Peer-reviewed international research papers published open-access with EOI assignment and global indexing across engineering, computer science, environmental science, social sciences, and more.
This study examined the spatio-temporal dynamics of urban expansion and their implications on wetland conservation in Nyabugogo Wetland, Kigali City, Rwanda, from 2000 to 2024. It analyzed patterns of urban expansion, assessed wetland degradation attributable to this expansion, and examined the effectiveness of existing conservation policies. A mixed-methods design combined quantitative geospatial analysis with qualitative approach. Multi-temporal Landsat imagery (2000, 2008, 2016, 2024) was classified using the Maximum Likelihood Classification algorithm in ArcGIS 10.8, while the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) assessed vegetation health and urban expansion intensity. Classification accuracy was validated through confusion matrices and the Kappa coefficient. Qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with five key informants from REMA, the City of Kigali, and sector environmental officers were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Classification achieved 77.8% overall accuracy (Kappa = 0.72). Forest cover declined from 98.87 ha (65.91%) in 2000 to 1.49 ha (0.99%) in 2024, while wetland area expanded from 1.41 ha (0.94%) to 58.91 ha (39.27%). Built-up area fell from 5.99 ha to 5.00 ha, with NDBI confirming reduced high-density urban surfaces within the wetland, and NDVI revealing vegetation fragmentation and ecological degradation. Informants identified weak regulatory enforcement, informal settlements, and poor inter-agency coordination as key governance failures. Urban expansion has significantly reduced the wetland ecological integrity, and although restoration initiatives show localized success, they remain insufficient to offset cumulative degradation. The study recommends strengthening wetland governance, integrating GIS-based monitoring into urban planning, scaling up restoration programmes, and promoting community stewardship.
Antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus limits treatment options and complicates infection prevention. Facility-specific susceptibility data are essential for empirical treatment, antimicrobial stewardship and surveillance, particularly in county referral hospitals in Kenya. This study assessed the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of S. aureus clinical isolates and determined the proportion of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) at Meru Teaching and Referral Hospital (MeTRH).
A retrospective laboratory-based study was conducted using microbiology records from MeTRH. S. aureus isolates were identified using routine microbiological procedures with confirmation by the VITEK® 2 Compact automated identification system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed using the VITEK® 2 Compact automated system and interpreted according to CLSI M100, 35th edition Cefoxitin susceptibility was used as the phenotypic surrogate for MRSA classification.
Thirty-seven S. aureus isolates were recovered from 1,082 clinical specimens. Resistance was 100.0% to benzylpenicillin and amoxicillin, 75.0% to amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, 63.3% to cefoxitin, 52.9% to erythromycin and 43.7% to tetracycline. Susceptibility was 82.8% to gentamicin, 77.3% to ciprofloxacin and 75.0% to clindamycin. All isolates tested against linezolid and vancomycin were susceptible. Cefoxitin results were available for 30 isolates; 19 (63.3%) were classified as MRSA and 11 (36.7%) as methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA).
S. aureus isolates at MeTRH demonstrated substantial resistance to commonly used β-lactam agents and a high proportion of phenotypic methicillin resistance. Gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and clindamycin retained comparatively good activity, while linezolid and vancomycin remained fully active among tested isolates. Routine culture and AST, regular facility antibiograms, antimicrobial stewardship and sustained MRSA surveillance are warranted.
Cette étude analyse les choix de carrière entrepreneuriale des finalistes de l’UPN face au chômage en RDC. Menée sur 100 étudiants, l'analyse au travers du modèle Probit montre que l'intention d'entreprendre dépend du genre, de la prise en charge académique, du besoin d’accomplissement et de l’autonomie. Globalement, 80 % des sondés veulent entreprendre dont 43 % dans le domaine agricole et agroalimentaire, avec une majorité d'hommes. Les 20 % restants choisissent le salariat, principalement pour accumuler le capital nécessaire à leurs futurs projets.
Mots-clés : Probit, Intention entrepreneuriale, agricole, agroalimentaire
ABSTRACT
Background Nduba Landfill receives an organic-rich municipal waste stream, yet site-specific evidence on methane trends and the waste practices that influence them remains limited. Methods A mixed-methods descriptive and correlational study combined questionnaires completed by 60 waste-sector stakeholders, four key-informant interviews, site observation, document review, and methane estimates produced from 2015-2025 waste records using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change first or-der decay approach. Results Respondents rated waste collection and controlled disposal relatively high-ly (means 4.01 and 4.15), but waste sorting (2.56) and methane monitoring (2.18) remained weak. Rec-orded municipal solid waste increased by 152.2%, from 92,115 to 232,301 tonnes. Modelled methane emissions rose from 902.8 tonnes in 2016 to 5,938.1 tonnes in 2025. Ratings of waste management prac-tices were strongly associated with perceived methane reduction (r = .736, p < .001). Conclusion Opera-tional improvements have not kept pace with waste growth. Source segregation, organic waste diversion, direct methane measurement, and landfill gas capture are the immediate priorities.
Keywords first order decay model, Kigali, landfill methane, municipal solid waste, organic waste diver-sion, source segregation
La chirurgie ambulatoire constitue un modèle de prise en charge permettant d’améliorer la qualité des soins et de réduire la durée d’hospitalisation. En proctologie, son développement reste limité par les douleurs postopératoires, le risque de rétention urinaire et les saignements. Les progrès de l’anesthésie locorégionale, notamment la rachianesthésie en selle, associés à l’analgésie multimodale et aux techniques mini-invasives, particulièrement le traitement laser, ont amélioré la récupération postopératoire et favorisé la sortie le jour même. Notre étude avait pour objectif d’évaluer la faisabilité de la chirurgie proctologique ambulatoire. Il s’agit d’une étude prospective descriptive réalisée sur trois ans au service de chirurgie A du CHU d’Oran, incluant 267 patients opérés pour des pathologies anorectales bénignes : sinus pilonidal, fissure anale, fistule anale et hémorroïdes. Les interventions étaient principalement réalisées par technique laser sous rachianesthésie en selle ou anesthésie générale avec masque laryngé. L’âge moyen était de 31 ± 8 ans, avec une prédominance masculine (66,7 %). Selon ASA, 70 % étaient ASA I, 25 % ASA II et 5 % ASA III. Les principales indications étaient le sinus pilonidal (30,3 %), la fissure anale (26,2 %), la fistule anale (22,5 %) et les hémorroïdes (21 %). L’anesthésie locorégionale représentait 73,1 % des cas. Le succès ambulatoire était de 98,5 %, avec 1,1 % d’admissions et 0,4 % d’hospitalisations non programmées. La satisfaction atteignait 86,4 %. Ces résultats confirment la faisabilité de cette approche chez des patients rigoureusement sélectionnés.
La chirurgie du cancer du sein est responsable de douleurs postopératoires intenses. Une analgésie multimodale incluant des techniques locorégionales est indispensable pour réduire la douleur aiguë et le risque de douleurs chroniques. L’objectif de ce travail était d’évaluer l’effet analgésique du bloc des érecteurs du rachis après mastectomie avec curage axillaire.
Il s’agit d’une étude prospective, descriptive et monocentrique réalisée au service de chirurgie générale A du CHU d’Oran sur six ans. Les patients opérés sous anesthésie générale ont bénéficié de dexaméthasone 8 mg, de kétamine 0,25 mg/kg IV et de paracétamol 1 g IV, associés à un bloc échoguidé des érecteurs du rachis en T5 avec 20 ml de bupivacaïne à 0,25 %. En postopératoire, l’analgésie reposait sur le paracétamol 1 g/6 h et le célécoxib 100 mg/j. La douleur à la mobilisation était évaluée à H1, H6 et H24.
Les 720 patients avaient un âge moyen de 43 ± 10 ans, avec une prédominance féminine de 90,9 %. Les scores médians de douleur étaient de 2 à H1, 2 à H6 et 1 à H24. Une morphine IV a été nécessaire chez 11 % des patients. La satisfaction était de 85 %, et 14,2 % n’avaient pris aucun antalgique à domicile, avec une douleur nulle. Le bloc des érecteurs du rachis apparaît prometteur pour l’analgésie après chirurgie mammaire, mais son efficacité doit être confirmée par des études comparatives randomisées.
Structured Abstract
Objective: This study assessed the effect of black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) farming on the operational performance of organic waste management at SAFE FOR HEALTH Ltd in Bugesera District, Rwanda. It examined the production cycle, environmental conditions, larval growth, waste reduction, processing time, and land requirements.
Methodology: A quantitative experimental case-study design was applied. Three operational batches, each containing 8,000 g of municipal organic waste and 50 g of BSF larvae, were monitored for 14 days under greenhouse conditions. Temperature, relative humidity, substrate moisture, adult activity, larval biomass, residual waste, processing time, and treatment footprint were measured. Data were analysed descriptively using means and standard deviations, and operational performance was compared with pit composting.
Key findings: The rearing conditions supported completion of the BSF life cycle, with temperatures of 27.89–28.56°C, relative humidity of approximately 75%, and substrate moisture of 64–67%. Approximately 7,100 eggs were obtained from 12 adults, while larval biomass increased from 67 g to 1,410 g. Waste reduction across the three batches ranged from 65.0% to 70.0%, with a mean of 67.5 ± 2.5%. Compared with pit composting, BSF treatment reduced processing time from 90 to 14 days (84.4%) and required 75% less treatment area.
Conclusion: BSF farming offers a rapid and space-efficient approach to organic waste reduction and resource recovery. However, replicated controlled studies assessing dry-matter conversion, product safety, nutrient recovery, emissions, and profitability are required before large-scale adoption.
Digital Environmental turbulence is commonly presumed to increase the value of strategic leadership, yet this presumption overlooks the possibility that severe volatility may impair the conversion of leadership practices into sustainable operational outcomes. This article examines whether environmental turbulence moderates the relationship between strategic leadership practices and sustainable operational performance among commercial banks in Kenya. Strategic leadership practices were operationalized through strategic direction clarity, strategic decision quality, human capital development, and strategic adaptability; environmental turbulence comprised market dynamism, technological turbulence, competitive intensity, and regulatory uncertainty; and sustainable operational performance incorporated economic, social, and environmental outcomes. Anchored in contingency theory and complemented by the resource-based view and dynamic capabilities theory, the study adopted a positivist philosophy and explanatory cross-sectional design. A census of 38 licensed commercial banks targeted strategy, operations, and innovation managers. Of 114 questionnaires administered, 99 usable responses were analyzed through partial least squares structural equation modelling with 5,000 bootstrap resamples. The interaction between strategic leadership practices and environmental turbulence was negative and significant (β = −0.309, t = 5.757, p < 0.001, f² = 0.366). Simple-slope analysis showed that leadership enhanced performance under low turbulence (β = 0.414, p < 0.05), became non-significant at mean turbulence (β = 0.105, p = 0.168), and turned negative under high turbulence (β = −0.204, p < 0.05). The findings reveal a buffering paradox: turbulence makes leadership more necessary as an interpretive institution while weakening the direct performance yield of established leadership practices. The article contributes a boundary-sensitive account of strategic leadership and identifies capability conversion, decentralized sensing, and rapid experimentation as priorities for banks operating under discontinuous change.
Keywords: strategic leadership practices; environmental turbulence; sustainable operational performance; buffering moderation; contingency theory; commercial banks
Why do strategically well-led organizations differ in their capacity to generate durable operational value? This study argues that the missing explanatory link is not another leadership attribute but an organizational transmission architecture: innovation capability. It examines whether innovation capability mediates the relationship between strategic leadership practices and sustainable operational performance among commercial banks in Kenya. Strategic leadership practices were operationalized through strategic direction clarity, strategic decision quality, human capital development, and strategic adaptability; innovation capability through product/service, process, technological, and cultural innovation; and sustainable operational performance through economic, social, and environmental outcomes. The resource-based view and dynamic capabilities theory supplied the principal explanatory lenses. An explanatory cross-sectional census targeted strategy, operations, and innovation executives in all 38 licensed commercial banks. Of 114 questionnaires distributed, 99 usable responses were analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling and 5,000 bootstrap resamples. Strategic leadership practices predicted innovation capability (β = 0.770, t = 17.178, p < 0.05), and innovation capability predicted sustainable operational performance after controlling for leadership (β = 0.866, t = 6.669, p < 0.05). The indirect effect was significant (β = 0.667, t = 6.550, p < 0.05), whereas the residual direct effect was not (β = 0.105, t = 1.378, p = 0.168), establishing indirect-only mediation. The evidence reconceptualizes innovation capability as the institutional mechanism through which strategic direction is converted into economically efficient, socially responsible, and environmentally sustainable operations. The article contributes a mechanism-centred account of strategic leadership and specifies governance priorities for banks seeking to translate executive intent into repeatable operational renewal.
Keywords: strategic leadership practices; innovation capability; sustainable operational performance; mediation; commercial banks; Kenya
Strategic leadership has acquired renewed salience in banking systems confronted by technological discontinuity, regulatory recalibration, intensifying competition, and escalating expectations for responsible operations. This article examines the effect of strategic leadership practices on sustainable operational performance among commercial banks in Kenya. Strategic leadership practices were operationalized through strategic direction clarity, strategic decision quality, human capital development, and strategic adaptability, whereas sustainable operational performance was measured through economic operational efficiency, social operational sustainability, and environmental operational sustainability. Anchored principally in the resource-based view and complemented by upper echelons theory and dynamic capabilities reasoning, the study adopted a positivist research philosophy and an explanatory cross-sectional research design. A census of the 38 licensed commercial banks in Kenya was undertaken, with strategy, operations, and innovation managers constituting the units of observation. Of the 114 questionnaires administered, 99 usable responses were obtained, representing an effective response rate of 86.8 percent. Partial least squares structural equation modelling, supported by bootstrapping with 5,000 resamples, was employed to test the hypothesized relationship. The analysis established a strong, positive, and statistically significant total effect of strategic leadership practices on sustainable operational performance (β = 0.772, SE = 0.114, t = 6.744, p < 0.05). The measurement model demonstrated excellent indicator reliability, internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. By synthesizing evidence from eight recent empirical studies spanning banking, non-banking, and non-profit contexts across Africa, Asia, and Latin America, the article identifies a persistent contextual and methodological gap in the strategic leadership literature and addresses it through sector-wide, primary-data evidence from a regulated emerging-market banking system. The article extends strategic leadership scholarship by positioning sustainability within operational value creation and offers actionable implications for boards, executives, regulators, and policymakers seeking to develop resilient, responsible, and sustainably performing banking institutions.
Keywords: strategic leadership practices; sustainable operational performance; commercial banks; resource-based view; upper echelons theory; dynamic capabilities; banking sustainability; Kenya.
Social media has remained a focus of study for over two decades, as a generation has grown up using interactive digital platforms since birth. Earlier and more recent scholarship on social media focuses on the many concerns these new media platforms pose for society. However, recent scholarship is beginning to explore the flip side of social media platforms to enable relevant groups to understand the emerging media. This study arose from a curiosity to examine the many potentials social media platforms present to young people, especially in relation to the quest for youth empowerment in Nigerian society. The study adopted a quantitative design and used a survey to gather information from young Nigerians. A 14-item questionnaire was designed; undergraduates of a private university were selected based on the principles of purposive sampling. 333 respondents completed the questionnaire via a Google Form link, and the results were presented in frequency tables. Findings reveal that many Nigerian youths are aware of the financial opportunities on social media. A few are already earning income from their social media activities, while many have yet to begin earning through the new media platforms. The study recommends that academic institutions include social media studies in the school curriculum and that concerned groups launch nationwide sensitisation for youths on how to monetise social media content. The Technology Acceptance Model underpins the study.
This study examined the influence of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) tools on the implementation of the 12-Year Basic Education (12YBE) policy in Huye District, Rwanda. It focused on four dimensions: data collection methods, feedback and reporting mechanisms, capacity building, and stakeholder engagement. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted. The target population consisted of 1,065 education stakeholders, including district and sector education officers, school administrators, and teachers. A stratified sample of 323 respondents was selected using Slovin’s formula, of whom 309 provided valid responses. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews and analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 through descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The research instrument demonstrated high internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from 0.948 to 0.967. The regression model showed a strong relationship between M&E tools and 12YBE implementation (R = 0.846; R² = 0.715; adjusted R² = 0.711; F (4,304) = 190.802, p < 0.001). All four M&E dimensions had positive and statistically significant influences: data collection methods (β = 0.200), feedback and reporting (β = 0.381), capacity building (β = 0.525), and stakeholder engagement (β = 0.575). Stakeholder engagement had the strongest influence, followed by capacity building, feedback and reporting, and data collection methods. The findings highlight the importance of strengthening M&E systems, stakeholder capacity, and participation. The study recommends standardized digital data systems, continuous professional development, improved feedback mechanisms, and inclusive stakeholder participation.
Abstract
Protected areas are increasingly recognized as essential instruments for biodiversity conservation, ecosystem restoration, and climate resilience. However, conservation interventions can also alter access to land and natural resources on which surrounding rural communities depend. This study assessed the impacts of conservation practices implemented in and around Gishwati-Mukura National Park (GMNP) on the livelihoods of adjacent communities in Rwanda. The study covered the period 2005–2024 and adopted a mixed-methods research design combining household surveys, key informant interviews, documentary analysis, field observations, Geographic Information System (GIS), and remote sensing. A total of 396 households were selected from five sectors bordering the park, namely Muhanda, Kigeyo, Mukura, Nyabirasi, and Ruhango, while three key informants were purposively selected from park management, local government, and environmental institutions. Land-use and land-cover (LULC) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analyses were used to assess environmental changes, while descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression were employed to examine livelihood outcomes and their relationship with conservation practices. The results indicate substantial ecological improvement following conservation interventions. Forest cover increased from 90.47% in 2008 to 96.82% in 2024, while healthy vegetation increased from 30.17% to 52.17% over the same period. However, livelihood outcomes were mixed. A total of 97 respondents reported that household income had decreased since establishment of the park, while 213 reported that the park had created alternative income-generating opportunities. Furthermore, 197 respondents reported increased difficulty in obtaining food, indicating persistent food-security concerns. Benefit-sharing and community development interventions generated positive outcomes, with 223 respondents reporting benefits from community savings or cooperative initiatives. Multiple regression results showed that forest cover (B = 0.368, p < 0.001), NDVI (B = 17.412, p = 0.001), and benefit-sharing (B = 6.084, p < 0.001) were positively associated with livelihood outcomes, whereas land-use restrictions had a significant negative association (B = −4.735, p = 0.001). The model explained 39.4% of the variation in livelihood outcomes (R² = 0.394). The findings demonstrate that GMNP has generated important ecological gains but that conservation benefits and costs are unevenly distributed. Strengthening inclusive participation, expanding livelihood diversification, improving benefit-sharing, and targeting vulnerable households are therefore important for achieving conservation that is both ecologically effective and socially equitable.
Keywords: Conservation practices; protected areas; livelihoods; land-use/land-cover change; NDVI; benefit-sharing.
1. Introduction
Protected areas constitute one of the principal global mechanisms for conserving biodiversity, restoring degraded ecosystems, maintaining ecosystem services, and addressing environmental change. The importance of protected areas has increased substantially as countries respond to accelerating biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation. The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, adopted in 2022, calls for at least 30% of terrestrial, inland-water, coastal, and marine areas to be effectively conserved and managed by 2030, while emphasizing ecological connectivity, equitable governance, and recognition of the rights of Indigenous peoples and local communities (Convention on Biological Diversity [CBD], 2022).
Despite their ecological importance, protected areas can produce complex socioeconomic outcomes for communities living within or around them. Conservation interventions may improve ecosystem services, water regulation, soil protection, forest resources, and opportunities associated with tourism and conservation employment. At the same time, restrictions on land use and access to natural resources can reduce agricultural opportunities, forest-product collection, grazing, and other traditional livelihood activities. Recent scholarship therefore increasingly emphasizes the need to understand conservation as a process involving both ecological and socioeconomic outcomes rather than assessing conservation success exclusively through ecological indicators (Muchapondwa & Ntuli, 2024; Sangha et al., 2025).
The relationship between protected areas and local livelihoods is particularly important in developing countries, where rural households frequently depend directly on land, forests, water, and other natural resources. Conservation-compatible livelihood approaches emphasize that biodiversity conservation and rural development should not be treated as competing objectives but should instead be integrated through sustainable resource use, participation, benefit-sharing, and locally appropriate livelihood alternatives (Conservation-compatible livelihoods, 2023).
Rwanda provides an important setting for examining this relationship because of its high population density, limited land availability, strong environmental governance, and ambitious restoration objectives. Gishwati-Mukura National Park (GMNP) represents a particularly relevant case. The park was established through the consolidation and protection of the Gishwati and Mukura forest ecosystems and forms part of a wider landscape recognized internationally for its biodiversity and restoration importance. UNESCO recognizes the Gishwati-Mukura Landscape as a biosphere reserve and identifies the area as important for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.
The creation and subsequent conservation of GMNP have contributed to restoration of degraded forest ecosystems. Earlier degradation was associated with population pressure, agricultural expansion, grazing, and other land-use pressures. Conservation interventions have included reforestation, restoration of forest landscapes, restrictions on resource extraction, enforcement of conservation rules, community-based conservation activities, tourism development, and livelihood-support interventions. The Landscape Approach to Forest Restoration and Conservation project also supported integrated landscape management and community livelihood activities (World Bank, 2019).
However, ecological restoration has occurred alongside changes in the socioeconomic environment of communities adjacent to the park. Previous studies have documented concerns relating to restricted access to land and forest resources, participation in conservation decisions, compensation, and the distribution of conservation benefits (Mutabazi et al., 2022; Tuyambaze et al., 2021; Uwimana & Nkundabatware, 2021). These concerns reflect a broader conservation debate in which the costs and benefits of protected areas may not be distributed equally among local populations.
The challenge is particularly important because the livelihoods of communities surrounding GMNP have historically incorporated agriculture, grazing, fuelwood collection, medicinal plants, and other forest-related activities. Restrictions on access to these resources may therefore affect natural capital and, through it, financial, food-security, and social outcomes. Conversely, conservation programs may generate new opportunities through employment, training, tourism, cooperative activities, and community development projects.
Recent international conservation frameworks increasingly recognize that conservation should be equitably governed and should respect local communities while maintaining ecological integrity. The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework specifically links conservation expansion with equitable governance and respect for the rights and interests of local communities (CBD, 2022). Recent evidence also indicates that more equitable governance arrangements involving local communities can be associated with more positive conservation outcomes, suggesting that social inclusion is not necessarily contrary to ecological effectiveness (Sangha et al., 2025).
Against this background, the present study assessed the impacts of conservation practices of GMNP on adjacent communities by integrating household-level socioeconomic evidence with GIS and remote sensing information. The study specifically examined conservation practices and their spatial and temporal distribution, assessed changes in livelihood outcomes before and after conservation interventions, and analyzed the relationship between conservation practices, environmental changes, and community livelihoods. The conceptual orientation was informed by the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, which emphasizes the interaction between natural, financial, physical, human, and social assets, and by Political Ecology Theory, which highlights questions of power, resource access, institutional decision-making, and distributional equity.
The study addresses an important empirical gap because previous research on GMNP has provided valuable qualitative evidence concerning community perceptions and conservation impacts but has provided less integrated evidence combining environmental change, household livelihood outcomes, and statistical modeling. The present study therefore contributes quantitative evidence on the conservation–livelihood relationship while also examining the ecological changes associated with conservation interventions.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
The study was conducted in communities adjacent to Gishwati-Mukura National Park in Western Rwanda. The study focused on five sectors: Muhanda Sector in Ngororero District and Kigeyo, Mukura, Nyabirasi, and Ruhango sectors in Rutsiro District. The geographical focus was selected because these communities have relatively close and direct interactions with the park and its natural resources.
The study considered households located within approximately 5 km of the park boundary, with particular attention to communities within the immediate border zone. Areas were differentiated according to proximity to the park, intensity of park–community interaction, and livelihood characteristics. The study period covered 2005–2024, allowing comparison of environmental conditions before and after intensified conservation interventions and the establishment of the national park.
Rwanda is expanding access to cleaner household energy; however, district-level evidence remains limited on whether household knowledge and favorable attitudes translate into sustained energy-efficient practices. This study assessed household knowledge, attitudes, practices, and perceptions of energy policies in Gasabo District. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in April 2026 among 400 urban and peri-urban households selected through multistage sampling. Trained interviewers administered a piloted questionnaire. Descriptive statistics summarized the outcomes, while Pearson chi-square tests examined bivariate associations with household characteristics. High knowledge was observed among 71.0% of respondents, positive attitudes among 64.3%, and good practices among 53.3%. Charcoal was the most common primary cooking fuel (35.0%); 62.0% of households practiced fuel stacking, and 42.0% identified high cost as the main adoption barrier. Although 69.5% were aware of government clean-energy programs, only 36.5% had benefited from one. Urban residence, higher education, higher income, and electricity access were associated with all four composite outcomes (all p < 0.001). Good practices were reported by 63.4% of urban households compared with 38.3% of peri-urban households and by 70.9% of households earning above RWF 300,000 compared with 35.9% earning below RWF 100,000. Knowledge and attitudes were more favorable than reported practices, indicating a substantial knowledge-to-practice gap. The findings are consistent with affordability and access constraints, although the cross-sectional design precludes causal inference. Targeted financing, reli-able energy services, practical safety communication, and sustained-use monitoring should prioritize lower-income and peri-urban households.
Keywords: Clean cooking; energy efficiency; fuel stacking; household energy transition; knowledge–attitudes–practices; Rwanda
The increasing sophistication of DGA-based botnets, particularly wordlist-based DGAs that generate domains using dictionary words, poses a significant challenge to traditional detection systems due to their resemblance to legitimate domains. The research presents a robust framework for the detection of Wordlist-based Domain Generation Algorithm (DGA) botnet domains. The methodology involves preprocessing domain names into character-level tokens and generating dense vector representations using Word2Vec embeddings. These embeddings are augmented with engineered features such as domain length, entropy, digit ratio, vowel ratio, and special character ratio to form a comprehensive feature space.. The dataset is restructured into three classes—legitimate domains, other DGA domains, and wordlist-based DGA domains—to enable focused evaluation on the most challenging class. Multiple models, including K-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machine, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, Logistic Regression, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), are trained and evaluated. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly improves detection performance, particularly for wordlist-based DGA domains. Among all models, the MLP classifier achieved the best overall performance. For the wordlist DGA class specifically, the MLP attained a precision of 0.8329, recall of 0.7082, and F1-score of 0.7655, outperforming the LSTM model which recorded an F1-score of 0.75 for the same class. The results confirm that the proposed hybrid framework is effective and reliable for detecting complex DGA botnet domains, with strong performance in the targeted identification of wordlist-based DGAs.
KEYWORDS: Botnet, Domain-Generation-Algorithm (DGA), word2vec, deep learning, botmaster
Abstract
This article is based on a study conducted against the backdrop of the deteriorating performance of public university employees. Lack of sufficient empirical evidence linking workload management to employee performance in public universities presented conceptual and contextual research gaps, which largely informed the study. The objective was to determine the connection between workload management and employee performance in selected chartered public universities in Kenya. The study was grounded in the spillover theory. A positivist philosophy guided the study alongside an ex post facto research design, a deductive approach, and quantitative research methods. The accessible population constituted 16,933 academic and non-academic staff drawn from 8 selected chartered public universities in Kenya. A sample of 385 respondents was drawn from the aforementioned universities using a stratified random sampling technique. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted on the collected data with the assistance of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. According to the study findings, workload management had a positive, strong, and statistically significant relationship with employee performance (rs = 0.801; p = 0.000 < 0.05). It was also revealed that the influence of workload management on employee performance, or the connection between both variables, was statistically significant (t = 21.727; p = 0.000 < 0.05). Consequently, the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypothesis deemed to be true. The study concluded that the amount of work handled by individual employees, and how such work was managed, directly and/or indirectly affected employee performance. It is recommended that universities should increase the number of staff and also ensure their remuneration is commensurate with their workload and the prevailing labour market rates.
Keywords: Chartered universities, employee performance, public universities, spillover theory, workload management
If you don’t understand the classical electromagnetic theory of Maxwell in 1861 ask yourself if I am right because others don’t understand it either.
The principle of symmetry in physics is not only a fundamental concept but also a test of the validity of physical laws. Symmetry implies that the laws of physics remain unchanged under motion of the observer.
This principle is crucial for understanding the behavior of physical systems and the interactions between particles of the system and applied internal or external forces.
It is obvious that the four simultaneous PDEs describing the electromagnetic field E and H in differentia form[1,10,11,12:
circuital 1-∇.E=ρ/ε ........Gauss Law
2-∇.H=0 ........There is no magnetic monopole.
3-∇xE=-μ dH/dt)partial ........Faraday Law
4-∇xH=-Jc +ε dE/dt)partial ....Modified Amperes law
(We call them set of coupled PDE (set 1).)
They are incomplete or even misleading because :
i-they contradicts the principle of symmetry in physics.
ii- they does not comply with the universal law of physics:
Energy density U* D * Spacetime curvature = I [10,11,12]. . . . (1*).
Where :
i-energy density U(x,y,z,t} should be any type of energy(Gravity, Light, Sound, Quantum . . etc) .
ii- Inxn is the nxn Unit matrix where n is the number of particles or the number of energy density free nodes of the system
iii- D is the standard diffusion of the relevant medium explicitly intended.
iv- Space time curvature should be expressed in 4D Laplacian unitary space.
Note that eq 1* is the most important equation in physics and applied mathematics in the sense that any rule or theorem that does not agree with it must be incomplete or even wrong and should be refuted.
At the limit we would say that equation 1* is the only equation describing nature.
Most people know that Maxwell's four equations entered physics in 1861 mainly to explain the propagation of electromagnetic waves in infinite space or the ether at a constant speed of C = 3E8 m/s (to comply with the Michelson-Morley experiment), but they don't know how to generalize or correct them.
However, the authors believe that the four Maxwell equations mentioned above, when reformulated within the framework of new physics or equation 1*, could work just fine, and might even reveal more hidden/internal theories and laws.
In other words we want to know what happens when we reformulate the above classical four Maxwell equation in new physics form, namely:
1-∇.E=ρe/ε ........Gauss circuital Law
2-∇.H= ρm/ μ........There is magnetic monopole m could be positive or negative.
3Jm-∇xE= -μ dH/dt)partial ........Faraday Law ,There is magnetic monopole conduction current Jm
4-∇xH=-Jc +ε dE/dt)partial ....Modified Amperes law
We call them new set of coupled PDE (set 2).
Smallholder farmers continue to face persistent challenges in accessing consistent and profitable markets, including weak buyer linkages, limited market information, inadequate collective marketing mechanisms, and post-harvest losses. This study examined the effect of project-supported market access strategies: collective marketing, structured buyer linkages, access to market information, and post-harvest handling and storage on the sales performance of smallholder farmers in Kamonyi District, Rwanda, with reference to the Farm to Market Alliance (FtMA) Project implemented between 2019 and 2023. The study was guided by Market Access Theory, Value Chain Development Theory, the Theory of Agricultural Commercialization, and Transaction Cost Theory, and adopted a descriptive and correlational research design combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. From a target population of 262 FtMA stakeholders, a sample of 158 respondents was determined using Yamane's formula and selected through simple random and purposive sampling; 148 fully completed questionnaires were retained for analysis. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and interview guides, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression in SPSS at a 0.05 significance level. Sales performance was rated highly by respondents (composite mean = 4.40, SD = 0.49). All four market access strategies were positively and significantly correlated with sales performance: collective marketing (r = 0.767, p < .001), structured buyer linkages (r = 0.818, p < .001), access to market information (r = 0.756, p < .001), and post-harvest handling and storage (r = 0.779, p < .001). All four null hypotheses were rejected: collective marketing (B = 0.235, β = 0.250, p < .001), structured buyer linkages (B = 0.448, β = 0.429, p < .001), access to market information (B = 0.139, β = 0.171, p = .002), and post-harvest handling and storage (B = 0.161, β = 0.185, p = .001) each made a significant independent contribution to sales performance. The combined model explained 81.7% of the variance in sales performance (R = 0.904, R² = 0.817, Adjusted R² = 0.813, F = 205.867, p < .001), with structured buyer linkages as the strongest predictor, followed by collective marketing, post-harvest handling and storage, and access to market information. Farmers nonetheless continued to report challenges including price fluctuations (60%), high transport costs (55%), climate variability (48%), and limited storage facilities (42%). The study concludes that project-supported market access strategies collectively make a substantial contribution to improving smallholder farmers' sales performance, and recommends strengthening structured buyer linkages, collective marketing, market information systems, and post-harvest infrastructure, alongside stronger collaboration among government institutions, development partners, farmer cooperatives, and buyers.
Keywords: Market Access Strategies, Collective Marketing, Structured Buyer Linkages, Market Information, Post-Harvest Handling and Storage, Sales Performance, Smallholder Farmers, Kamonyi District, Rwanda.
Effective time-management practices are critical to the financial success of infrastructure projects. Despite strong government oversight and donor support, several projects under the Rwanda Urban Development Project II (RUDP-II Phase 3) in Rubavu City experienced delays and budget overruns, suggesting gaps in the application of time-management practices. This study evaluated the impact of time-management practices on project financial performance in RUDP-II Phase 3, Rubavu City (2021–2024), focusing on time planning, time monitoring, team time discipline, and the use of time-management tools and technology. Guided by the Project Management Triangle, the Theory of Constraints, and the Resource-Based View, the study adopted descriptive and correlational research designs. Of the 122 targeted respondents, 108 completed and returned questionnaires, yielding a response rate of 88.5%. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, document reviews, and observations, and analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis in SPSS version 28 at a 0.05 significance level. Instrument validity was confirmed by a Content Validity Index (CVI) of 0.76, and reliability by an overall Cronbach's Alpha of 0.79. Project financial performance was generally positive (composite mean = 4.11, SD = 0.82), with financial reporting (mean = 4.21) and resource utilisation (mean = 4.16) rated highest, while cost overruns recorded the lowest mean (3.98). Time planning had the strongest effect on financial performance (r = 0.837, R² = 0.701, β = 0.638, p = 0.000). Time monitoring also had a strong positive effect (r = 0.796, R² = 0.634, β = 0.825, p = 0.000). Team time discipline showed a moderate positive effect (r = 0.464, R² = 0.215, β = 0.366, p = 0.000), and time-management tools and technology use similarly had a moderate positive effect (r = 0.469, R² = 0.220, β = 0.480, p = 0.000). The combined model explained 78.6% of the variation in financial performance (R² = 0.786, F = 94.372, p = 0.000), with time planning as the strongest predictor (Beta = 0.455), followed by time monitoring (Beta = 0.284), team time discipline (Beta = 0.202), and technology use (Beta = 0.181). The study concludes that all four time-management practices significantly and positively influence project financial performance, and recommends that project teams invest in detailed pre-implementation planning, standardise monitoring routines, enforce workforce discipline through contractual mechanisms, and expand digital tool adoption, especially at field level.
Keywords: Time Planning, Time Monitoring, Team Time Discipline, Time-Management Tools and Technology, Project Financial Performance
This study aimed to identify evidence-informed features of teacher professional development (TPD) pro-grammes that improve formative assessment practices and to use these findings to inform the design of a practical programme for Grade 9 science teachers in Sri Lanka. A systematic literature review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) framework. Searches of Web of Science, the Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), and Google Scholar identi-fied 642 potentially relevant publications. After removing 118 duplicates, 524 records were screened; 476 were excluded following title and abstract screening, and 48 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Ten studies were included in the final review and analysed thematically according to programme structure, theo-retical foundation, implementation strategies, effectiveness, and educational outcomes. The findings indicate that effective TPD programmes commonly incorporate sustained and practically oriented learning, collabora-tive professional learning, mentoring or coaching, classroom-based implementation, reflection, and continu-ous evaluation. Reported improvements included teachers’ formative assessment literacy, assessment plan-ning, feedback practices, questioning, peer and self-assessment, confidence, and self-efficacy, with some pro-grammes also reporting gains in students’ motivation and self-regulated learning. Based on these findings, a concise, context-sensitive TPD programme is proposed for Sri Lankan science teachers, grounded primarily in Wiliam and Thompson’s formative assessment theory. The proposed programme integrates international evi-dence with local constraints relating to time, administrative responsibilities, and physical infrastructure.
Abstract
This study examines the condition of the Congolese woman through the popular expression “Mwasi‑nde‑Nzoto” (“woman as body”), which reduces femininity to corporeality and sexuality. The central problem addressed is how this linguistic and cultural practice contributes to the erosion of female identity and the distortion of Congolese cultural values. By foregrounding the body as an instrument of seduction and commodification, the woman is simultaneously positioned as partner and client within a public sphere marked by the decline of modesty.
Methodologically, the research employs a hermeneutic approach to interpret the implicit meanings embedded in this expression, complemented by documentary analysis drawing on philosophical and sociocultural sources. This dual framework enables a critical exploration of language in its multiple dimensions—gestures, words, silences, and gazes—as performative forces shaping identity and social relations.
The expected findings suggest that language functions not merely as a communicative tool but as a transformative power capable of reinforcing or undermining cultural cohesion and female dignity. Proper use of language, in all its verbal and non‑verbal forms, emerges as a necessary condition for safeguarding identity and resisting cultural alienation. This reflection thus opens a philosophical critique of corporeal and verbal language, highlighting its decisive role in the preservation or loss of social and cultural values.
Mots-clés : Pudity, Mwasi- nde- Nzoto, speech, and form of life.
ABSTRACT
Postcolonial Africa deserves particular attention in view of the successive forms of governance and the foreign or Western influence that have persisted since 1960, the year in which most African states gained independence. To this end, two recent sub-Saharan African novels belonging to the third generation, namely Le Sang pour l’alternance by Alimou SINTA and L’Ange et le fusil by Paul D. TAYORO, have attracted our attention and have been selected as the basis for the present study. Accordingly, several questions arise: What image of postcolonial power is portrayed in Alimou SINTA’s Le Sang pour l’alternance and Paul D. TAYORO’s L’Ange et le fusil? What is the main theme of the primary works under study, and what are their secondary themes?
In order to test our hypotheses, we employed structural, thematic, sociocritical, and comparative approaches, as well as documentary research, content analysis, and intertextual analysis.
The findings derived from our hypotheses are as follows: the image of postcolonial power is characterized, on the one hand, by dictatorship, megalomania, nepotism, tyranny at the highest level of the state, and the perpetuation of leaders in power, particularly through life presidencies; and, on the other hand, by the various manifestations of neocolonialism, including Western interference in Africa, which reveals that the decolonization of African states was merely an illusion.
The main themes of the primary works examined in this study are the quest for democracy in the face of the curse of life presidencies, on the one hand, and the quest for freedom in the face of neocolonialism, on the other. The secondary themes developed include dictatorship, injustice, unemployment, poverty, prostitution, corruption, oppression, popular uprising, mutiny, repression, rape, carnage, kidnapping, summary executions, and others.
Keywords: Postcolonial Africa; postcolonial power; dictatorship; neocolonialism; Western interference; democracy; life presidency; freedom; corruption; oppression; popular uprising; African literature; sociocriticism.
Abstract
This study undertakes a comparative stylistic analysis of two contemporary Negro‑African novels: Le Sang pour l’alternance by Alimou Sinta and L’Ange et le fusil by Paul D. Tayoro. The objective is to identify, classify, and interpret the expressive devices employed by both authors, focusing on semantic features, lexical fields, language registers, syntactic constructions, and stylistic strategies. The central questions guiding this research are: What lexical, syntactic, and stylistic devices characterize these works? What similarities and differences emerge from their respective approaches?
Methodologically, the study combines structural, stylistic, and comparative analysis, supported by documentary research and content analysis. The findings reveal that Sinta’s writing is marked by complex descriptive and argumentative sentences, reflecting the language of an intellectual and jurist. His style emphasizes abstraction, revelation, and denunciation, particularly through terms that evoke totalitarian excesses and the nightmarish conditions of African societies. Tayoro, by contrast, employs short, fragmented sentences with vivid metaphors and corporeal imagery. His style conveys shock and affect, foregrounding suffering and frustration as symbols of political violence.
The comparative analysis highlights both convergence and divergence: while both authors denounce social misery and political oppression, Sinta privileges argumentative exposition, whereas Tayoro relies on visceral imagery and affective resonance. This study thus underscores the richness of stylistic diversity in contemporary Negro‑African literature and its role in articulating cultural critique and political resistance.
Keywords: Negro‑African literature; comparative stylistics; expressive devices; semantics; syntax; stylistic
Abstract
This study examines the work commitment of agents of the General Directorate of Revenues of Ituri Province (DGRPI) toward taxpayers in Bunia in 2025. Using Meyer and Allen’s (1990) three‑dimensional model, the research distinguishes affective, normative, and calculative forms of commitment. A quantitative survey of 31 agents and 31 taxpayers shows that calculative commitment predominates (64.5%), while normative (25.8%) and affective (9.7%) dimensions remain secondary. Taxpayers confirm this pattern through negative perceptions of agents (64.5%), unfavorable views of procedures (67.7%), and lack of fiscal incentives (80.6%). These findings highlight an antagonistic relationship based on coercion, which undermines trust and voluntary compliance. The study concludes that sustainable fiscal performance requires rebuilding relational capital through proactive communication, fairness in procedures, relational skill development, and incentive mechanisms. Strengthening effective and normative commitment is essential to transform coercion into a legitimate fiscal partnership and foster durable tax compliance.
Key words: Work commitment, Taxpayers, Tax trust, Calculative dimension, Tax civism
Abstract
This study examines taxpayers’ perceptions of tax justice practices at the General Directorate of Revenues of Ituri Province (DGRPI) in Bunia. Using a quantitative survey of 52 taxpayers, the research distinguishes distributive tax justice (horizontal, vertical, and exchange equity) and procedural justice (transparency, impartiality, participation). Findings reveal a predominantly negative perception: 58% of respondents doubt horizontal equity, 55.8% are unaware of public services funded by taxes, and 73.1% denounce a lack of procedural transparency. Moreover, 94.2% report no fiscal benefits and 75% feel excluded from the taxation process. These results highlight a crisis of trust, with taxation perceived as coercive rather than as a tool of social justice. The study recommends strengthening transparency, improving communication on the use of tax revenues, fostering taxpayer participation, and applying fiscal benefits equitably to rebuild trust and encourage sustainable voluntary compliance.
Abstract
Initial teacher training in the DRC relies partly on "pedagogical humanities," where the internship is supposed to be a key moment for developing classroom skills. But in practice, things often go wrong. This study, carried out in Watsa 1 subdivision (Haut-Uélé), aimed to understand the difficulties faced by final-year teaching trainees during their internship. We worked with 236 trainees across 38 secondary schools, using a mixed approach: structured observation, a Likert-scale questionnaire for supervising teachers, and analysis of teaching documents (problem-situation sheets, class logs, assessment notebooks). The results are striking: 86.2% of trainees struggle seriously with lesson planning and designing problem-situations; 78.4% have trouble with mediation and guidance using the situation-based approach (APS); and 81.7% find competence-based assessment difficult. Supervisors also report a lack of proper mentoring (71.2%) and a severe shortage of teaching resources adapted to the local context (68.5%). All this points to an urgent need to rethink the internship system and better align theoretical training with real classroom conditions.
Keywords: didactic skills, professional internship, trainee difficulties, pedagogical humanities, situation-based approach, Watsa 1.
Abstract
Durant l’occupation coloniale, le poste d’Ibembo situé dans le territoire d’Aketi, Province de Bas-Uélé, en République Démocratique du Congo, a fait partie du système colonial, où l’économie était orientée vers l’exportation des produits pour l’Europe, impliquant l’établissement de plantation et de cultures forcées, tout en imposant une structure de travail contraignant aux populations locales. Il a été aussi un lieu d’exploitation économique axé sur la production des matières premières, notamment le caoutchouc et l’ivoire.
Cette période fut marquée, sur le plan socio-économique, par l’instauration d’une économie de prédation qui a entraîné l’appauvrissement des populations locales, destruction de leurs structures sociales et traditionnelles, l’introduction d’une fiscalité oppressive.
L’objet de notre étude est de faire un tour descriptif et se focaliser sur le cadre spatial et humain dans la province du Bas-Uélé afin de faire une démarcation de la question des dynamiques anciennes et nouvelles mobilités dans cette région.
La méthode historique nous est indispensable dans ce travail, pour étudier des faits du passé en se basant sur des sources, des documents et des archives et en les analysant de manière critique. Elle implique l’observation, la critique externe et interne des sources, l’interprétation des faits et vise à comprendre l’origine, l’évolution et le contexte des événements étudiés.
Notre travail est subdivisé en trois points suivants :
Le premier point concerne la fondation de poste d’Ibembo ;
Le deuxième point porte sur la mise en place de l’administration coloniale ;
Le troisième point parle des randonnées commerciales de communication.
Keywords : Impact, Socio-Economic, Ibembo, Bas-Uélé.
Abstract
This reflection examines the current functioning of the Congolese judicial system in relation to sexual behaviors that raise tensions between law and culture. Observations reveal a multiplicity of practices: some individuals engage in relations with minors, while others with adults. Beyond this diversity, the legislator emphasizes the dimension of consent, identifying its absence as a form of sexual violence.
The central concern of this study is to clarify the concept of violence, first in its proper sense, then to analyze how sexual violence can be legally classified as a criminal offense. It further explores the extent to which victims may benefit from reparations imposed on perpetrators in cases of judicial repression. Particular attention is also drawn to the recognition of male victims, urging legislators to ensure impartiality in their decisions.
To achieve the expected results, the research employs the hermeneutic method for critical interpretation of texts and practices, complemented by open interviews to collect qualitative insights into lived experiences.
Keywords: Prohibition, violence, culture, conflict.
Abstract
While the didactic difficulties of trainee teachers in pedagogical humanities are now well documented in African literature, little is known about the factors that, in a resource-constrained context, actually influence the level of competence achieved. This study, conducted with 236 final-year trainees on professional internship in the Watsa 1 subdivision (Haut-Uélé, DRC), aims to identify individual, training-related and internship-related variables that explain variations in didactic skills measured using the situation-based approach (APS). Using Student’s t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson correlations and multiple linear regression, we show that: (1) quality of supervision during the internship is the strongest predictor (β = 0.48, p < 0.001); (2) gender and school type (public/private) have no significant effect; (3) theoretical training correlates moderately with performance (r = 0.38, p < 0.01) but this effect is mediated by supervision; (4) material conditions retain a unique effect (β = 0.22, p = 0.002). Furthermore, trainees aged 18-19 years obtain significantly lower scores than those aged 22-24 years (β = -0.23, p = 0.012). These results argue for a priority rethinking of field support rather than merely strengthening lectures. Operational recommendations are formulated for educational policies in low-resource provinces.
Keywords: didactic skills, professional internship, pedagogical supervision, explanatory factors, situation-based approach.
Abstract
This article comparatively examines the inaugural policy speeches of two governors of Tshopo Province, Jean Ilongo Tokole and Constant Lomata Kongoli. It identifies the thematic priorities of each speech, measures their relative weight, and highlights convergences and divergences in provincial political communication. The corpus consists of two official speeches delivered on 15 August 2016 and 20 November 2017. Content analysis combines qualitative interpretation with quantitative coding, using the sentence as the recording unit. Six categories structure the corpus: economic and financial policy, development policy, socio-cultural and educational policy, territorial planning, security of territories, property and persons, and unclassified material. Findings show the prominence of socio-cultural and educational issues in both speeches and a substantially stronger emphasis on security in the second speech.
Keywords: political discourse; inauguration; political communication; content analysis; governor; Tshopo.
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