Peer-reviewed international research papers published open-access with EOI assignment and global indexing across engineering, computer science, environmental science, social sciences, and more.
The depletion of natural aggregates, coupled with rising plastic waste and industrial by-products, highlights the urgent need for sustainable pavement materials. This study evaluates the combined effects of waste polystyrene (WP), calcium carbide residue (CCR), and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) on the Marshall Stability and swelling behavior of asphalt concrete mixtures. Using a laboratory experimental approach, WP was incorporated as a binder modifier (0–10%), CCR as a filler (2–10%), and RCA as a partial substitute for natural coarse aggregate. Marshall Stability tests assessed load-bearing capacity, while swell index measurements over 14 days of full water immersion evaluated moisture susceptibility. The results showed that modified mixtures outperformed the control, with the optimal composition of 2% WP and 2% CCR achieving a peak Marshall Stability of 29.585 kN—a 34.2% increase over the control (22.05 kN). This improvement is attributed to WP forming a reinforcing polymer network within the binder and CCR enhancing filler effects and aggregate-binder adhesion. Swell index analysis revealed reductions up to 55.2%, with the lowest value (3.83%) observed for the same optimal mix, due to WP’s hydrophobic nature and CCR’s chemical bonding properties. Higher WP and CCR contents yielded diminishing performance. The findings demonstrate that this combination offers a high-performance, sustainable alternative for pavement construction, supporting waste diversion and reduced reliance on conventional aggregates.
Investment has proven to be the primary driver of economic growth and development, which consists of increasing economic activity. Economic growth itself presupposes major structural changes and corresponding significant modifications to the country's institutional and social conditions. Thus, since 1969, investments in our country have been governed by various codes. The very first investment code was established by Ordinance-Law No. 69/032 of June 26, 1969, followed by Ordinance-Law No. 79/027 of September 27, 1979. It was further amended by Ordinance-Law No. 86/033 of March 12, 1986. Finally, the new investment code was established by Law No. 004/2002 of February 21, 2002, which constitutes the Investment Code.
To this end, legal dogmatics and the sociology of law were employed. This method was supported by documentary research, detached direct observation, and content analysis. The study revealed that the objections raised by opposition parties highlighted several major challenges.
The results of the study on the One-Stop Shop for Business Creation (GUCE) in the city of Kisangani show that this institution plays an important role in simplifying business creation procedures and improving the business climate. However, the study also reveals certain limitations related to administrative delays, a lack of resources, and organizational difficulties. These results can be compared to those obtained by several researchers and institutions that have analyzed business climate reforms in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Key words : One-stop shop, Business creation, Improvement, Business climate.
The Congolese state is currently at a crossroads in terms of economic development. The country is seeking to attract new capital while maintaining existing investment, securing state revenues, and making its economy more attractive. Recent events seem to indicate a positive shift in the business environment: the Sino-Congolese cooperation agreement was launched taking into account the reservations expressed by the International Monetary Fund; the Katanga mining region benefited from the recovery in commodity prices during 2009, after being severely impacted by the price collapse at the end of 2008; dialogue with the Paris Club has resumed to finalize the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative; and the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) has been established. However, the tasks ahead remain immense.
The DRC, through its National Agency for Investment Promotion (ANAPI), has implemented three reforms to facilitate business within the country. These reforms focus on property registration, cross-border trade, and contract enforcement. Specifically, for these three indicators, the DRC has respectively facilitated the reduction of fees for securing property titles; reduced the time required to export and import goods by implementing a single trade window; and improved contract enforcement by adopting a law that regulates all aspects of mediation as an alternative to litigation.
To achieve this, legal doctrine and the sociology of law were employed. This methodology was supported by documentary research, detached direct observation, and content analysis. Consequently, the objections raised by opposition parties highlighted several major challenges.
The results show that despite the efforts made, the business climate in the country remains perplexing. Moreover, the majority of the population agrees that doing business in the DRC is very difficult, primarily due to the multiplicity of taxes, the lack of roads, and a lack of knowledge about the provinces.
Key words: Improvement, business climate, investment, development.
Hong Kong’s built environment, characterised by a high concentration of ageing buildings alongside ongoing urban renewal, poses distinct challenges for managing structural safety. This paper reviews the regulatory framework, inspection processes, and practical approaches related to renovation, alteration, addition, and retrofitting activities within commercial settings such as shops, offices, restaurants, and cafes. Centred on key legislative instruments (namely the Building Ordinance Cap. 123, the Minor Work Control System, and the Mandatory Building Inspection Scheme) the study explores the roles and responsibilities assigned to Registered Inspectors, Registered Professional Engineers, and contractors in mitigating structural failure risks. Additionally, analysis of accident case studies, including building collapses and failures of temporary structures, highlights systemic weaknesses and underscores the value of thorough inspection documentation. By systematically evaluating inspection methods, contractor classifications, and the phases involved in renovation projects, the paper offers a detailed framework to assist practitioners in balancing regulatory adherence, construction quality, and the prevention of structural incidents.
This paper examines workplace complacency as a systemic issue rather than a simple human behavioural flaw. Traditional accident models, including Heinrich’s accident triangle (1931), Bird’s expanded ratios (1969), ConocoPhillips’ safety pyramid (2003), and Zimmerman & Bauer’s modern adaptations (2006), have focused heavily on unsafe acts and human error, often underestimating organisational accountability.
Through critical review of these models and integration of modern safety science, including Safety-I/Safety-II frameworks (Hollnagel, 2014) and Resilience Engineering principles (Hollnagel, Woods & Leveson, 2006), this paper proposes the Coutts Adaptive Safety Learning Model (CASLM).
CASLM identifies organisational and systemic factors that contribute to the emergence of complacency and provides practical interventions, including leadership engagement, system integrity audits, continuous learning architecture, operational adaptation, and competence mobility.
The model is operationalised through a diagnostic matrix and aligned with ISO 45001, enabling safety professionals to proactively identify hazards, prevent complacency-driven incidents, and enhance organisational resilience.
Case narratives, practical applications, and implementation guidance are included to ensure the model is actionable and adaptable across industries.
L'article aborde la transformation significative de la langue française écrite, façonnée par les modes d'échange rapides et non standardisés des utilisateurs en ligne. L'avènement des plateformes de médias sociaux a engendré ce phénomène, provoquant l'émergence d’une nouvelle variété écrite du français.
Cette variété se distingue par trois caractéristiques principales :
La familiarité : un registre décontracté rompant avec les normes académiques.
L’expressivité affective : la traduction des émotions et opinions via le choix lexical.
Le ludisme : des jeux langagiers, des détournements et l’invention néologique.
L’objectif majeur de la recherche est de proposer une description détaillée de cette évolution linguistique à travers l'analyse quantitative d'un corpus de langage informel issu spécifiquement de Twitter (X).
Corpus Cible : Environ 20000 tweets (soit approx 2 millions de mots).
Collecte : Réalisée par Web Scraping sans code (Octoparse), ciblant 20 mots-clés informels.
La stratégie de collecte a une priorité élevée sur les Abréviations (volume maximal visé : 9 000 tweets) en raison de leur omniprésence et de leur rôle crucial dans l'expression émotionnelle. Les Marqueurs de Discours et les Expressions Populaires représentent la deuxième priorité.
Cette recherche confirme l'émergence de cette nouvelle variété du français écrit, caractérisée par une forte tendance à la familiarité, à l'expressivité affective et au ludisme. L'étude valide la méthodologie d'échantillonnage pour constituer le corpus, offrant une base empirique solide pour l'interprétation qualitative des transformations du français en ligne.
Ara Joyce G. Bautista, Lovely C. Cotino, Kristel Shane E. De Roxas, Althea Anne R. Factor, Arianne Blanch D. Historia, Jeryll Andrea L. Jimenez, Cijay P. Sibayan
In today's digitally connected society, digital fluency has emerged as a crucial skill set. This study explores students' digital fluency through the factors of (1) digital literacy, (2) digital currency, and (3) digital well-being. The research methodology involves the development of a comprehensive assessment tool comprising 60 items distributed across the three components. Through a rigorous validation process involving expert evaluation, adjustments were made to refine the instrument, ensuring its validity and effectiveness in assessing digital fluency. The findings underscore the importance of aligning assessment items with evaluation criteria to enhance the overall relevance and accuracy of the tool. It recommends revisions and improvements for each item. To further optimize the assessment's efficacy in gauging digital fluency and related competencies.
This paper introduces a novel theoretical framework exploring the fundamental link between the directional dynamics of cosmic motion and the physical manifestation of the Arrow of Time. While traditional physics often treats time as a symmetrical dimension, this research proposes that temporal asymmetry is an emergent property derived from the intrinsic directionality of motion within the cosmic structure. By analyzing the relationship between cosmological expansion and rotational consistency, the study provides a new explanatory perspective on why time flows unidirectionally. The findings suggest that the alignment of large-scale motion patterns, from planetary rotation to galactic drift, plays a decisive role in defining the temporal sequence, potentially bridging gaps in our current understanding of thermodynamic and cosmological arrows of time
The Department of Education continues to seek improvement in the first full in-person school year after more than two years of modular distance learning. This study determined the effectiveness of Math-KABASA (Knowing and Amplifying Basic Arithmetic Skills and Attitude), a localized learning innovation that aimed to address learning loss in numeracy among 30 struggling secondary learners in Grades 7, 8, and 9 of Manalog Integrated School for the school year 2022-2023. A quantitative one-group pre-test and post-test pre-experimental design was used to examine how the Math-KABASA innovated module affected learners’ learning output. An achievement test was used to measure the effectiveness of the innovation, and a survey was used to gather learners’ perception and attitude toward the innovation and Mathematics learning. The findings showed a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores. The study also found that localized learning resources helped improve the learning experience of struggling learners through simplified activities. The results of this study may be used in crafting the School Improvement Plan, Learning Continuity Plan, and School-Based Management, and may help teachers identify the interventions needed in Mathematics.
The landscape of education is continuously shaped by rapid technological changes, evolving societal demands, and increasingly intricate curriculum frameworks. Within this context, curriculum leadership emerges as a key factor influencing school effectiveness and the quality of education. This conceptual review investigates the relationship between the empowerment of curriculum leadership and the mastery of current educational developments, drawing on theoretical insights from distributed leadership, transformational leadership, and socio-cultural theory. By examining policy documents, empirical research, and theoretical sources, the review highlights how curriculum leaders balance the need to preserve curricular coherence with pressures to address new priorities such as digital innovation, artificial intelligence integration, values-based education, and inclusive approaches. The findings suggest that effective curriculum leadership involves not only expertise in curriculum design and execution but also the ability to adaptively navigate between broad policy demands and the practical conditions of classroom teaching. Moreover, the review points to notable gaps in existing research, especially concerning the contextual influences that facilitate or hinder curriculum leadership across different educational environments, the ongoing professional development requirements of curriculum leaders, and the pathways through which leadership impacts student learning. The paper proposes a conceptual framework that frames curriculum leadership as a fluid practice sensitive to its context, and it outlines potential avenues for future inquiry aimed at addressing the challenges of empowering curriculum leaders amid ongoing educational transformation.
Africa’s demographic youth bulge positions young people as pivotal agents for inclusive governance and sustainable development. However, persistent low political participation among youth threatens democratic consolidation, particularly in Malawi, where young people constitute over 78% of the population under 35 (National Statistical Office [NSO], 2018). This systematic qualitative review investigates the mediating role of civic engagement in fostering youth political participation in Malawi. Anchored in the Civic Voluntarism Model (Verba et al., 1995), Social Capital Theory (Putnam, 2000), and Rational Choice Theory (Downs, 1957), the study synthesizes 45 secondary sources published between 2010 and 2025, including peer-reviewed journal articles, policy documents, Afrobarometer surveys, and national statistics.
Findings reveal structural and psychological barriers such as elite manipulation, political violence, economic precarity, and declining institutional trust. However, civic engagement initiatives particularly NGO-led volunteering, youth advocacy platforms, and faith-based associations demonstrate significant potential in enhancing political efficacy, expanding bridging social capital, and lowering perceived participation costs. The study recommends curriculum reforms, institutionalized youth quotas, strengthened accountability mechanisms, and public–private partnerships to harness youth agency for democratic resilience. This research contributes Malawi-specific insights to broader African democracy and regional integration scholarship, advocating youth-inclusive institutional designs aligned with Agenda 2063.
The purpose of this article is to examine the influence of poverty and Depression among Congolese Immigrants in Makindye division, Kamala Uganda. The study was underpinned by congitive theory by Beck, (1979)and Hope theory by Snyder(2002). Employed correlational design and considered both quantative and qualitative approaches of data collection. The research instruments used to collect data were questionnaire and interview guide. Data from questionnaire were edited and coded then entered in a computer and from questionnaire were edited and coded using statistical package for social sciences. The study results were on Pearson's correlation revealing that there is a positive relationship between poverty and Depression from the findings the researcher recommended that the government of Uganda should support the Congolese Immigrants socially, physically and psychological and concluded that the services provided to the host communities would also be introduced to the Congolese Immigrants.
This study addresses the "Sovereignty Deadlock" in transitional states, utilizing the Libyan case as a primary application model. Using Design-Based Research (DBR), the paper proposes the "Sovereign Republic" model—a governance framework that integrates national epistemological values with emerging technological protocols, specifically Blockchain and AI. The central innovation lies in the "Sovereign Button" mechanism to reclaim direct popular sovereignty.
Fee Waiver Request: Due to economic transitions and banking restrictions in Libya, the author kindly requests a full waiver of the Article Processing Charges (APC).
The geographic landscape of Barangay Mohon, Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental, Northern Mindanao, Philippines was studied. The land usage and its classification was phenomenologically, ethnographically, and anecdotally recorded. It was found out that Industry, company, institutional, and residential were identified and classified. These offers employment which boosted the economy of the Barangay that caused environmental and intelligent collaborative planning as immediate concern.
Barangay Santa Ana in Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental, Northern Mindanao, Philippines was revisited and studied. The largest barangay in the Municipality in terms of land area and population. It has geographically diverse landscape composed of lowland plains, riverbanks, and upland slopes. This topographic peculiarity resulted mixed land usage. Industrial, commercial, agricultural and residential spaces are seen in the verdant plain. As the population continues to grow and urbanization accelerates, the pressure on land, infrastructure, and natural resources intensifies. The geographic landscape invites human activity in agriculture, infrastructure, and overall quality of life. However, at the latest development of the area, when Fantasyland incorporated from the south of Mindanao in Dapitan City brought the “Hogwarts dens” in Santa Ana Tagoloan made the socio-cultural challenged and politically reinvented the area. Come and visit Santa Ana for the promotion on the culture of the south.
This study explores the geographic landscape of Barangay Poblacion, Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental, Northern Mindanao, Philippines. It was studied phenomenologically. The landscape, places, people, events and its interaction on the area that affects the lives of the inhabitants were thoroughly identified and classified. Through visualization, videograph and photograph gathering and collecting of data were utilized. Findings hinges on the “sustainable management” on the natural resources and the mitigation of environmental risks within the peripheral geolocation such that on quarrying of sand, gravel, soil and water are observable. The vulnerability of the barangay during flood, pollution, and housing congestion threaten health and wellness slowly as the low lying area. The geographic topography must be reinvented. Infrastructure development plans and improvements such as: 1) widening of main and satellite roads, 2) flood control systems, 3) construction of bridges, 4) improved drainage, 5) waste management, 6) health, hygiene and wellness, and 7) land classification and zoning must be on the emergency level. Stricter implementation on the building code and environmental regulations is at the tough on the local social legislation
In this study, the researcher will look into how the implementation of the Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their disposal in Indonesia has affected human rights protection. Although Law No. 6 of 1994 was ratified by Indonesia, it has not been easy to eliminate illegal waste imports, ensure safe management of hazardous waste, and protection of the impacted people. The present paper is a normative legal approach analysis of the role of the Convention principles in the national laws of Indonesia and the level to which the enforcement follows the protection of the environment and human rights. According to the findings, it has been noted that although Indonesia has recorded certain achievements in terms of regulatory frameworks on Hazardous Waste Management, some loopholes in implementation, monitoring, and involvement of people have been identified as barriers to the successful implementation. More synergy between environmental protection and human rights realization is recommended to be gained through strengthening institutional capacity, transparency, and community rights to information.
The goal of this study is to conduct a content validation of a researcher-made assessment instrument through expert judgement which investigates phonemic awareness, phonics skills, reading fluency, vocabulary development and reading comprehension of Grade 3 pupils. Content validity index (CVI) content validity ratio (CVR) and Kappa statistic were utilized by the researchers. The content validity index, Kappa statistic and content validity ratio were carried out for content validity. The content of the instrument consist of 5 English Reading components namely, phonemic awareness, phonics skills, reading fluency, vocabulary development and reading comprehension consisting of 30 items each component. The content validation of each item questionnaire was participated by 5 English language experts. The I-CVI or the item content validity index ranged from 0.6 to 1 and (SCVI/Ave) or scale content validity index ranged from 0.76 to 091. This instrument bridges the continuous problem and challenges of low reading literacy skills of children in Philippine educational setting.
This study developed and validated the Context-Specific Culturally Sensitive Conflict Trauma (CSeCT) Scale to assess trauma among armed conflict survivors in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. An exploratory-sequential mixed-methods design was employed to enable an in-depth understanding of the trauma experiences of the participants. In-depth interviews (IDI) and focus group discussions (FGD) were used to generate six core domains of trauma, such as hyperarousal and persistent fear, intrusive distress and cognitive disruption, functional physiological impact, relational trust and social disruption, faith-anchored meaning and spiritual regulation, and coping behaviors, reflecting participants' lived experiences.
In the quantitative phase, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used, yielding a four-factor structure consisting of Intrusive Distress and Functional Impairment, Faith-Anchored Coping, Hyperarousal, and Interpersonal Distrust, with internal consistency (α = .888; 95% CI: .859–.918). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) supported the four-factor model, indicating strong factor loadings and excellent model fit. Integration of qualitative and quantitative findings highlighted the multidimensional nature of conflict-related trauma, encompassing psychological, physiological, social, and spiritual dimensions.
The validated CSeCT Scale offers a reliable and contextually grounded instrument for assessing trauma in conflict-affected populations. It has important implications for the development of culturally sensitive psychosocial interventions, community-based support initiatives, and policy formulation. The study underscores the value of integrating qualitative insights with psychometric validation to capture culturally specific expressions of trauma and inform evidence-based, contextually responsive mental health strategies.
Financial accessibility to healthcare remains a major challenge in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where out-of-pocket payments dominate health financing. Within the framework of Universal Health Coverage, flat-rate pricing has been introduced to reduce financial barriers and improve access to care. This study analyzes its impact in the Kenge Health Zone between 2021 and 2022.
A descriptive and analytical mixed-methods study was conducted among 100 participants, including patients, healthcare providers, and facility managers. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and document review, and analyzed using statistical (Chi-square, logistic regression) and thematic methods.
Findings indicate that flat-rate pricing improved access to healthcare for 62.5% of patients, but remains limited by non-payment (34%), mainly associated with low income and distance to health facilities. Although beneficial, this mechanism requires integration into broader social protection systems to ensure sustainability and effectiveness.
L’objet principal de cette recherche est d’effectuer une étude sur la base de données MICS6 pour l’analyse des privations des enfants dans les dimensions protection contre le travail des enfants et protection contre la violence selon l’approche N-MODA dans la région de Kinshasa.
Cette analyse étudie les privations dont souffrent les enfants relativement à plusieurs dimensions, notamment dans les domaines de la santé, la nutrition, l’eau, l’hygiène et l’assainissement, l’éducation, la protection et l’information. De ce fait nous allons exploiter la dimension protection contre le travail des enfant et protection contre la violence, l’approche N-MODA permet d’élargir la compréhension de la situation des enfants en adoptant une approche multisectorielle, mais aussi en identifiant les privations qui se cumulent pour un enfant selon son âge, son sexe et ses origines socio-économique, culturelle et géographique.
Growth fault is one of the characteristic features of the Niger Delta, a petroleum
province. Growth fault analysis is very important because it is considered as a
structural trap for hydrocarbons. The aim of the analysis is to detect the presence of the
fault using geological tools like well tops, fault slips and beddings. The objectives are to
correlate well tops and beds as well as determination of throws of the faults. Three basic
steps were used in the analysis. The first step is well top determination at each well
position, the second step is the fault throw determination and the last step is bed
thickness analysis. Three well tops and three beds were used for the analysis. Between
Well A-2 and A-1, the throw (dip slip) of Bed 1, 2 and 3 are 19ft (6m), 30ft (9m) and 15
ft (5m). Bed 1 is down-throw (footwall) in Well A-2 and up-throw (hanging wall) in Well
A-1. The throw thicknesses respectively are 106ft (32m) and 100ft (30m). Bed 1 is
thicker on the down- throw side. Bed 2 is down-throw in Well A-2 and up-throw in Well
A-1. The throw thicknesses respectively are 35ft (11m) and 30ft (9m). Bed 2 is thicker
on the down-throw. Bed 3 is down-throw in Well A-3 with a thickness of 1125ft (342m)
and up-throw in Well A-5. The thickness of Bed 3 in Well A-5 is 130ft (40ft). Bed 3 is
thicker in the down-throw.
La décentralisation en République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) constitue
l’un des piliers de l’organisation territoriale de l’État, consacrée par la Constitution du 18
février 2006 telle que modifiée. Elle vise à rapprocher l’administration des administrés et à
promouvoir le développement local par l’autonomie des provinces. Dans ce cadre, les
Assemblées provinciales disposent du pouvoir d’édicter des normes juridiques appelées édits
provinciaux.
La législation provinciale constitue un outil primordial pour l’exercice de
l’autonomie des provinces en République démocratique du Congo (RDC). À Kisangani, la
production d’édits provinciaux révèle des défis significatifs, souvent liés à des contraintes
juridiques et administratives.
La décentralisation en RDC, consacrée par la Constitution de 2006, a pour
objectif d’associer davantage les populations locales à la gestion de leurs affaires. Dans ce
cadre, les provinces disposent d’un pouvoir normatif pour édicter des règles particulières
répondant à leurs besoins socio-économiques. À Kisangani, capitale de la province de la
Tshopo, l’Assemblée provinciale exerce ce pouvoir législatif à travers l’adoption d’édits.
Cependant, malgré leur importance, ces édits s’avèrent souvent peu productifs, ralentis ou
invalidés, en raison de contraintes juridiques strictes et d’obstacles administratifs persistants.
Ainsi, cette étude analyse ces contraintes sous l’angle de la productivité
normative, en examinant le cadre constitutionnel et légal de la décentralisation, les
dysfonctionnements administratifs, et les conséquences de ces contraintes sur la gouvernance
locale.
Mots-clés : Décentralisation, édits provinciaux, productivité législative, contraintes
juridiques, administration provinciale, Kisangani.
This theoretical study examined the efficacy of African simulation gaming strategies in elementary science teaching in Nigeria, anchored on David A. Kolb’s (1984) Experiential Learning Theory. The study explored the concepts of simulation and educational games, highlighting their pedagogical strengths in fostering active, experiential, and learner-centered science education. Emphasis was placed on the simulation gaming strategy, including procedures for its effective use in teaching science, alongside examples of selected African simulation games and their application in conveying specific science concepts. The study also discussed the relevance of simulation to science teaching, identifying its potential to enhance students’ critical thinking, problem-solving skills, engagement, and retention of scientific knowledge. Limitations and disadvantages of simulation games, such as resource intensity and potential classroom management challenges, were critically examined. Educational implications were drawn to guide curriculum planners, teachers, and policymakers in leveraging simulation gaming strategies to improve science learning outcomes. The study concluded with suggestions for integrating African simulation games into elementary science curricula to enhance instructional effectiveness and learner participation.
This article explains a phenomenon occurring in Kenge, Kwango Province, during awareness campaigns related to the distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets.
The phenomenon involves residents obtaining the nets for fishing purposes or selling them to fishermen. Thus, these residents are undermining the messages concerning the prevention of malaria and sleeping sickness, prioritizing food security.
The Greimas actantial model, considered the central idea here, is highlighted to explain the reality of this phenomenon.
Chemical investigation of the crude methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Laggera pterodonta resulted in the isolation of five known compounds namely lupeol (1), stigmasterol (2), stigmasterol glycoside (3), Chrysosplenetin (4) and Artemitin (5). The structures of these compounds were established by using various spectroscopic methods including 1D NMR (1H NMR and 13C NMR) and 2D NMR (COSY, HMQC and HMBC) in conjunction with mass spectrometry and by the comparison with literature data. Flavonoids, particularly Flavonols derivatives and polymethoxylated flavones isolated from Laggera pterodonta and others species of genus Laggera appear to be useful as chemotaxonomic markers in Laggera. The crude extract was evaluated for its antibacterial activity against six strains and antifungal activity against six yeasts using the MHA and SDB methods. The results showed that the extract exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella flexneri with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 250 µg/mL, significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans with MIC of 62.5 µg/mL and moderate activity against Candida tropicalis with MIC of 250 µg/mL.
Negligence is a conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm; it is a departure from the conduct expectable of reasonably prudent person under similar circumstance. Negligence consist of omitting to do something which ought to be done either in a different manner or not at all. Nigeria is a society where the awareness of patients/client’s right is on increase. Therefore, the study examined the assessment of nurses’ Awareness and perception on the legal implications of negligence in nursing practice in Specialist Hospital Sokoto. The purpose of this research work is to assess the level of awareness and examine the perception of nurses on legal implication of negligence in nursing practice, to identify causes/predisposing factors of negligence and to enlighten the nurses on legal implication of negligence in nursing practice. This research work will be beneficent to nurses in order to broaden their knowledge on legal implication of negligence and also to serve as a basis to anyone carrying out a research on same or related topic. The study is a descriptive survey design; structured questionnaire was developed by the researcher to elicit information from the respondents. Sixty (199) qualified nurses and midwives were chosen by convenient sampling ranging from the rank of nursing officer II to chief nursing officer. Simple percentages were used for data analysis and presented in a tabular form. The result showed that majority (96% )of the respondents are aware of legal implication of negligence in nursing practice in their educational institutions, seminars and fellow colleagues. Findings also showed that perception of nurses on legal implication of negligence influences the standard of services rendered to clients. The result also showed that most(70%) opined that lack of professional skills will lead to negligence. Thus, nurses are expected and required to conduct their task with reasonable degree of skills and knowledge. Based on the results of findings, it is therefore recommended that legal courses should be incorporated in the various nursing and midwifery council curricula to be taught at various level of nursing education.
This article helps us better understand how the lack of awareness campaigns about the risks of carbon monoxide poisoning among the Congolese population is at the root of the ignorance surrounding this phenomenon. This poisoning has become a growing health threat in some families in Kinshasa, as well as in other provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
The study highlights four case studies in families in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
This study examines the impact of financial education systems implemented by financial institutions on financial knowledge and relationships with financial institutions within the informal sector of Kinshasa. In a context characterized by the dominance of informal economic activities and low levels of financial literacy, the research highlights limited access to formal financial services, insufficient information, and inadequate financial training tailored to local realities. Financial education therefore emerges as a key tool for enhancing financial inclusion and improving the economic management capacities of informal households.
Methodologically, the study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative techniques based on a survey of 220 informal sector actors. Statistical analyses conducted using STATA 18 show that financial awareness, educational level, and marital status significantly influence financial knowledge and engagement with financial institutions. The findings emphasize the need for financial institutions and public authorities to strengthen structured, inclusive, and context-specific financial education programs in order to promote sustainable financial inclusion and improve the economic resilience of informal sector households in Kinshasa.
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