data collection was done through online questionnaires, interviews and observations. The quantitative data collected through the questionnaires sent to the schools and teachers related to the study are presented in the form of diagrams and tables, and the data were analyzed and interpreted as appropriate using graphs and percentages. The data obtained from the selected period has been analyzed and the conclusions and suggestions have been included.
The evolution of curriculum development in the Philippines has been greatly influenced by global standards, technological progress, and socio-cultural transformations. This analysis gathers information from 69 research articles, emphasizing improvements and constraints in the planning, development, implementation, and evaluation phases. Key themes encompass sustainability, technological integration, inclusive education, indigenous knowledge, STEM education, and disaster risk mitigation. Despite progress, gaps persist in teacher training, allocation of resources, and the standardization of practices. Correcting these weaknesses is essential for the successful implementation of curricular advancements and the complete improvement of the Philippine education system. Keywords: Curriculum planning, curriculum development, curriculum implementation, curriculum evaluation, sustainability, digital literacy, inclusive education, teacher training, resource allocation, Philippines.
Kolndadacha, O. D1., Omeje, V. O2., Eze, D. C3. and Ezema C.4 1. Department of Animal Health and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi 2. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
The study was to determine the effects of two potential probiotics in alleviation of transportation stress of fingerlings exposured to Aeromonas hydrophila. Bacillus cereus and B. velezensis were identified from indigenous catfish using PCR (Stabvid - Portugal) which were used as anti-stress and growth promoters. Two separate treatments (1 and 2) were treated with 30 ppm of B. cereus and B. velezensis respectively in the transporting water before the journey in replicates. Fingerlings treated with probiotics before, during transportation were also treated with same probiotics after transportation and thereafter, all treatments were exposed to potential pathogens (A. hydrophila). The treatment with B. cereus gave a mean survival rate of 98±0.73%, compared to the Control (96±0.80%.). The survivability rate with B. velezensis after transportation did not differ (96.57±0.94 and 96.24±0.67) from the treated and control groups. The cumulative survival and growth performances of fingerlings in water treated with the probiotics before, during transportation, and post-stocking recorded the highest survival rate (98.00 %). Fingerlings treated before, during transportation and post-stocking recorded the lowest survivability (96.39 %). The survival of fingerlings in water treated with B. velezensis before, during transportation and post stocking recorded 98. 91 % higher with better growth gain of 2.0g and specific growth rate of 0.4%. The study showed that post-experimental infection with Aeromonas hydrophila following trials with B. velezensis revealed the highest survival rate and growth performance. This could be attributed to the pathogen inhibitory effect of B. velezensis resulting in higher survival rate of the fingerlings.
The main goal of this study was to determine the relationship between continuing professional development and individual performance commitment and review of secondary school teachers in the divisions of Malabon and Navotas. The researcher employed a quantitative research design in assessing the activities undertaken by the respondents in completing units for continuing professional development in terms of formal learning, non-formal learning, and informal learning. The study also assessed the level of the individual performance commitment and review of the teacher-respondents in terms of content knowledge and pedagogy, learning environment and diversity of learners, curriculum and planning, assessment and reporting, personal growth and professional development and other factors which is anchored on the Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST). The researcher gathered respondents from the two divisions, SDO-Malabon and SDO-Navotas, comprising 373 teacher-respondents. Based on the result on the activities undertaken by the teachers in completing units for continuing professional development for formal learning activities received “Strongly Agree”, this means that teachers fully attended this learning engagement, while both informal and non-formal activities yielded “Agree” response only. The score of the teacher-respondents on the level of their performance commitment and review obtained a composite weighted mean of 4.08 and was verbally interpreted as “Very Satisfactory (VS).” Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between the two variables specifically formal learning to content knowledge and pedagogy, non-formal learning to curriculum and planning, and informal learning to plus factor. However, other indicators were not significant based on the findings of the study. This suggests other researchers select variables that may yield a relationship between the mentioned indicators. Some recommendations enumerated were (1) conduct of diverse enhancement professional development programs, (2) provision of instructional supervision to teachers, (3) enhancement of technical support for fellow teachers. Keywords: Continuing Professional Development, Individual Performance Commitment and Review (IPCR), formal, non-formal, informal learning
This research investigated the effects of supplementary cementitious materials derived from banana leaf ash (BLA) and pawpaw leaf ash (PLA) on the flexural strength of ternary blended cement concrete. The study aimed to investigate the feasibility of partially replacing ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with BLA and PLA in concrete production, with the objectives of reducing the environmental impacts associated with OPC manufacturing while maintaining acceptable strength and workability properties. 144 Concrete beams of 100mm x 100mm x 500mm were produced by replacing 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of OPC with combinations of BLA and PLA. The cubes were subjected to flexural strength testing after curing periods of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The chemical composition and properties of BLA and PLA were considered in the analysis. The XRF chemical analysis conducted on BLA and PLA showed that they are rich in silica and possess pozzolanic properties, which contribute to the formation of additional cementitious compounds when combined with OPC. The reactive silica content in BLA and PLA reacts with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration, producing additional calcium silicate hydrate (C-SH), the primary binding phase in concrete. This pozzolanic reaction enhances the strength and durability of the concrete over time. The flexural strength test results showed that concrete with 100% OPC achieved the highest 28-day flexural strength of 5.39 kN/mm2. Replacements up to 10% caused less than a 20% long-term strength reduction. Combinations like 5% BLA + 5% PLA exhibited some early strength gain, indicating the potential for strength development through pozzolanic reactions. However, higher replacement levels negatively impacted workability and strength due to the higher water demand and dilution of cement content. In conclusion, limited replacement levels of 5-10% with BLA and PLA were recommended for structural concrete applications. Further optimization of mix proportions and potential chemical enhancements to the agro-waste ashes could improve their performance as viable SCMs. The study demonstrates the potential for producing greener concrete by utilizing agro-waste ashes as partial cement replacements, thereby reducing the environmental impacts associated with OPC production.
LGBTQIA+ privileges besides gender identity mean identity politics and personality research. People of all LGBTQIA+ individualities segment shared involvements. They are relegated and also remain victims of harassment. As soon as we talk about LGBTQIA+ people, we can imagine their different bright flags. There are inner allies. The well-known notion of allyship raises responsibilities that are active, aligned with exploratory background, and furthermore aligned through communal potentials. These responsibilities include self-education, discussion, and then plat preliminary degraded speeches. Wherever exiled groups have conventional main preferences, we get important forms of works, moral and then reasonable. Nevertheless, these conventions are linked to the study of human privilege. The main goals of this investigation are to classify _______Why LGBTQIA+ groups are categorized as disadvantaged. In what ways their relegation can be overcome. How tactics can be used to bring about charismatic changes in existence in addition to rules In what ways can major changes in the rules of the community, in the rules and in the admission to fairness be achieved? As soon as we talk about individuality, we try to reproduce sociocultural and partisan characteristics in addition to individual ones. The LGBTQIA+ public is not similar. LGBTQIA+ is a term that stands for a group of individualities. There is countless diversity in both discrete independents. Under the LGBTQIA+ parasol, we can understand the variety of stages between these personalities. Regardless of the amusing diversity within LGBTQIA+ characteristics, judgments are made that they are not same-sex and/or heterosexual, and they feel a philosophical cleverness of complacency in their separate and cooperative personalities. Key words: ‘’Cisgender’’,’’ ‘’Homosexual relation’’, ‘’Heterosexual relations’’, ’’identity politics’’, ’’LGBTQIA+ ‘’.
The main aim of this research manuscript is to explore how effective a teacher can become. He can become effective if he applies various teaching strategies according to the needs of his students in simple ways. He must be a reflective teacher who always focuses on his improvement. He should have some qualities like cognitive clarity, verbal clarity, variety in instruction, task orientation, and engagement in learning. He makes his students play with the information they gain. Direct instruction, discussion, small group work, problem-solving, storytelling, and exemplification strategies are discussed along with their advantages, disadvantages, and recommendations so that a teacher may concentrate on the advantages, overcome their disadvantages, and utilise the recommendations to make these strategies effective, and useful for students. The main purpose is to make the classroom interesting, pleasant, and supportive for learning, critical thinking, and research.
This literature review examines the challenges and gaps in curriculum planning, development, implementation, and evalua-tion within contemporary education systems. While curriculum works as the foundation of education, modeling student learning and preparing them for personal and professional success, there are constantly ongoing issues affecting its ef-fectiveness. These contain limited teacher involvement in curriculum design, a shortage of curriculum experts, insufficient contextualized teacher support, and inadequate alignment with employment and industry needs. Another difficulty in im-plementation includes having time constraints, resource limitations, financial barriers, and professional development gaps, further complicate the realization of educational goals. Moreover, evaluation processes often fail to ensure curricu-la remain responsive to real-world demands and future workforce requirements. Closing the existing gaps will demand inclusive, well-resourced and evidence-based approaches to developing curriculum that incorporates views of teachers, technological integration, and industry relevance. Recommendations indicate the need for cooperation between educa-tors and policymakers among others in creating an education system that is responsive, inclusive, and able to prepare students to meet needs in the future.
This literature review examines various themes and perspectives on curriculum planning, development, and evaluation, emphasizing the importance of grassroots involvement. Key findings highlight the critical role of teachers in curriculum design, the need for differentiated models catering to diverse learners, and the significance of curriculum coherence for improved retention and comprehension. The review also explores integrating real-world skills into curricula, emphasizing continuous feedback mechanisms and professional development to ensure effective implementation. Challenges such as aligning local needs with national standards, addressing digital equity, and supporting inclusive and culturally relevant curricula are discussed. Furthermore, evidence-based approaches and integrated STEM education emerge as essential components of modern curriculum planning, especially in preparing students for the 21st-century workforce. The review underscores the need for flexibility in curriculum design to adapt to rapid societal changes, as highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic, and emphasizes foundational learning for early childhood education. By synthesizing global and local perspectives, this review provides insights into fostering meaningful and effective curriculum reforms that address both educational standards and the unique needs of learners.
This thematic literature review investigates the key factors in curriculum planning, development, implementation, and evaluation. The literature in this review was gathered from several peer-reviewed articles and journals. As reviewed in the literature, there are key factors that were identified such as alignment with educational goals, flexibility and adaptability and stakeholder involvement for an effective curriculum planning. Meanwhile, globalization, technology integration, students’ needs and involvement of stakeholders are the key factors for an effective curriculum development. On the other hand, planning and strategy, resource availability, involvement of stakeholders and continuous evaluation are the factors to be considered in curriculum implementation. Lastly, learning objectives and standards, engaging stakeholders and continuous improvement are the key factors for a good curriculum evaluation. Overall, the key factors that were identified in this literature can serve as a basis for creating a curriculum that are not only coherent and adaptable but also inclusive and engaging.
Curriculum planning, implementation, and evaluation are essential steps in building an effective education system. Planning involves designing the content and methods to meet the needs of learners and society. Implementation focuses on putting these plans into action, requiring trained teachers, adequate resources, and collaboration among stakeholders. Evaluation ensures the curriculum achieves its goals and identifies areas for improvement. This review explores studies and literature to highlight strategies, challenges, and opportunities in creating curricula that are inclusive, adaptable, and effective in addressing modern educational needs.
This article presents ideas about social pedagogical activity on the gradual recognition of upbringing as a social phenomenon, the formation of pedagogical and social theories of the history of the development of social pedagogy abroad and Uzbekistan
The study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the developed alternative instructional material in Mathematics 10 in Janosa National High School during the school year 2021-2022. The study utilized a one-group pretest-posttest research design which utilized a researcher-made questionnaire checklist to see the validity of the developed instructional material and a pretest and posttest to identify the effectiveness of the developed alternative instructional material. The instructional material covered the Least Mastered Skills of the third grading period namely: identifying permu-tations and combinations, deriving formulas for the permutations and combinations, differentiating permutations and combinations, and solving problems regarding permutations and combinations. Thirty (30) IT experts and Mathematics Teachers were selected using random sampling from the Division of Rizal to evaluate the developed alternative instructional material in Mathematics 10 which was found to be Very Much Acceptable in terms of Content, User-friendly, Relevance, Timeliness, and Appropriateness. Furthermore, the developed alternative instructional material in Mathematics 10 was utilized by the 47 learners from the pilot section to determine its effects on the teaching and learning process, using researcher-made pretest and posttest, and it came out to be Outstanding.
This paper presents part of the findings on the study which sought to assess journalists’ viewpoints on Legal Framework to Investigative Print Journalism in Tanzania. The study aimed to address the challenging environment of conducting Investigative Journalism in Tanzanian Print media. The study was guided by three objectives namely; to find out whether journalists at Habari Leo, Mwananchi and Nipashe newspapers are aware of existing Legal Framework on Investigative Journalism, to describe experiences on Investigative Journalism Legal Framework that journalists have at Mwananchi, Habari Leo and Nipashe Newspapers, and to examine how journalists at Habari Leo, Mwananchi and Nipashe newspapers cope with the existing media laws on Investigative Journalism. The study employed multiple case study design whereby data was collected through interviews to nine (9) journalists and analyzed thematically and presented in accordance to the aforementioned specific objectives. This study was guided by T Watchdog theory of the press introduced by Lichtenberg in 1990. The main idea of watchdog theory of the press is that the press should protect citizens from the abuses of the government or other powerful people or institutions. (Glowack, 2015) The study found that print media journalists are aware of the existing media laws and how they control investigative journalism practice, and they have different experiences in legal framework such as arrests, police summons, interrogations in the offices of non-law enforcers or even taken to courts for defamation and other lawsuits which have left them highly cautioned and immensely censored and also Investigative journalists in Tanzanian Print media know how to cope with the situation by applying various journalistic techniques and how to keep themselves safe by abstaining from reporting hazardous reports especially that touch big fishes. Nevertheless, still Investigative journalism has not been the preferable option for them. The study recommends press stakeholders to insist significant changes in these laws, education to the media personnel and the public on the importance of Investigative journalism and journalists themselves should be more courageous to handle this kind of reportage.
Curriculum studies encompass a comprehensive array of procedures, including planning, development, implementation, and evaluation, all essential to the educational framework. This review synthesizes findings from 63 studies in curriculum development to identify critical gaps within these processes that hinder effective educational outcomes. Despite extensive research on each stage, significant challenges remain in aligning theoretical frameworks with practical applications. Notable gaps include inadequate stakeholder engagement during the planning phase, insufficient adaptation of curricular content to meet diverse learner needs, and a lack of training for educators to implement changes effectively. Additionally, funding limitations pose risks to the sustainability of programs and research initiatives. The review highlights the necessity for longitudinal assessment methods to evaluate the long-term impacts of curriculum changes on student learning outcomes. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for robust pedagogical effectiveness evaluation methods that provide comprehensive feedback for meaningful modifications. This study advocates for integrated research approaches that bridge existing gaps, focusing on adaptable, inclusive, and technology-enhanced strategies to modernize educational practices and better address the evolving needs of learners, educators, and stakeholders.
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