Peer-reviewed international research papers published open-access with EOI assignment and global indexing across engineering, computer science, environmental science, social sciences, and more.
The issue of professional identity in Botswana is not clear among some helping professionals offering psychological assistance. It is even more unclear among the public within Botswana making it moot issue. For the issue to be addressed this study investigated if it is important to educate the nation of Botswana on professional identity. The study used conceptual route to amplify the issue in order to make a verdict on the matter.
This study explores the impact of e-procurement on improving procurement functions and stakeholder satisfaction in the context of CRS Rwanda, Nyarugenge District. It aims to identify key challenges hindering e-procurement improvement, as perceived by staff and suppliers. Examine the role of e-procurement in enhancing efficiency, transparency, and accountability. Assess stakeholder satisfaction using a five-point Likert scale. Determine the top three factors influencing successful e-procurement implementation. Employing a quantitative approach, the study utilizes a self-administered questionnaire distributed to a representative sample of 188 participants (from a target population of 355) via snowball sampling. Primary and secondary data were analyzed using SPSS 28. The study's findings are expected to contribute to knowledge on e-procurement and its impact, provide valuable insights for Rwandan managers and policymakers, identify crucial factors for successful e-procurement implementation, Offer practical recommendations for CRS Rwanda to improve their e-procurement system and overall procurement processes.
Patient Profiling, an essential component of modern healthcare, enables personalized treatment interventions. As electronic health records (EHRs) and data analytics advance, patient profiling becomes a crucial tool for medical practitioners. This study examines the concept, advantages, and drawbacks of the patient medication profiling system through surveys and literature review. Thirty purposive samples were analyzed. The results suggest a positive view of PMPS adaptability and acceptability. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in respondents’ knowledge and perception levels before and after computerized patient medication profile intervention. However, there was significant difference (p>0.05) in factors influencing PMPS adaptation and satisfaction. Although not widely used in community pharmacies, PMPS has proven effective in evaluating patient profiles, medication types, and necessary interventions in Koronadal City, South Cotabato. This research underscores the importance of PMPS in contemporary healthcare, offering insights into its development, evaluation, and use for pharmacists and patients alike.
Cocoyam is a regular name for more than one equatorial root plant vegetable crop that belongs to Arum and Araceae family, they are herbaceous perennial plants grown primarily for their edible roots. The enzymatic production of Bioethanol from Red and White cocoyam peels was examined using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was further used to ferment the substrates after the material pre-treatment of both the Red and White cocoyam peels at 280C for 7 days. The fermented liquid was distilled at 780C and the quantity of Bioethanol produced determined: The use of saccharomyces cerevisiae for fermentation of 100g, 80g, 70g, 60g, and 50g of Red and White cocoyam peels yielded a volume of 87ml, 67ml, 58ml, 49ml, and 41ml of bioethanol from Red cocoyam peels, while the bioethanol from white cocoyam peels yielded 84ml, 66ml, 59ml, 48ml and 39ml respectively. The distilled Bioethanol were characterized and their properties were compared with standard properties of ethanol. The Boiling point, refractive index, specific gravity, density and the pH value of bioethanol produced from Red and White cocoyam peels where 780c, 1.3614, 0.833, 0.7981g/cm3, and 6.45 for bioethanol produced from Red cocoyam peels and 780c, 1.3614, 0.866, 0.7894g/cm3, and 6.40 for bioethanol produced from White cocoyam peels. This study reveals that Bioethanol can be produced from Red and White cocoyam peels with maximum yields of 87ml and 84ml respectively from red cocoyam peels and white cocoyam peels as a result of the presence of higher starch contents when Aspergillus Niger and saccharomyces cerevisiae were used.
The field of international relations has undergone a significant change in recent years with the emergence of new trade practices. The shift from traditional methods of trade, such as bilateral discussions and protectionist strategies, to more connected and dependent systems, has had an impact on the global economy and political scene. The emergence of multilateral trade agreements such as the World Trade Organization has led to greater trade and economic integration among nations. However, the current global economic and political situation has led to changes in trade practices, with an increasing emphasis on regional integration and a shift towards bilateral trade agreements. These changes in trade patterns have important implications for international relations, such as increased competition, greater interdependence, and greater political bargaining power. The article evaluates these new trade practices and their effect on the global economy and politics.
This action research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of utilizing Genial.ly, as an ICT-based integration to increase comprehension skills on homophones among the Grade IV pupils of Buttong Integrated School. The study is motivated by the need of the learners to gain knowledge on how to distinguish the homophones to improve their vocabulary and spelling. The research is also guided by the under-standing that integrating ICT tools, specifically Genial.ly into language instruction can potentially engage and motivate learners, leading to improved learning outcomes. The respondents of this study were chosen through convenience sampling. One group was exposed to tradi-tional instruction methods and the other group to Genial.ly-based activities focused on homophone comprehension. The effectiveness of the intervention was evaluated through pre-tests and post-tests. The results showed that Genial.ly as an intervention to increase the learners’ comprehension on homophones was more effective than the traditional method. Thus, the use of Genially is recommended to the teachers as an all-in-one online tool in improving the comprehension skills on homophones of the pupils.
The escalating presence of heavy metal contaminants in wastewater, attributed to industrial and human activities, poses a significant threat to both human health and the environment. This article critically reviews various methods employed for the removal of heavy metal particles from wastewater, encompassing adsorption, membrane separation, chemical, electrical, and photocatalytic treatments. While adsorption strategies have garnered substantial attention, challenges such as simultaneous removal of diverse particle species, prolonged retention times, and the durability of adsorbents persist. Chemical and membrane approaches, although practical, raise concerns related to extensive sludge generation and post-treatment requirements. Electrical methods demonstrate efficacy, yet the issue of substantial volume sludge remains a challenge. Photocatalytic-based techniques are promising but still in a nascent stage of development. It is imperative for future research to shift focus towards environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable materials and methodologies. Additionally, utilizing real wastewater in research investigations, rather than synthetic solutions, is crucial for enhancing the applicability of findings. The article emphasizes the urgent need to address heavy metal contamination from industries such as electroplating, mining, and petrochemicals, underscoring the non-biodegradable and potentially carcinogenic nature of heavy metals. The overall objective is to encourage the exploration of innovative and efficient approaches to safeguard water quality and mitigate the adverse impacts of heavy metal pollution on human health and ecosystems.
The accountability mechanism is the process of delivering the service on commitments, dissemination of information, oversight mechanism, having the enforceability through the complaints handling and people hearing for service delivery. To analyze the maternal health service delivery and explore the effects of accountability mechanism for maternal health service at Primary Health Care Center level, multivariate regression analysis had been done having the dependent variable i.e. satisfaction of mothers that have taken the service during pregnancy and at the time of child birth and independent variable is accountability mechanism. Mainly, Primary Health Care Centers are being accountable through committed toward service delivery, through the review of conduct by Health facility operation committee, people hearing mechanism and complaints handling mechanism have significant relation with maternal health service. In contrast, the answerability mechanism for misbehavior, timely dissemination of information for service provision, financial activities and review of performance are insignificant relation with service delivery. The accountability mechanism deals with the effort of analysts and commentator to make the sense of accountable service. Likewise, it illustrates that where the gap is eroding the practice of account giving process. Accountability mechanism discusses how to deal with that cause through the responsive services and as cure through the reestablishment and rebuilding the moral on basis of community effective standards and norms. Moreover, to diversify the role of accountability mechanism, there should be enhancement of information sharing and oversight mechanism in Primary health care center. Keywords: Accountability, Health Service delivery, oversight mechanism, people hearing and social audit
The condition of user satisfaction during the period last two years experienced a significant decline at the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia. The research proposed a conceptual model to test the mediation effect of service quality on the influence of facilities and information technology toward user satisfaction. The population of this study is 100 people who had become library members in the Library Information Service Center and Manuscript Management Unit of the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia. Data collection will be carried out using a questionnaire. This paper contains several things, including research background, literature review, conceptual model, hypothesis, and research methodology.
As a library institution, the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia must strive to increase the number of visits and reading interests of the Indonesian people. The data on the number of book borrowers during 2021-2023 continues to increase from 35,046 in 2021 to 91,733 borrowers in 2023, but whether these visitors come to read or just for recreation has yet to be studied. Furthermore, the reading interest of the Indonesian society remains a challenge as Indonesia still ranks as a country with low reading interest. Based on research by the Ministry of Communication and Information in 2021 and UNESCO in 2022, the index of reading interest in Indonesian society is only 0.001 percent, meaning out of 1,000 people, only one person enjoys reading. Reading interest can arise through promotion efforts and the satisfaction of library users. This quantitative study aims to examine the influence of promotion and library visits on reading interest, mediated by user satisfaction at the Information Services Center and the Manuscript Management Unit of the National Library of the Re-public of Indonesia.
Voting is the most important process of democratic setting where by people determines who lead or represent their interest. Despite series of regulations, conventional voting system has been generally characterized with many fundamental challenges which ranges from systemic to human problems thereby rendering outcome of the process widely unacceptable due to series of malpractices at various levels of the process notwithstanding the huge amount of resources that might have been committed. Manipulated process is bond to give counter-productive results which eventually leads to bad governance, poor representation diversification of public opinion and interest for personal gains. This pose need for a more perfect voting system, which outcome could hardly be challenged no matter the way it goes. Achieving this is to move away from the paper-based voting scheme which has ballot paper at the center of focus to electronic voting system whereby voting data is collected and processed digitally. The system consists of controller hardware and software. The hardware is implemented with microcontroller incorporated with finger-print module while software code is developed in C programming language for interfacing the ARM processor with finger-print module. Pre-voting, voting, and post voting are captured and processed electronically. Features of the proposed system include flexibility, user-friendly, minimum power consumption and cost-effectiveness.
Pharmacists have a crucial role in healthcare, yet medication errors, often due to confusing drug names, are common. Sound-Alike Look-Alike Drugs (SALADs) pose risks, but Tall Man Lettering (TML) uses capital letters to highlight differences, helping pharmacists in distinguishing similar medications and preventing errors. A quasi-experimental design was used, and pharmacists were selected via purposive sampling and assigned to either the experimental group using the QR Code or the control group. The findings revealed that in post-intervention, knowledge (mean: 3.77), attitudes (mean: 3.79), and practices (mean: 3.57) showed an improvement compared with pre-intervention data. There was also a significant difference (p<0.05) between control and experimental groups in knowledge, attitudes, and practices. This research evaluated the effectiveness of Digital Tall Man Letters QR Code in City of Koronadal’s community pharmacies. It concluded that Tall Man Letters are a highly effective intervention tool in helping community pharmacists differentiate Sound-alike Look-Alike Drugs. Keyword: SALADs, Sound-Alike Look-Alike Drugs, Tall Man Letters, QR Code, Digital Tall Man Letters QR Code
The growth and sustainability of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in fostering economic development and reducing poverty around the world, including Liberia. Given the importance of SMEs in Paynesville, we investigated the factors that determine the growth of SMEs in Paynesville including, access to finance, high cost of rent, business training and business plan among others. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaire and administered in the study area to SMEs heads in Paynesville. Total sample of 281 SMEs was randomly selected from the total population of 1038 registered SMEs from the LISGIS 2017 national establishment census. The data was analyzed using frequency distribution and charts. The results indicate that access to finance to SMEs is very poor with more than 65% of the respondents indicating not having access to credit, and considering it as a major constraint to firms’ development. Moreover, the study reveals that more than 60% of the SMEs have no business training, although some firms have acquired business-related knowledge and skills during operation. In addition, most firms indicate that collateral and level of training for their business growth are constraints to SMEs. This suggest that majority of SMEs in Paynesville had been managed by SMEs heads without business related training, as well as the absence of collateral. Also, SMEs do not make profit due to many reasons which include among others, high competition, cost of rent and business training. Government and development partners prioritizing the creation of specialized financial products in collaboration with financial institutions to offer collateral-free loans, innovative financing mechanisms for SMEs operators is important. Thus, Liberia development partner needs special product for SMEs in Montserrado. This will improve their access to finance and require engagement with SMEs operators. Offer educational and training programs, that will have a long-term impact on the success of SMEs, which is useful.
Dans les pays de l’Organisation pour l’harmonisation du droit des affaires en Afrique (OHADA), la vie des affaires est maintenant marquée par une avancée visible des technologies en matière de circulation des biens et des personnes, ainsi qu’en matière de moyens de paiements. S’agissant en particulier de ces derniers, ils permettent aujourd’hui de payer des biens et services tels que les factures, la scolarité, les commandes de marchés ou tout simplement d’effectuer un transfert ou encore recevoir l’argent à partir de son téléphone portable. Cet ensemble d’opérations économiques effectuées par la voie de la digitalisation téléphonique s’appelle Mobile Money, Mobile Banking ou Argent Mobile, en français. Malheureusement, en dépit de toutes ces opportunités, les services financiers mobiles sont aussi devenus très vite des relais d’une panoplie inestimable des situations problématiques (criminalité) transformant les acteurs impliqués dans ces services financiers en victimes (Mercy W. Buku et Rafe Mazer, 2017). La criminalité technologique est désormais une réalité. Elle est d’autant plus dangereuse qu’elle pénètre au sein des familles, là où la délinquance ordinaire ou classique n’avait pas accès jusqu’à présent (Boos, R., 2016). Ce travail vise à déceler les différentes formes des situations-problématiques qui se vivent dans les services financiers mobiles (Mobile Money). Etant une étude criminologique qui se veut empirique, le travail se dote l’objectif de faire une analyse sur les comportements gênants qui se vivent dans ces services financiers. En d’autres termes, il est question ici de donner un sens ou des sens aux situations-problématiques (criminalité) que vivent les acteurs impliqués dans les services financiers mobiles. Ceci dans le but de comprendre comment ces situations-problématiques se construisent et se réalisent. Pour cela, nous référant aux données de terrain, plusieurs formes de criminalité se dégagent entre acteurs impliqués dans les services financiers via le téléphone portable, dont les dénominations relèvent de la catégorie institutionnelle ayant reçu chacune d’elles une signification lors des entretiens avec les acteurs de terrain. Parmi ces formes de criminalité non exhaustives, les plus marquantes sont : « le piquage », « le dribbling », « le marimisage», « l’accidentage », « l’évasion » et « la dotation d’identité ».
Malaria is a widespread infectious disease, especially in areas with tropical climates. Despite being preventable and treatable, malaria remains prevalent, particularly in Africa. It is a climate-driven disease and has aggravated Rwanda’s public health burden. For instance, in 2020, Rwanda recorded 149 malaria-related deaths, and malaria during pregnancy is a notable cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Changes in climatic patterns affect malaria's spread, but experts argue about its future under various climate scenarios, therefore understanding how changes in climatic patterns relate to malaria in pregnancy is key to designing better strategies to control it. This study investigated the relationship between malaria morbidity among pregnant women in Bugesera District, in Rwanda, and the changes in three climatic patterns including temperature, humidity, and rainfall, from January 2015 to December 2021. Malaria data were obtained from Nyamata Level II Teaching Hospital while climate data (temperature, rainfall, and humidity) were sourced from the Rwanda Meteorological Agency. Monthly time series data were considered for seven years, from January 2015 to December 2021, for all variables. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to study how humidity, rainfall, temperature, and malaria rates were related. The results of this study show that November is the peak month for malaria in pregnancy in Bugesera District and 2017 was the year with the highest number of malaria cases among pregnant women. The R-squared value proves that the change in the dependent variable (malaria morbidity) was explained by 13% of the independent variables of interest, while the rest was explained by other potential contributing factors. The regression analysis also shows that minimum temperature had a negative and non-significant effect on malaria morbidity (β= -0.18407, t=-1.63, p= 0.106), while maximum temperature and rainfall had a positive but negligible effect on malaria morbidity (β= 0.086893, t=0.58, p=0.563; β= 0.000357, t=0.12, p=0.901 respectively). However, malaria morbidity among pregnant women in Bugesera District was positively and significantly related to humidity (β= 0.045785, t2=0.14, p=0.036). The findings of this study show a critical need to improve malaria control efforts, especially in the Bugesera district focusing on designing local, place-based strategies, targeting the best time for interventions such as November as a peak month for malaria, and the most affected population including pregnant women.
The study entitled” Factors Influencing The performance of Sustainable Agriculture Intensifications and Food Security Project RWANDA, a case study of cold room of SAIP in (Rulindo, Rwamagana,Gatsibo,Ngoma,Nyanza) ” The research is directed by four distinct objectives: To explore the effect of utilizing the Sustainable Agricultural Intensification and Food Security Project cold rooms, to determine the influence of using cold room on the horticulture value chain, to estimate the income level from horticultural output for farmers in the cold rooms of the Sustainable Agricultural Intensification and Food Security Project. To identify the challenges associated with implementing the Sustainable Agricultural Intensification and Food Security Project in cold rooms. The research design for the study will be descriptive and regression analysis. The study's population will include 872 stakeholders composed by 62 employee and 810 beneficiaries of cold room of SAIP project in Rwanda. The questionnaire will be used to gather data for the study, and descriptive statistics and regression analysis will be utilized to analyze the results
Cooperatives are very important sector of the business community which provide opportunities to members to improve their financial condition. In the Philippines, it has become a crucial source of extra income for members allowing them to have extra sources of income to meet their other financial needs. Managing a cooperative requires financial literacy and good leadership so that cooperatives do not only grow in number but at the same time increase its opportunities in wealth formation. This research adapted a descriptive design under quantitative using survey as its method. The data from the survey were analyzed to generate an in depth understanding on the impact of financial literacy and leadership skills on the success of the cooperative. The researchers collected data to analyze the level of knowledge and skills of the BOD in terms of financial literacy and leadership skills which is vital in the success of the cooperative.The results of the study will be beneficial to the BOD and the members of the cooperative. It can also be a basis for further research on the topic and can help policy makers and decision makers which can bring development to the cooperative business in the region and the rest of the country.
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Globally cancer is one of the top ten leading causes of death. It is estimated that 7.4million people died of cancer in 2004(international Scholar research,2015). The rising global incidence of malignant diseases such as breast cancer is an issue of serious concern because is one of the leading causes of death among women globally It is a descriptive Cross sectional assessment of patient with breast cancer that have undergone management in oncology unit Jos university Teaching Hospital from May to June 2021. The data obtained using questionnaires on drug related problem associated with chemotherapy used in the management of Breast cancer patient in oncology unit, the most prevalent Drug related problem in the study was Adverse drug reaction which occurred in 80% of the population. The Adverse drug reactions detected were nausea and vomiting, alopecia, anaemia and nail changes which were also recorded in our study (Itchipruchyabun,2008). In this study, Hair loss occurred in 30% of the patients, nausea and vomiting occurred in (25%) patients of which most of the patients needed aprepitant when they took highly emetic chemotherapy. But unavailability of medication is one major problem in our case. The factor having the strong association with incidence of Drug related problem was Presence of Co-morbidity (p=0.017), reason for missed dose(p=0.03), number of medication (p=0.02) and stage of breast cancer(p=0.04) which have a P-value <0.05 which indicates that there is strong association/ statistical significant between them and drug related problem.
Adolescent pregnancy has long been a worldwide social and educational concern for developed, developing, and underdeveloped countries. Many countries continue to experience high incidences of teenage pregnancy despite the intervention strategies that have been put in place (Adebayo, 2014). As indicated by Vibeke (2016), in 2016, nearly 410,000 adolescents in West Africa conceived between the ages of 15 and 19. This teen birth rate remains higher than that of any other developing country. The teenage conception rate dropped to 39.1 births every 1,000 females, the lowest rate in recorded history, and a 37% decline from 61.8% births every 1,000 females in 2016 (Ventura et al., 2016). However, this research aimed to identify the factors associated with Teenage Pregnancy, through a case study on the Dry Rice Market Community, Barnesville, Monrovia Liberia. A quantitative research design was used in this study. A cross–sectional survey method was used to collect and analyze data from the field. Self-structured questionnaires were administered among teenage girls of the Dry Rice Market Community. A purposive sampling method was used to enroll participants in this study. Data was analyzed through Microsoft Excel spreadsheets in figures using tables for the distribution of data, and bar charts and pie charts for graphical presentations of data. The findings showed that most of the respondents were between the ages 15-17 years, which is represented by 43%. Most of the respondents were at the Elementary level, represented by 37%, and most of the respondents had not experienced sex education represented by (91%). Based on a careful examination of the research findings, the below counts as possible recommendations: There should be increasing awareness and education at all levels regarding Teenage Pregnancy, Strict policies need to be implemented by the Government and other stakeholders regarding Teenage Pregnancy to prevent this problem from escalating.
The general objective of the study was; to investigate the attitudes of surrounding farming community towards urban expansion and to assess whether they would accept this form of expansion close to their farming land in Bishoftu town. 303 farmers around bishoftu town was interviewed using systematic random sampling method. Yeman’s formula was used to get the appropriate sample. To analyse the data descriptive and econometric method were used. From descriptive percentage and frequency, was employed and probit econometric model was used to analyse determinant factors which affect the perception for urbanization as opportunity or treat. From these six variables where significantly affected the perception of the farmers at different significant level. This are age, level of education housing type, total agricultural produce income, religion, ethnicity and land holding. From this research result it is recommended to provide training for farmers about the importance of urbanization. We must give due attention in the process of urbanization for not affecting the major farm land. And the government of Ethiopia should focus on non-farmable areas in the process of urbanization and urban expansion. Keyword: Bishoftu, Farmer, Perception Probit, Urbanization
Ethiopia has a huge potential for honey and beeswax production. Nevertheless, the conventional beekeeping method has yet to fully realize this potential. Bee colonies, queen bees, honey, and beeswax are important products of beekeeping that can be sold or consumed for personal use. The production of honey and beeswax in Ethiopia has enormous potential. However, this potential remains untapped by the practice of traditional beekeeping. Important beekeeping products are honey, beeswax, queen bees and bee colonies, which can be sold or consumed for personal use. Beekeeping, moreover called apiculture, is administration of nectar bee colonies for fertilization of crops and nectar and other items. It is an ecologically inviting and non-farm trade movement attempted by ranchers and landless individuals. Ethiopia incorporates a longer convention of beekeeping than other nation within the world amid time of lord Ezana, around the 3rd century Advertisement. The objective of this ponder was to analyze the generation. Export, local consumption, protein supply and post-harvest loss of honey in Ethiopia. 10 years data was used from FAOSTAT online data source. To analyze the data, excel was employed. The method of the analysis was descriptive mainly using different types of charts like bar graph, line chart and detailed description was given. From the analysis result the major findings were the production, the export, local supply reducing at decreasing rate and post-harvest loss was at the pick in 2021. We recommend that the government of Ethiopia should provide due attention for this sector which is source of foreign currency and important source of protein which prevents malnutrition.
In today's data-driven world, the utilization of business intelligence and machine learning has become imperative for companies seeking a competitive edge and informed decision-making. This article examines the employment of machine learning algorithms towards improving business actionable insights. An apple dataset and three classifiers namely, Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbor, and Naïve Bayes were employed. The performance of developed models is evaluated using precision, recall, f1-score, and accuracy metrics. Results indicate that all three classifiers offer better performances, although K-Nearest Neighbor outperforms the others with a 90% accuracy, precision, recall and f1-score rates. This suggests that K-Nearest Neighbor is the best classifier among the three, with the highest fitness for the dataset used in this study. This study also highlights the significance of integrating business analytics and machine learning in driving business success and providing better business insights in business organizations. Keywords: business intelligence, business insight, machine learning, logistic regression, k-nearest neighbor, naïve bayes
The study examined teachers perception of socio-economic status of parents on theacademic achievement of primary school pupils in Orumba South Local Government Area ofAnambra state. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. The populationof this study is 355 which comprised of 41 head teachers and 314 teachers in the 41 publicprimary schools in Orumba South local government area of Anambra state. The sample of thestudy consisted of 141 teachers and 21 head teachers selected through simple randomsampling from 21 primary schools in Orumba South L.G.A. The Researchers -DesignedQuestionnaire called Perceived Impact of Parents Educational Background on the AcademicAchievement of Primary School Pupils Questionnaire. Questionnaire was used for datacollection while mean was used for data analysis. The result of the finding shows that, familyeducational background influences the academic achievement of pupils, parents who areeducated encourage their children to further their education, parents with high educationalqualification always try to provide learning materials to their children and parents with higheducational qualification are always curious about their children education, are extent thelevel of education of parents affect the academic achievement of primary school pupils inOrumba South Local Government Area. The following recommendations were made thatParents should improve their income so as to be able to provide the necessary readingmaterials to their children. Illiterate parents should be encouraged to go to school, in thattheir literacy will enhance their children academic achievement in schools. Parents shouldencourage their children to read and do their homework at home rather than spending theirtime on things that will not benefit them academically. Keywords; Teachers perception, socio-economic status, parents, academic achievement andprimary school pupils.
The modern world, which is said to be the world of achievement, is also a world of stress. Students today are facing new challenges in education that require more efforts of students'. The demands of society to perform various roles, many of which are indeterminate, contradictory, and unattainable in the current social, cultural, economic and bureaucratic conditions of our society and causing severe pressures on High School Students. The current study aims to find out the effect of stress on students' academic performance at secondary level in Gujranwala district. Students (N=80) and teachers (N=40) of four public secondary schools in Gujranwala. Teachers' Perception on Students’ Academic Performance (TPSAP) and Perceptions of Students Academic Stress (PSAS) were administered on participants to collect data. Two questionnaires were developed and validated through pilot testing and administered to the sample for the collection of data. The researcher personally visited respondents, thus 100% of data were collected. The results were analyzed and interpreted using Frequency, mean, percentage while the standard deviation was used to determine the effects in secondary level students. Academic, institutional, and social pressures have long been explored among students and researchers have identified various stressors. The learning additional efforts deal into those components of academic stress such as competitions, disappointments, fear of failure, board exam pressure, poor relations with peers or teachers, domestic issues, curriculum and methods of teaching, climate of institution, and assessment, these are some issues that effects academic performance of students. The current study provides useful information for teachers and parents to determine the effects of stress on students' academic performance. In addition, this study is useful to future researchers who intends to conduct further studies on the effects of stress on students' academic performance.
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