Peer-reviewed international research papers published open-access with EOI assignment and global indexing across engineering, computer science, environmental science, social sciences, and more.
This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of transfer funds on the human development index in North Toraja Regency in 2009-2019. This type of research was conducted with quantitative descriptive research aimed at explaining an empirical phenomenon accompanied by statistical data, characteristics and patterns of relationships between variables. The variables used in the study are, the dependent variable is the human development index (HDI) and economic growth while the independent variables are Special Allocation Fund (SAF) and non SAF which includes the total General Allocation Fund (GAF) and Revenue Sharing Fund. This study uses secondary data on annual time series. The data used were obtained from several sources such as: (1) Regency / City Statistics Board in 2009-2018 figures; (2) North Toraja Regional Revenue Service. The analytical method used is multiple linear regression analysis (OLS).
Muara Gembong Subdistrict is home for widely known destructed mangrove ecosystem with annual loss of 1000 ha. This Research aimed to analyzed suitability of mangrove rehabilitation in Muara Gembong, Bekasi Regency. The method used were GIS and survey for spatial analysis at two stations. The Parameters measured such as water temperature, salinity, Substrate, bathimetry or topography, and mangrove species. Four suitability criteria, very suitable, suitable, conditionally suitable and unsuitable were used to determine the suitability of mangrove rehabilitation. The results show both station area were very suitable for mangrove rehabilitation.
Nemipterus spp. is one of many of demersal fishes caught by cantrang fishing gear in tropical area. Probolinggo has water areas which also produce Nemipterus sp as a production of fishes. Most of the Nemipterus sp landed in Probolinggo were captured using the can-trang fishing gear (Danish Seine). This type of fish has the nature of migration that is not too far, the movement activity is not too high, this results in low resistance to fishing pressure. Cantrang catches have decreased from 2014 to 2018. A decrease has also occurred in the catch of Nemipterus spp. This occurs due to the enactment of a regulation from the minister of maritime affairs and fisheries regarding the prohibition of using trawl fishing gear in Indonesian waters. The catch of Nemipterus spp. It looks very good when the east wind comes.
This study aims to examine and analyze the effectiveness of tax revenues from restaurants, cafes and restaurants as well as their effects on local authentic revenue (pad) in North Toraja Regency. This research is a descriptive and explanatory study. The type of data used in this study is quantitative data. Quantitative data is data that is measured on a numerical or numeric scale. Meanwhile, based on the source, the data used are primary data and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through field surveys, while secondary data were obtained through the publication of the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and the Central Toraja District Revenue Data Center. The analysis in this study used the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. Based on the results of potential calculations that have been carried out, it is known that the potential for restaurant and restaurant taxes in North Toraja Regency in 2014-2018 continues to increase while the potential for cafe tax tends to fluctuate. While in the calculation of effectiveness it is obtained that restaurant tax revenues during 2014-2018 are very effective, Restaurant tax receipts during 2014-2018 were very effective and cafe tax receipts during 2014-2016 were very effective. Based on OLS estimation results, it was found that simultaneous restaurant, cafe and restaurant tax had a significant effect on PAD of North Toraja Regency, and partially only restaurant and restaurant taxes which have a significant effect on the PAD of North Toraja Regency.
With the rising needs for resource materials and the environmental protection desires related with sustainable development, it has become essential to study all the possibilities of reusing and recycling industrial wastes and by-products, particularly in the field of civil engineering. This comparative study is done to investigate the effect on compression strength by partial replacement of PVC waste with natural coarse aggregate in concrete, non-biodegradable plastic aggregates made of polyvinylchloride (PVC) waste, obtained from scrapped PVC pipes. Concrete is a general mixture commonly used in current era for construction of different structures. Concrete cylindrical samples with partial replacement by volume of coarse aggregate with different percentages of shredded PVC waste were casted and then cured for 28 days. After completion of the curing period, concrete cylindrical specimens were tested for compression test. The results revealed that, Based on specific gravity of PVC, lightweight concrete is produced. The data trends shown that compressive strength test results of different percentages of PVC replacement were in contrast with control sample. Keywords: Concrete, Light weight concrete, PVC waste, Concrete cylindrical samples, Compression strength.
Amoy Croaker (Argyrosomus amoyensis) is a type of demersal fish found in Pangandaran waters, West Java, Indonesia, which has the potential as a source of nutritious food for the people. This research aims to determine the nutritional composition of Amoy Croaker (Argyrosomus amoyensis) originating from Pangandaran waters, West Java, Indonesia. This research was conducted in 3 stages, namely the first stage of preparing materials in the form of fresh fish, the second stage namely preparation of surimi and the third stage namely analysis. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the Amoy Croaker (Argyrosomus amoyensis) originating from Pangandaran waters was included in the fish group with high protein and low fat categories. The nutritional content of Amoy Croaker (Argyrosomus amoyensis) includes water content of 78.94 ± 0.48 g / 100g, ash content of 2.83 ± 0.01 g / 100g, fat content of 0.86 ± 0.18 g / 100g and protein content of 15.97 ± 0.31 g / 100g. Amoy Croaker can also be used as an alternative source of raw materials for processed fishery products.
This study aims to provide an overview of the effects of red flags and independence on the auditor's ability to detect fraud with moral reasoning as the moderating variable. The object of research is the auditors of Inspectorate in the South Sulawesi Province. Population of 51 auditors. Determination of the sample using the Nonprobability sampling technique, which is research that takes samples that do not provide equal opportunities / opportunities for each element or member of the population to be selected as samples. The population in this study was 51 auditors and all populations were sampled. Data were collected using a questionnaire with data analysis using moderated regression analysis (MRA) using SPSS version 25. The results showed that (1) red flags have a positive effect on the ability of auditors to detect fraud; (2) independence has a positive effect on the ability of auditors to detect fraud; (3) moral reasoning has a positive effect on moderation by strengthening the relationship between red flags and the ability of auditors to detect fraud; and (4) moral reasoning has a positive effect on moderation by strengthening the relationship between independence and the ability of auditors to detect fraud.
Hotel business competition in Badung regency Bali Province is increasing. Efforts to be taken by hotel management is to determine the right offer to stay afloat in the midst of competition and can increase profitability. However, companies will experience a failure if unsupported by both internal company and external parties in this company are the customers who always demand satisfaction for the performance of the hotel company. Customer satisfaction as the level of one's feelings as a result of the comparison between reality and expectations received from a product or service. This study aims to prove and analyze the influence of price, product, relational marketing and management commitment on service quality and customer satisfaction of four star hotel in Badung regency of Bali province. The population in this study is hotel guest both domestic and international staying in four star hotel in Badung regency of Bali Province and the sample is 154 people. The data analysis technique using Structural Equation Modeling with SPSS 23 and AMOS 18. The result of the discussion can be concluded that the Price is formed by the tariff as expected, the tariff according to benefit and followed by the competitive tariff, the Product is formed by the Core product and followed by additional Product, Relational Marketing is formed by Attracting, Developed, and followed by Retaining and Management Commitment on Quality Services are formed by empowerment and followed by rewards. Price, product, relational marketing and management commitment on service quality significantly influence the quality of service of four star hotel in Badung regency of Bali Province. Price, product, relational marketing and management commitment on service quality have an effect on significant to customer satisfaction of four star hotel in Badung regency of Bali Province. Service quality significantly affects the customer satisfaction of four star hotel in Badung regency of Bali province. Price, product, relational marketing and management commitment on service quality significantly influence the satisfaction customer of four star hotel in Badung regency of Bali Province with service quality variable as intervening variable. Keywords: price, product, relational marketing, MCSQ, quality service customer satisfaction
Four-star hotels in the province of Bali attract investors to invest because of the natural panorama and friendly Balinese culture, politely making visitors want to come back. This research is motivated by the high level of competition in four-star hospitality services that makes consumers have many choices. Therefore it is necessary to identify the factors that can influence customer satisfaction for making decisions to stay at consumers so that they can compete with competitors The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of price, product and relational marketing on customer satisfaction of four-star hotels in Badung Regency, Bali Province. The study population was domestic tourists staying in four-star hotels. By using the Slovin formula, a total of 100 research samples were obtained. Researchers obtained respondent data using interview methods, distributing questionnaires or questionnaires, documentation studies, and literature studies. After the data is obtained, the researcher processes it with inferential analysis techniques, namely the product moment correlation coefficient, the classic assumption test consisting of the normality test, heterokedasticity test, and multicollinearity test, after conducting the prerequisite test the researcher proceeds to the multiple linear regression and determinant coefficient. The data analysis technique using SPSS 23. The result of the discussion can be concluded that the Price influences customer satisfaction in four-star hotels in District Badung, Province Bali. Rates that meet customer expectations will provide hotel customer satisfaction, so refer others to stay in the same hotel if you go to District Badung, Province Bali. Product influences customer satisfaction in four-star hotels in District Badung, Province Bali. The core products of hotel services that are met will provide hotel customer satisfaction, so that referring others to stay at the same hotel if you go to District Badung, Province Bali.Relational marketing influences customer satisfaction in four-star hotels in District Badung, Province Bali. An attractive membership to a hotel customer will give hotel customer satisfaction that is reflected by recommending that you stay at the same hotel with another party Keywords: price, product, relational marketing, customer satisfaction
An Ethical View of Bestiality and the Necessity of Christian Counseling ABSTRACT Bestiality, a sexual practice involving human and animal is considered a perversion in virtually every culture and society around the world. Biblical records and historical background of the church condemn acts of bestiality and considers involvement in it as immoral. In some contemporary societies however, bestiality is legalized following various ethical views which have erupted in favor of bestiality practices. Continuous push in advocacy of bestiality may lead the world into a cycle of controversy over the endorsement of a sexual perversion. Through a literary and interview approaches, bestiality is identified with mental illness, animal abuse, and gross deviation from biblical principles, acts of bestiality is associated with many ethical implications such as violation of divine order and nature, fear of reproducing abnormal off-springs, and constituting to abuse of the other creation, in this case, the animal. It was discovered that Christian counseling is needful to the people in developing understanding and obedience to the word of God, fostering growth and maturity in the Christian faith, and developing moral perspectives according to biblical principles about the sexual practice of bestiality. The recommendations of necessity of Christian counseling against bestiality are to be effected through the virtues of compassion, confrontation and control. Key Words: Bestiality, Christian Counseling, Ethical View, and Necessity.
Coronavirus pandemic known, to be caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV- 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains the global pandemic threatening hundreds of countries this day. It was said to first breakout in Wuhan, Hubei province of China late December, 2019. The first confirmed case in Nigeria was announced on 27th February, 2020 when an Italian citizen in Lagos was tested positive for the virus. Hence, sequel to the escalation of confirmed cases on daily basis and fatality rate, this study modeled the effect of confirmed cases and critical cases on the fatality rate using multiple linear regression analysis. Monitored are the data released by the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) for complete fifty-two (52) days spanning from May 1st – June 21st, 2020. Assumptions of Ordinary Least Squares were examined and it was observed that multicollinearity does not exist among the explanatory variables (Confirmed Cases and Critical Cases), meanwhile the Durbin-Watson test statistic indicates that there is no autocorrelation. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk statistics confirmed that the regression residual follows a normal distribution. From the estimated model, it was observed that confirmed cases have lesser effect on the fatality rate compared with cumulative critical cases. Moreover, other factors that contribute to the fatality rate of COVID–19 are so enormous. Test of the overall model indicates that there is significant difference in the regression coefficients of the model. All other patients with other health challenges should be attended to, in order to curb fatality rate in the country through COVID -19.
Dams are of great benefit to mankind in diverse ways through the provision of water for both domestic and industrial use, source of hydro-power, flood control and for recreational purposes. Unfortunately, the construction of dams also leads to the displacement of thousands of lives, destroys vegetation, disturb wildlife, affect food production, destroys cultures among several others. This study focuses on assessing how the construction of the Bui dam project impacted on the recreational pursuits of residents within the Bui National Park catchment area. To achieve this, a total of 200 respondents were interviewed using structured questionnaires, interview guides and Focus Group Discussions. Expert interviews were also conducted to gather views of the experts on the effects and possible solutions to the damages identified. The study found out that the Bui Dam Project (BDP) has changed the time budgets of residents in the area following its completion. Similarly, it was revealed that recreational activities like fruit picking, hunting, sight-seeing in the forest reserve amongst residents and non-residents which hitherto was very common and widespread has been affected due to the flooding of over 50% of the Bui National Park (BNP). Whiles over 50% of the BNP got flooded, several wildlife in the reserve could/cannot be traced anymore. Local residents argue that their source of joy has been taken from them by project construction and called for recreational parks and provision of infrastructure to help address the challenges facing their leisure and recreational development and participation in the catchment area.
Introduction:- Today, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is popular all over the world. Billions of dollars are spent on this thriving business. Despite the massive progress of sophisticated conventional medicine to prevent, detect and treat cancer, many patients still resort to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatment in both developed and developing states for a variety of reasons and have both negative and positive results. Aim: - The study was aimed to assess the Utilization of Complementary and Alternative Medicine among Patients with cancer at Bhaktapur cancer hospital in Nepal. Methods:- A descriptive cross-sectional study design and quantitative approach were adopted among 94 patients to find out the utilization of CAM among cancer patients attending at Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital between 2019/5/5 to 2019/5/16. A semi-structured interview schedule was used for data collection. The duration of the interview was of 15 – 20 minutes and surveys were done at selected wards after obtaining approval from concerned authority and informed written consent using a survey instrument of 20 questions regarding complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) consumption. Results: - A total of 94 patients were included. Mean age was 47 (min-max: 18 – 74). Most of the patients had Uterine (21.3%), lungs (12.8%), and breast cancers (11.7%) followed by the cervix ( 10.6%) and colorectal ( 10.6%) cancer. Out of 94 patients ,58 (61.7 %) received CAM .Among 58 users 36.2% of them used CAM while receiving conventional treatment of cancer. More than one CAM was being practiced by a single cancer patient and the majority (79.3%) did not inform their clinician about the CAM they are using. Female gender, shorter disease duration, advanced disease age, and prior use of CAM were significantly associated with CAM use. Patients using CAM were generally informed by close friends, relatives, and religious groups. Keywords: alternative medicine, complementary medicine, Ayurvedic, Herbal, cancer
Maedi-visna (MV) is a chronic viral disease mostly infects adult sheep and is manifested by respiratory involvement. The present research was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of MV in the Amedguya sheep breed multiplication center. Across sectional study was conducted from November 2017 to April 2018 to detect MV antibody. A total of 3292 serum sample was collected and total prevalence of 87.4% (n=2876/3292) was recorded. Of the sampled sheep 137 were males and 3155 were females and MV prevalence was 3.2% and 96.8% in males and females respectively. Across breed seropositivity for Menz, Awasi, Awasi cross Menz, and Dorper cross Menz were 34.6%, 50.9%, 12.1% and 2.5%respectively and found to be statically significant with (X2=67.783; P=0.00). The seropositivity with respect to the age were 24.1%, 56.7 and 19.3% for young, adult and old age respectively which is statistically significant (X2=80.125; P=0.00). This study also reflected that sero-positivity was higher in sheep with respiratory sign involvement than that of apparently healthy ones 61.9% and 38.1% respectively (X2=44.236; P=0.00). Generally this study indicated that the high prevalence of MV was record in the center. Since the MV has no effective treatment or vaccine strict bio-security measures must be implemented with culling of all seropositive animals from the breeding line. Key words: - Breed; Cull; Disease; Maedi-Visna; Menz; Seroprevalence; Sheep
Even though farmers have a very huge indigenous knowledge on coffee variety selection, but most of them do not know about their incentives and constraints that govern decisions concerning about attributes that affect their interest to pot for the technology because assessment on their felt need about coffee varietal attributes was not widely used by research, that can lead to satisfy their economic and non-economic/cultural concerns. In view of this, the present study was conducted with the objective of executing ‟ to analyze the response of farmers about the performance of the released hybrid coffee varieties and pure line coffee selections in three Districts of Jimma Zone” using the methodology of purposive selection by administering semi Structured household level questionnaires on 45 HHH farmers in three Districts of Jimma zone: Goma, Mana and Seka-chekorsa, to obtain information on their performance, production and quality constraints, farmers in the surrounding have an area coverage of land for hybrid and pure line 0.39 and 0.72 hectare for an average family size of 7.04 per house hold head respectively, 89% uses an intercrop planting pattern at the beginning of establishment for both. FYM application for hybrid coffee reaches to the maximum of 5.8t/ha leads the variety to give an average of 5.68q/ha of clean coffee which is equal to the national average (6q/ha) and having 37% yield advantage than the pure line (3.55q/ha) of that specific District. Accordingly, 91%, 87% and 90%of the respondent replied growth nature of hybrid is faster, open canopy and early maturing, while 46.7, 26.7 and 26.6 percent replied phenotypic quality of hybrid coffee has better performance than pure line by its fruit size, weight, and color respectively and 87% replied production pattern of hybrid coffee become increasing for the last five years. 89% utilizes cultural raised bed for drying process for both varieties to maintain the quality. With having market accessibility and information by far better in 53.3%, 4.4% % and 42.3% at farm gate, two kilometer village glut, five to fifteen kilometer and 37.8, 33.3, 20, 6.7 2.2% of market information from radio, coffee traders, DA`s, TV and mobile phone to sale their products, respectively. Despite hybrid coffee management is tedious, needs more labor, sterility nature of the seed and no price discrimination, all the respondent (100%) income increased and their life style were changed after they plant hybrid coffee variety and resulted farmers in the survey (study) area prefer hybrid coffee variety than pure line selections. Keywords: Preference, Phenotypic Quality, Maturity, Intercropping, Shade, Yield, FYM, Performance, House Hold Head
Malnutrition remains one of the development challenges in Ethiopia in general and in Bambasi district in particular. The aim of this study is to assess dietary diversity level and its associated factors among indigenous and nonindigenous households in Bambasi district, Western Ethiopia. A cross sectional survey covered a sample of 260 households. A multi stage sampling procedure was used. A descriptive statistics analysis was applied. An order logistic regression model was used to determine the factors that influence both indigenous and nonindigenous household dietary diversity. The result of the study revealed that an indigenous household had better dietary diversity status than nonindigenous household heads. Age of the household heads, access to extension and access to nearest markets are the major determinants of rural households in the area. Despite this, access to credit, farm income, farm size and dependency ratio are the major determinants for non-indigenous household heads whereas participation in small scale irrigation and education are major factors of dietary diversity of the indigenous household heads. Therefore, we recommended that food and nutrition interventions focusing on improving dietary diversity and quality should pay due attention to develop community specific interventions instead of generalized interventions. However, further investigation focused on seasonal dietary diversity and individual level dietary diversity of the study area.
This paper examines the role of civil society in Africa with special emphasis on Kenya. In order to assess the role of civil society to promote good governance, qualitative method was used. Data was collected from secondary and primary sources and analyzed in order to recommend possible solutions. Over the years, African governments and their institutions lacked the courage and will to enforce the law, procedures, and policies to enhance good governance. As a result in Africa, governance is characterized by poor institutional performance, inadequate parliament, lack of the independence of the judiciary system, corrupt police force, political instability, abuse and misuse of political offices, insufficient budgetary accountability, lack of respect for the rule of law and human rights, and bureaucratic bottleneck and above all corruption. Even though, Kenyas’ civil societies play good role to promote good governance they not effective enough due some of them has their own interest and they changed their goals after some improvements occur in political arena. The findings of this study also revealed that there are some of the civil society agencies championing the democratization of the country. A number of civil society organizations in Kenya work in the areas of human rights, democratic development, gender, and social awareness among others. They have undergone fundamental changes in Post-colonial Kenya. Non- state actors contribute to social, economic, and political openings in the country. Keywords: Civil society, role, governance, non-state actor.
The textile industry is the main source of dye wastewater which results in environmental pollution. It is difficult to treat dye wastewater because of the synthetic and complex structure of the dye. Many physical and chemical methods including adsorption, coagulation, precipitation, filtration and oxidation have been used for the treatment of wastewater. However, many of these treatments are expensive. This leads to searches for new, cheap, easily available resources for dye wastewater treatment. Adsorption has become one of the most effective and low-cost methods for the decolourization of textile wastewater. Chicken eggshell is a waste material discarded from various domestic sources such as poultries, homes, food manufacturers and restaurants. The eggshells have unique characteristics of porosity which makes it an attractive substance to be used as an adsorbent. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to determine the potential of eggshell powder as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue and find out the best-operating conditions for the colour adsorption at a laboratory scale. In the present study, the effect of various factors such as contact time, temperature, pH, adsorbent concentration was studied. The best-operating conditions for it to operate efficiently were at 30 minutes of contact time, pH 10 and 50 °C temperature. At pH 10 it could remove up to 80 % of the dye solution. These results indicated that the eggshell waste could be employed as an effective adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution.
Unsafe abortion contributes to 13% maternal deaths worldwide and 25% in Cameroon (MMR = 782). Post abortion care (PAC) components include; emergency treatment, counselling, contraception, linkage and community partnership. In order to characterize abortion and predictors of severity and PAC contraception uptake, we conducted this cross-sectionalstudy in the Douala Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital (DGOPH)from January to December 2017.The results were analyzed using epi info software with p-value < 0.05 considered statistically significant.A total of 142 patients were studied with a mean ageof31.4years,and over 65%were married,educated, multiparousas well as those in first trimester.Misoprostol alone was used in 52%cases with 30% having complications out of which 79% werefrom hemorrhage. Uptake of contraception was 49% with intrauterine devices, condoms and implants as main choices. There were significant associations between; seeking care early and multiparity (OR = 25, p-value = 0.012), incurring complications and young age, uneducated, unmarried, primiparity and seeking care late (p-value < 0.05), as well as contraception uptake and younger maternal age (OR = 5, p-value = 0.000).We recommend the integration of PAC services, provide a specific room for aspiration, reduce costand reinforce advocacy for safe abortion in Cameroon. 4. Keywords:Unsafe abortion, post abortion care (PAC), misoprostol, contraception, DGOPH
Gigantomastia or macromastia is a benign, rare disease of poorly known etiology, manifested by an excessive development of the breasts. We report here the case of a bilateral gestationalgigantomastia which was managed medico-surgically at the Douala Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital, with a favorable maternal outcome. Initially, conservative breast reduction surgery was done followed by total bilateral mastectomy due to uncontrolled local infection. Our aim is to explain its diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic particularities. This case reveals the difficulty of management in the face of this type of clinical picture, sometimes requiring a radical surgical approach.Key words: Gestational Gigantomastia, Breast reduction, Mastectomy.
Background Cameroon has a population of approximately 24 million inhabitants, with 56.7% living in urban areas. Government spends only 5% of GDP on health coupled to the inexistence of any national health insurance scheme. Life expectancy (years) at birth is 56 for males and 59 for females. The maternal mortality rate of 782 maternal deaths per 100000 live births and an under 5 years mortality of 103 per 1000 have been on the rise. Defining the problem The World Health Organization 2016 report mentions Cameroon in front row among the 57 countries facing a critical shortage in human resources for health(HRH) which are composed of doctors, nurses and midwives. Why is it a problem? From the Cameroon 2011 HRH census, there were 38207 HRH, 66% in the public sector and 34% for the private (private for profit and private not for profit) sector. The health worker / population ratio was 1.07 per 1000. The recent WHO threshold is 4,45 per 1000. The 3 most urban regions of Center, Littoral and West have 55% HRH, with only 25% in the rural regions of East, Adamawa, South, North and Far North. Factors influencing this HRH problem include; corruption, lack of socio-economic amenities in rural areas, ageing, lack of motivation, migration, career desires, bureaucratic governance, insufficient training, accreditation and limited recruitment. The way forward Government should train and recruit more HRH, implement the rural retention bonus, fight corruption, consider national health insurance and improve social amenities in rural areas.
This research is a review of tourism system in different cities. for reviewing purpose the researchers have selected two already existing researches to discuss the tourism system as well as to critically analyze the structure and problems in the papers. The Title of papers selected for discussion are: 1) Tourism Planning and Development in Crete: Recent Tourism Policies and their Efficacy 2) Progress in tourism planning and policy
In Pakistan, the initial project amount experiences cost overrun. Construction cost of private and public buildings is increasing day by day. However, it becomes difficult to complete projects in the allocated cost and time. Taking into account the scarce financial resources of the country, cost overrun is one of the major problems. Therefore, this research was carried out to dig-out information on the factors that cause cost overrun during construction and their effects on public building construction projects in Pakistan. Questionnaire survey together with desk study was used to collect data on cost overrun. A total of 42 questionnaires from clients, consultants and contractors were collected and a desk study of 70 completed public building construction projects in Pakistan were investigated and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. From the results, it was found that 67 out of 70 public building construction projects suffered cost overrun. The rate of cost overrun ranges from a minimum of 1% to the maximum of 126% of the contract amount for individual projects. It was also found that the rate of cost overrun decreases with the increase in contract amount.The most important causes of cost overrun were inflation / increase in the cost of construction materials, poor planning and coordination, change orders due to enhancement required by clients, excess quantity during construction.
Construction Stake Holder management(SM) Gain a much of awareness in project management research domain and sector. This is because construction stakeholder management has attained poor industrial feat in the past decades. There is lack of an elaborative tool to manage SM show in construction projects. Hence, this review fills the gap by presenting a conceptual model of SM show attributes comprising show objectives (POs), success factors (SFs) and show indicators (PIs) that could be engage to manage (i.e. benchmark, enhance, monitor, and measure) the show of construction SM. The outcome will benefit professionals and researchers due to the flexibility of selecting a number of attributes that fit the nature, type and stage of projects in order to ensure effective management. It therefore provides a better means of measuring project success in the sector by objectively and subjectively evaluating the level of stake holder and organizational satisfaction in construction project delivery.
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