Peer-reviewed international research papers published open-access with EOI assignment and global indexing across engineering, computer science, environmental science, social sciences, and more.
Vol. 14 · Issue 10 · October 2026 · ISSN 2320-9186 · 23 Papers
In this paper we show that the sequence 1,-3,5,-7,9,... forms a BL-sequence also we show that the product of two Bank-Laine functions need not be a Bank-Laine function.
In this paper we give a method of constructing magic rectangles of size 2m by 2n (n ,m >1). We have illustrated the 2 by 2n case for n odd and n even.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being applied to health challenges in East Africa, including diagnostic support, virtual care, outbreak prediction, clinical decision support, and health-system ad-ministration. This technical review maps publicly documented AI-enabled health tools and systems across Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and Somalia, while assessing their use cases, ownership, interoperability, maturity, and poten-tial for scale-up. The review finds that Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, and Tanzania have the most visible AI-health activity, although most documented initiatives remain pilots, research projects, private-sector services, or disease-specific deployments rather than nationally integrated AI services. Kenya has a comparatively diverse private-sector ecosystem, Rwanda has demonstrated nationally scaled telemedi-cine experience, Uganda shows promising AI-assisted cardiac screening, and Tanzania has emerging AI-enabled clinical and surveillance applications. Evidence for Burundi, South Sudan, DRC, and So-malia is limited in public sources, indicating both lower documented AI deployment and a major map-ping gap. The main constraints are fragmented data systems, uneven connectivity and computing infra-structure, limited locally representative datasets, unclear regulatory pathways, weak post-deployment evaluation, and insufficient interoperability with national health information systems. The EAC should establish a governed regional inventory, adopt a common AI-health assessment framework, strengthen standards-based interoperability, and prioritize locally validated, clinically safe, equity-oriented tools integrated into routine health services. The EAC Health Sector Strategic Plan 2024–2030 already calls for standardized interoperable e-health platforms to support electronic records, telemedicine, cross-border care, and data exchange, creating a practical foundation for regional AI-health governance.
À Niamakoro, quartier populaire de la Commune VI du District de Bamako, il suffit de longer certains caniveaux pour mesurer l’ampleur du problème posé par les eaux vannes. Cette étude examine comment ces eaux issues des toilettes sont gérées, d’où elles proviennent et quels effets elles ont sur la santé et l’environnement. Nous avons interrogé 100 ménages tirés au hasard, conduit une dizaine d’entretiens avec des agents municipaux, des responsables associatifs et des techniciens de l’assainissement, et parcouru les principaux secteurs du quartier. Seuls 13 % des ménages évacuent leurs eaux vannes vers un réseau d’égouts ; 39 % les dirigent vers une fosse septique et un quart les rejettent dans la rue ou dans la nature. Quand la fosse déborde, près de la moitié des ménages s’en chargent eux-mêmes et 31 % vident les effluents dans les caniveaux ; 14 % seulement font appel à un vidangeur, dont le passage coûte le plus souvent entre 20 000 et 50 000 FCFA. Les mauvaises odeurs (42 %) et les maladies attribuées aux eaux vannes (39 %) sont les problèmes les plus cités, et trois enquêtés sur quatre jugent la situation insuffisante ou très mauvaise. En cause : des ouvrages défaillants, une urbanisation mal planifiée et des acteurs mal coordonnés. Pourtant, 78 % des répondants se disent prêts à contribuer à un projet collectif. Encore faut-il organiser toute la filière, de la fosse au traitement des boues, et donner à la commune les moyens de la coordonner.
Objective: This study aims to examine the barriers that limit meaningful youth participation in democratic and political processes in Bangladesh and to propose practical, youth-centered approaches for strengthening civic engagement. It particularly focuses on political exclusion, limited civic awareness, low participation, and the lack of accessible platforms for young people to express their views and contribute to decision-making. Methodology: The study adopts a qualitative, exploratory approach based primarily on a review of relevant literature and existing discussions on youth political participation, civic engagement, and democratic practices in Bangladesh. The paper synthesizes identified challenges and develops practical participation mechanisms, including digital platforms, student-led initiatives, civic education, debates, community activities, and creative forms of public engagement. Key Findings: The study identifies several barriers to youth participation, including inadequate political and civic literacy, limited opportunities for meaningful engagement, fear of political violence, financial constraints, corruption, and disparities between urban and rural youth. It also finds that accessible educational, digital, and community-based initiatives can create constructive avenues for youth participation. Conclusion: Strengthening youth participation requires an inclusive ecosystem that combines civic education, safe participation spaces, digital engagement, and community-level initiatives. Such measures can enhance political literacy, encourage constructive dialogue, and contribute to a stronger democratic culture among young people in Bangladesh.
Philosophy has, since its inception in ancient thought, presented itself as a rigorous and self-critical mode of inquiry directed at the discovery of truth. This paper examines philosophy as a potent force of investigation, arguing that its distinctive value lies not merely in the conclusions it reaches but in the disciplined methods of questioning, analysis, and argumentation through which those conclusions are tested. The paper surveys the principal methods of philosophical inquiry, including the Socratic dialectic, rationalism, empiricism, phenomenology, and logical analysis, and situates philosophy's pursuit of truth in relation to the correspondence, coherence, and pragmatic theories of truth. It further considers the relationship between philosophy and the empirical sciences, and addresses the principal criticisms levelled against philosophy's claim to yield genuine knowledge. The paper concludes that philosophy remains indispensable precisely because it interrogates the presuppositions that other disciplines take for granted, thereby functioning as both the guardian and the engine of rational truth-seeking. Keywords: Philosophy; Investigation; Truth; Epistemology; Critical Inquiry; Dialectic
Accurate and timely interpretation of chest radiographs is central to the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB), pneumonia and COVID-19, yet specialist reading capacity is limited in many high-burden settings. This study evaluates three ImageNet-pretrained convolutional neural networks (ResNet50, DenseNet121 and VGG16) for four-class chest X-ray classification (COVID-19, Normal, Pneumonia and TB) and examines how each responds to three paired learning-rate and batch-size settings (0.01 with 32, 0.001 with 64 and 0.0001 with 128). A pool of 2,600 radiographs (650 per class) was screened for byte-identical duplicates using MD5 hashing, leaving 2,587 images that were divided into stratified training, validation and test sets in an 80:10:10 ratio (2,069, 259 and 259 images). The pretrained backbones were frozen and used as feature extractors under a shared classification head, trained with the Adam optimizer, on-the-fly augmentation, early stopping and checkpointing on validation macro-F1. Performance was assessed on the held-out test set using accuracy, macro-averaged precision, recall and F1-score, one-vs-rest area under the ROC curve (AUC) and confusion matrices. DenseNet121 performed best (accuracy 97.30%, macro-F1 0.9731 and AUC 0.9982 at 0.01 with 32), followed by ResNet50 (95.75%) and VGG16 (94.21%). ResNet50 was the least sensitive to the setting and reached the highest AUC (0.9992), whereas DenseNet121 and VGG16 lost accuracy as the learning rate fell and the batch size rose. Pneumonia was classified almost perfectly, and the principal errors were COVID-19 and TB images predicted as Normal. The results come from a single dataset, single runs and a 259-image test set, so external validation is required before any clinical use.
Small scale farmers have been identified as the most vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change in Nigeria but Local Government Area level evidence in the rain forest belt of the country is limited. This study assessed the small scale farmer’s perceived adverse effects of climate change on food crops cultivation, livelihood outcomes and their adaptive measures in Ovia North-East Local Government Area of Edo State. To achieve the objectives of study, the descriptive survey type of research design was adopted. The major instrument used for the primary data collection was a self-designed semi-structured type of research questionnaire using the expert judgment approach while the secondary data was the climatic data for Benin City (2009-2024). Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results show that the small scale farmers are aware of the adverse effects of climate change on food crops cultivation and on their livelihoods hence, they now resort to time adjustments in their traditional crop planting season, the introduction of heat tolerant crops and multiple crops planting, engaging in off farm activities to earn extra income and seeking assistance from others including cooperative societies to enhance their welfare conditions. This could be encouraged in the quest for more information on successful climate change local adaptive measures to boost the local food supply in the country.
This study examined readiness, needs, and acceptance regarding the utilization of the Lao Financial Management Information System (LIFMIS) among staff in the Budget Division of the Savannakhet Provincial Finance Department. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving 85 staff members who completed questionnaires, supplemented by in-depth interviews with administrators and IT support staff. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The findings indicated that overall readiness was high ("X" ̅ = 4.05), with technology readiness scoring highest ("X" ̅ = 4.13) followed by administrative readiness ("X" ̅ = 4.04) and human resource readiness ("X" ̅ = 3.98). Needs and acceptance of LIFMIS utilization were at the highest level ("X" ̅ = 4.33). Technology readiness exerted the strongest influence on acceptance, followed by administrative and human resource readiness. The study recommends practical training, improved system and network stability, clear policies and responsibilities, and dedicated IT support to strengthen effective and sustainable LIFMIS utilization. Keywords: LIFMIS, Needs, Acceptance, Budget Management, Digital Government
This research presents a new cosmological model that aims to address the structural problems in the standard Big Bang model (LCDM). It does this by postulating an ordered and organized cosmic geometry with an infinite center of dimensions. The model proposes the existence of four nested cosmic levels (L1–L4), ranging from physical spacetime to the absolute dimension. These levels are all governed by a creational code system (r0), which depends on the level and the dimensions present. The research illustrates how the seventh dimension (D7) functions as both a geometric center and a comprehensive circumference. This redefines the concepts of the center of the universe, the expansion of space-time and the temporal scope of the origin of physical structures. As a hypothetical, theoretical, philosophical and geometric framework offers new answers to difficult astrophysical questions and restores unity between the physical and metaphysical within the scientific system. The universe appears as a meticulously balanced, harmonious and coherent geometric poem, whose manifold laws spring from a single original source and precise creational code under God's control. Glorified and Exalted be He, the All-Powerful.
Position du problème et objectif(s) de l'étude: La chirurgie du cancer du sein est fréquemment responsable de douleurs post-opératoires intenses. Afin de minimiser la douleur postopératoire aigue mais aussi l’apparition de douleurs chroniques, une prise en charge analgésique multimodale optimale est donc indispensable incluant des techniques d’analgésie loco-régionale. L’objectif de ce travail est d’évaluer l’effet analgésique du bloc des érecteurs du rachis après mastectomies avec curage axillaire. Matériels et Méthodes: Il s’agit d’une étude descriptive de type prospectif et monocentrique, réalisée au niveau du service de chirurgie générale A du CHU d’ORAN sur une période de 4 ans. Patients opérés pour cancer du sein sous anesthésie générale. Avant l’induction les patients ont bénéficié d’une analgésie multimodale dexaméthasone8mg, ketamine 0,25 mg/kg IV, paracétamol 1g IV, associée à un bloc de l’érecteur du rachis écho guidé avec injection unique en T5 de 20 ml de bupivacaïne à 0,25 %. En postopératoire l’analgésie était assurée par voie orale avec du paracétamol 1g/6h et du célécoxib 100 mg/j en absence de contre-indication. L’analgésie postopératoire était évaluée à la mobilisation du membresupérieur homolatéral à la chirurgie, par une échelle numérique simple à H1 et H6 et à la 24 ème heure. La morphine pouvait être prescrite si l’analgésie était insuffisante. Résultats: Il s’agit d’une population de 720 patients à prédominance féminine(90,9% ), d’âge moyen était de 43 +/- 10 ans, étaient classés entre ASA 1, ASA2et ASA3. Les scores de douleur ENS : à H1, était en médiane de 2 (0-6), à H6 : 2 (0-3) et à H24 : 1(0- 3). 11% des patients ont reçu de la morphine titrée en intra veineux (4-6 mg à H1). 85% des patients étaient satisfaits ou très satisfaits. 14,2% patients n’ont pris aucun antalgique à domicile avec un score de douleur à 0. 3,8% Patients étaient peu satisfaits pour des raisons suivantes (reprises chirurgicales : hématomes, douleur, vomissements). Conclusion :Ces dernières années, l'émergence de techniques d'anesthésie locorégionale a modifié la prise en charge de la douleur après chirurgie mammaire. L’efficacité du bloc des érecteurs du rachis reste à préciser par des études comparativesrandomisées. Mais semble prometteur pour l’analgésie en chirurgie du sein. Mots clés: douleur postopératoire aigue, analgésie locorégionale, cancer du sein
It is impossible to envision a societal structure having no disputes amongst its individuals because they are inevitable and have existed between people from the dawn of time till now. Their existence has led to the creation of dispute resolution mechanisms out of which arbitration is of prime importance. The following dissertation deals with the concept of Islamic arbitration i.e. Tahkim, its history, characteristics and how it was recognized, modified and fruitfully utilized in the Islamic society. Since very little is known on this subject we will also discuss its legitimacy according to various sources of Islamic law and the views of various Islamic schools of thought on it. It will also focus upon how tahkim is effectively used in family disputes while shedding some light on its role and importance as well. In the end we will discuss and compare the modern rules of arbitration with the ancient rules of tahkim. The outcomes of this research are expected to help in having a broader understanding of tahkim and its key similarities with the present arbitration rules, hence making it the building block of the modern rules of arbitration.
Abstract This study addressed the problem of rapid urbanization and the expansion of informal settlements, which are increasingly encroaching on wetland ecosystems in Kigali City, Rwanda, undermining environmental sustainability. The aim was to evaluate the role of policy frameworks on wetlands conservation, focusing on environmental policy frameworks, wetland protection policies, urban planning policies, and land-use policies. A descriptive research design was adopted, integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Stratified random and purposive sampling techniques were used to select 77 respondents from a target population of 319 stakeholders, including government officials, urban planners, local leaders, and representatives of community-based organizations. Primary data were gathered using structured questionnaires and semi-structured interview guides, while secondary data were obtained through document review. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis with the aid of SPSS version 27. The findings revealed that policy frameworks significantly influence wetland conservation in Kigali City. Environmental policy frameworks showed a positive and significant effect (B = 0.304, p < 0.001), wetland protection policies also had a significant positive effect (B = 0.290, p < 0.001), and land-use policies demonstrated the strongest positive influence (B = 0.421, p < 0.001). However, urban planning policies exhibited a significant negative effect (B = -0.225, p = 0.004), suggesting inconsistencies in implementation. The model explained 76.4% of the variation in wetland conservation outcomes (R² = 0.764), confirming a strong explanatory power of the independent variables. Emerging issues include weak policy coordination, implementation gaps, and misalignment between urban planning and environmental conservation goals. The study recommends strengthening enforcement mechanisms, improving coordination among relevant agencies, aligning urban planning with environmental objectives, and enhancing community participation in wetland management to ensure sustainable conservation outcomes in Kigali City. Keywords: Policy Frameworks; Informal Settlements; Wetland Conservation; Environmental Policy; Urban Planning; Land-Use Policy; Environmental Governance; Kigali City
The study aimed at assessing the impact of social protection programs on household poverty reduction in Mwendo Sector between 2019 and 2025. This research addressed the persistent stagnation of rural household welfare in Mwendo Sector, including seasonal agricultural dependence and limited income diversification, which continue to undermine community resilience despite extensive national welfare investments. Employing a descriptive mixed-methods design that integrated quantitative data from 354 surveyed households and qualitative key informant insights, the study utilized SPSS 16.0 to run descriptive and multiple regression analyses. The findings revealed a robust, statistically significant framework in which social protection initiatives collectively explain nearly 80% of the variance in poverty reduction (R2 = 0.799, Adjusted R2 = 0.743, F = 150.268, p < 0.001). At the disaggregated level, all individual interventions exerted significant positive effects on welfare outcomes: Income-Generating Activities (β = 0.591, p = 0.003), the Vision 2020 Umurenge Program (β = 0.546, p = 0.030), Community-Based Health Insurance (β = 0.546, p = 0.006), Girinka (β = 0.439, p = 0.011), and School Feeding Programs (β = 0.328, p = 0.004). Descriptive indicators verified notable gains in food security (mean = 4.45), educational access (mean = 4.32), and healthcare utilization (mean = 4.21). The study concludes that while integrated social safety nets function as a coordinated system to reduce multidimensional poverty, gaps in resource adequacy and institutional coordination limit their transformative capacity. Policymakers should prioritize harmonizing operational procedures and refining beneficiary targeting mechanisms to secure long-term graduation from poverty.
This study investigates the effects of oil and water quenching on the hardness, dry-wear behavior, and corrosion resistance of commercially available piston rings. Four conditions were compared: as-received market rings, oil-quenched rings, water-quenched rings, and an original ring used as a reference. The treated rings were heated to 860 °C for 15 minutes and directly quenched in engine oil or water. Hardness was measured using the Rockwell A scale, dry wear was evaluated using a reciprocating test under a 25 N load for two hours, and corrosion resistance was assessed through immersion in 9% hydrochloric acid for 14 days. The results showed that water quenching increased hardness from 62.4 RA to 70.5 RA, while oil quenching increased it to 63.8 RA. The reported dry-wear factor decreased from 3.3 × 10⁻⁴ mm³/(N·m) for the as-received ring to 6.15 × 10⁻⁵ mm³/(N·m) after oil quenching and 1.08 × 10⁻⁵ mm³/(N·m) after water quenching. The corrosion rate also decreased from 0.8494 mm/year to 0.4719 mm/year and 0.2831 mm/year, respectively. These findings indicate that water quenching provided the largest improvement in the measured properties under the selected accelerated laboratory conditions. Further testing, including tempering, dimensional verification, and lubricated engine-level validation, is required before practical adoption.
The aim of this study was to analyze the reliability of centrifugal pumps in the Acid Gas Removal Unit of a gas plant using failure data to determine the best maintenance strategy. Data covering a five‑year period were collected from the maintenance department and analyzed with the Monte Carlo Reliability Model to evaluate mean time between failure (MTBF), downtime, failure rate, repair rate, reliability, unreliability, availability, and unavailability. Key components investigated included bearings, shaft sealings, and rings. Results showed a steady decline in reliability across all components. The bearing reliability decreased from 38.28% in the first year to 6.39% in the fifth year, with failure rates rising from 0.000342 to 0.001369. Shaft sealings dropped from 27.52% to 7.96%, while rings declined from 27.52% to 6.39% over the same period. Downtime and failure rates increased annually, while availability remained above 90% but gradually reduced. The volute exhibited the highest initial reliability at 53.25%. Findings revealed that time‑based preventive maintenance alone was insufficient, as unplanned corrective actions increased downtime and costs. The study recommends adopting predictive and condition‑based maintenance strategies such as vibration, temperature, and noise monitoring to anticipate failures, shut down or switch pumps before breakdown, and improve efficiency. Reliability‑centered maintenance policies are proposed to enhance performance, reduce unplanned downtime, and extend working hours of pumps in industrial plants.
Depuis un certain moment, l’enseignement en République Démocratique du Congo, reste un champ vaste qu’il faut cultiver, et la lecture est au cœur de l’émergence linguistique. Vivre au 21ème siècle sans des lacunes, cela est l’objectif de ce travail, afin de découvrir l’importance de l’enseignement de lecture dans les classes inferieures (école primaire). C’est dans ce cadre, que les parents de la commune de Mont-Ngafula à Kinshasa, en République Démocratique du Congo, se pose la question de savoir : quel est l’étiologie des troubles en lecture observés chez les élèves des écoles primaires Privées catholiques de la commune de Mont-Ngafula. Les recherches sur terrain, montre à suffisance la suite des lignes qui suivent.
The study examined the effect of forensic accounting on the financial performance of listed manufacturing companies in Nigeria, focusing on fraud detection and prevention, forensic auditing, and internal control systems, with corporate governance as a moderator. Using a survey design, data were obtained from 122 professional accounting respondents relating to 65 listed manufacturing companies and analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis. The findings showed that fraud detection and prevention, forensic auditing, and internal control systems each had a positive and significant effect on financial performance. Corporate governance also significantly strengthened the relationship between forensic auditing and financial performance. The study concludes that effective forensic accounting practices, strong internal controls, and sound corporate governance are important for improving the financial performance of listed manufacturing companies in Nigeria.
The circular economy presents opportunities for employment creation through activities that extend product life and recover materials from waste. This study examined the types and quality of employment generated through computer and printer e-waste management activities in Nairobi City County, Kenya. A mixed-methods approach was employed using structured questionnaires, key informant interviews, and field observations. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regressions. Employment quality was assessed using a composite Job Quality Index (JQI) based on income, training and development, occupational health and safety, and worker rights or recognition. Repair activities accounted for the largest proportion of reported employment (71.22%), followed by sorting and dismantling (20.49%), administrative and managerial work (5.37%), and collection and transportation (2.93%). No respondents reported employment in recycling, refurbishment or processing. Skilled workers constituted 66% of the workforce, while semi-skilled and unskilled workers represented 30.9% and 3.1%, respectively. Most enterprises employed fewer than five workers (72.8%). Formal employer-organized training was uncommon, with 83.8% of respondents reporting that they had never received such training. The mean JQI was 38.10 (SD = 22.68; n = 97), indicating generally low-to-moderate employment quality. The regression model was statistically significant (R² = 0.111; F(2,94) = 5.88; p = 0.004). The findings demonstrate that computer and printer e-waste management provides mainly technical employment through repair, but important deficits remain in training, labour standards, social protection and occupational safety.
Discontinuous functions play a crucial role in both theoretical and applied mathematics. Unlike continuous functions, discontinuous functions exhibit abrupt changes in value, making their analysis complex yet essential in optimization, control theory, economics, and engineering. This research explores the properties of discontinuous functions using modern mathematical analysis tools, including derivative-free optimization methods, nonsmooth analysis, and computational approaches. The study highlights mathematical formulations, visual representations, and practical applications, with an emphasis on convergence properties, error estimation, and optimization techniques.
Abstract In the tradition of Tamil literature, Kaikkilai constitutes a distinct literary category that denotes a particular relational state differing from the conduct of the five Tinai associated with mutual love. Although Kaikkilai is generally confined to the single interpretation of “one sided love,” such a concise interpretation does not fully reveal the dynamics of its verbal expression. In particular, the phrase “speaking and deriving pleasure from speaking without receiving a response to one’s words” occurring in the definition of Kaikkilai in the Tolkappiyam draws attention to the manner in which emotion is articulated through language in Kaikkilai. In this study, the expression “absence of a reciprocal response” is not presented as a specific technical term formulated by the Tolkappiyar; rather, it is used solely as an analytical concept developed by the present study from the above mentioned formulation of the sutra. This study does not confine Kaikkilai to a single identity such as “silence” or “one sided love.” Instead, it examines Kaikkilai through the interrelationship among the emergence of emotion, its verbal articulation, the expectation of a response, the non occurrence of a response, the continuation of speech, praise, fear, modesty, and the speech of others. The Kaikkilai sutra of the Tolkappiyam and the commentary of Naccinarkkiniyar are taken as the conceptual foundation, while poems 83, 84, and 85 of the Purananuru are examined as literary evidence. The interpretive difficulty surrounding the phrase “a young woman who has not yet attained the maturity of desire” is also considered separately. The study explains why, from a research perspective, this phrase must be approached with caution rather than being placed in direct correspondence with poems 83, 84, and 85 of the Purananuru. Through this approach, the central argument of the article is that the voice of Kaikkilai does not function merely as speech intended to receive a response, but emerges as a form of verbal expression that continually constitutes itself even when a reciprocal response does not occur. Thus, Kaikkilai is understood here not merely as “one sided love” or “silence,” but as a mode of expression in which emotion continues to be articulated through the relationship among speech, the expectation of a response, the absence of a response, and the continuation of speech.
Background: Soil pH is a factor that stands out affecting fungal composition, metabolic and physiological activities. Understanding how pH variations influence fungal behavior is therefore critical for developing sustainable soil management strategies. Soil acidification is an emerging concern due to intensive nitrogen fertilizer use while deliberate studies on pH effects on Kenyan soil fungi are scarce; this study therefore addresses this knowledge gap. Objectives: Soil fungi isolation, determination of pH effects on their growth, enzymatic activity and antifungal susceptibilities. Methods: Five soil samples were diluted, 10-10 cultured on pH (5-9) regulated PDA/SDA plates. Fungal isolates tested for proteolytic, amylolytic and pectinolytic activity and their indexes calculated. Disk diffusion performed for five antifungals. Results: Twelve fungal species were identified; Six (50%) A. niger at pH 5.5–6.5, Three (25%) P. chrysogenum at pH 6.0–7.0, Two (16.67%) T. harzianum pH 5.0–8.0 and one (8.33%) F. oxysporum at pH 7.0–7.5. Proteolytic, Amylolytic and Pectinolytic indexes were calculated (χ2; p= 0.014) showed association between fungal species and enzyme type. Terbinafine was the most potent, followed by Griseofulvin, Ketoconazole in alkaline pH, Fluconazole and Terbinafine in moderately acidic pH while Nystatin recorded the lowest in acidic pH (p = 0.00199). Conclusions: A. niger is the most prevalent while F. oxysporum is the least amongst the four isolated fungi. There was high to moderate effects of pH on growth, enzyme and antifungal activity. Keywords: Soil fungi, pH adaptation, enzymatic activity, antifungal resistance, sustainable agriculture
Cette étude propose un guide pratique d’application de la méthode du score de propension (PSM) sous le logiciel Stata à partir d’une analyse réalisée auprès des producteurs agricoles d’Idiofa en République Démocratique du Congo. L’objectif est de présenter les fondements théoriques du PSM, les principales commandes Stata, les méthodes d’appariement ainsi que les tests diagnostiques utilisés dans les études d’évaluation d’impact. L’analyse empirique porte sur l’impact de la formation agricole sur la rentabilité de la culture du manioc. Les résultats montrent que le PSM permet de réduire les biais de sélection et d’améliorer la comparabilité entre producteurs formés et non formés après appariement. Cette étude constitue ainsi un support méthodologique destiné aux étudiants, chercheurs et praticiens souhaitant comprendre et appliquer le PSM dans les recherches socioéconomiques et agricoles.
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