Peer-reviewed international research papers published open-access with EOI assignment and global indexing across engineering, computer science, environmental science, social sciences, and more.
Vol. 8 · Issue 8 · August 2020 · ISSN 2320-9186 · 26 Papers
FORCE MAJEURE DUE TO COVID19 ON CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS AND CONTRACTOR'S ENTITLEMENT FOR TIME AND COST
In March 2020, the WHO has declared the coronavirus as a pandemic. Thus, social isolation and lockdowns have become part of daily life around the globe. Governments have desperately taken strict measures to contain the virus overspread around the planet. One expected consequence was the booming of pay-per-view, cable tv, and streaming services, such as Netflix, under investigation. This article revisited a previous work on the subject through a descriptive single case study. Key findings pointed out an increase of 15 million new subscribers during the pandemic period, by the time this article is written. North American entertainment company, Netflix was founded in 1997 in Scotts Valley, California. The multi-billion streaming service started with DVD sales and rental by mail. In 2011, Nextflix expanded the commercial activities to Latin America. To date, Netflix operates in more than 190 countries, reaching nearly 185 million subscribers, with the most optimistic forecasts to the first semester 2020 surpassing one hundred percent. This article intends to provide scholars, decision-makers, managers, with a perspective on the streaming video market during the pandemic. Discussion and future research indications complete the present study.
Teaching and assessment are integral to each other. The main objective of teaching is considered to be the inculcating of critical and creative thinking among the students. The development of critical and creative thinking makes the individuals active and vibrant members of society and successful contributors in the progress of the world. Assessment on the other hand is a tool which measures as to what extent and to what degree the cognitive skills have successfully developed among the students. The purpose of exams has always been to determine as how successfully the teaching objectives have been achieved. Thus, question papers or questions in the exam papers are used as an instrument to assess the cognitive abilities of the students. A good question paper consists of all types of questions which may determine different levels of thinking skills. This research paper, therefore, aims to explore different domains, set in question papers, in the form of questions to assess the cognitive skill of students. For the purpose, five years previous papers of B.A English were collected from the University of Peshawar and analyzed with the application of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. The results showed the insufficiency of exam papers and inefficiency of paper setters in the assessment of all the cognitive levels of thinking as ordained by Bloom (1956) and highlighted some issues which gave certain directions to the improvement of assessment strategies. Key Words: Teaching and Assessment, Exam Papers, Critical Thinking
This study aims to analyze the suitability of mangrove rehabilitation land in Muara Gembong, Bekasi Regency. This research was conducted using the Geographic Information System (GIS) method and was supported by a survey at the Harapan Jaya Beach abrasion station. The parameters observed included temperature, salinity, substrate, land elevation and mangrove species. The land suitability level is divided into three classes, which are very suitable, quite suitable, and not appropriate. The results obtained indicate that Harapan Jaya Beach area is suitable to become a mangrove rehabilitation area.
The northern shoreline of West Java always changes from year to year. This serious change needs continuous monitoring. One of them is the coast of Subang Regency. The research method used is the interpretation of Landsat satellite imagery in 1998 and Allos imagery in 2006 and field testing. By overlaying both satellite images through geographic information systems is a fast way to find out changes that occur on the north coast in Subang Regency. Based on survey results obtained accuracy of 93% and valid from 28 observation points which form the shoreline and land use. Shoreline that occurred between 1999 and 2006 more experience with the process of abrasion if compared with accretion. The phenomenon of abrasion that occurred reached 771,424 hectares, while accretion reached 177,931 hectares. Based on the results of this study, a conclusion can be drawn, namely the image of Stat Landsat and Allos can be used to determine changes in the northern coastline with an accuracy level of 93%.
Background: Limited centers perform minimal invasive surgery (MIS) in Cameroon despite known benefits. A Masters in Laparoscopic Surgery is currently offered thanks to a partnership between the University of Douala and Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) supported by the Belgian Government through ARES (Académie de Recherche et d’Enseignement Supérieur) in an attempt to bridge this gap. We sought to assess the first two years of training, then compare the 2018(first 12 months) performance with the 2019(last 8 months) performance of students on the practice of MIS in the Gynecology unit of the Douala Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital (DGOPH). Objectives: 1) evaluate the change in the proportion of procedures by MIS; laparoscopy (LAP) and hysteroscopy (HYS) since training was introduced; 2) evaluate progress made in MIS carried out with students as main operators, 3) plot a graph of the evolution in duration of surgeries. Methodology: It was a descriptive study with data obtained from theatre records, entered into a pre tested questionnaire and analyzed. Ethical clearance was obtained from the hospital ethics board and threshold for statistical significance put at p less than 0.05. Results: The proportion of gynecologic MIS with students as main operators was 27.6% in 2018 and 78.2% in 2019. There was a linear tendency towards increase in overall duration of surgery as training progressed. Conclusion: Introducing the Masters program increased the proportion of MIS in gynecology, a 3 fold increase in MIS performed by students, though with a tendency of increase in duration of surgery.
This paper investigates Maritime trade and economic development: A granger causality and Bound test approach. Most scholars believes that maritime trade openness will transform an economy into a developed nation while some disagree. The main objective of this research is to examine the relationship between maritime trade and economic development; specifically, to ascertain whether maritime trade granger-causes economic development; and to determine whether there is a cointegration between maritime trade and economic development. The study used secondary data obtained from the central bank of Nigeria and the United Nations development Programme, and tested the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable. The variables were tested using Stationarity, heteroskedasticity, Ramsey reset, granger-causality and ARDL Bounds test at the 5% level of significance. The findings revealed that maritime trade proxy by trade openness had significant effect on economic development captured by HDI and the ARDL Bound test showed a significant effect of trade openness on economic development. The study concludes that maritime trade granger-causes economic development with a Bi-directional causal relationship and significant cointegration exists between them; and recommends among others the provision of conducive environment and cheap funding by the government to encourage the growth of maritime trade.
This study aims to examine and analyze the influence of development, leadership style, organizational commitment and political communication on the effectiveness of the budget allocation for the North Toraja Regency and Tana Toraja Districts. in the North Toraja District regional device organization and 31 departments and agencies in the Tana Toraja District regional device organization. In determining the sample, this study used a purposive sampling technique by selecting the Head of Finance or Budget in 31 Departments and Agencies in North Toraja Regency and 31 Departments and Agencies in Tana Toraja District, meaning the number of samples in this study were 62 people. In this study the data used are quantitative data obtained from the results of the survey by distributing questionnaires to the Head of Finance or Budget in the Department and Agency in North Toraja Regency and Tana Toraja. This research uses Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimation method. In this study, the dependent variable is the effectiveness of the budget allocation for the North Toraja Regency, while the independent variables are development, planning, determination and leadership style.
The unsaturated fatty acids like omega-3 fatty acids such as linolenic acid, EPA and DHA play an important role for human health. Omega-3 fatty acids can prevent various cardiovascular diseases and improve brain development in children. Omega-3 fatty acids can be synthe-sized in the human body and animals including fish. The body can synthesize omega-3 fatty acids if it consumes foods that contain high linolenic acid and linoleic acid. One source of animal fatty acids is from fish. Catfish is a low economic fishery commodity and has good prospects for development. Catfish can be cultivated in a limited area with high stocking density. Catfish have higher omega 6 content compared to omega-3 fatty acid content. The Omega-3 of catfish is affected by the age and weight of the fish. Catfish are a group of freshwater fish that have higher omega-3 content compared to other freshwater fish. The content of omega-3 fatty acids in catfish can be increased by modifying the formulation in fish feed. Fish feed can be formulated with various raw materials that contain high omega-3 fatty acids. Sources of raw materials for omega-3 fatty acids that can be used as additional ingredients in fish feed are macroalgae, micro-algae and soybeans. The raw material can be formulated in fish food in the hope that it can produce fish that have high omega-3 fatty acid content. Catfish are a group of freshwater fish that have higher omega-3 content compared to other freshwater fish. The content of omega-3 fatty acids in catfish can be increased by modifying the formulation in fish feed. Fish feed can be formulated with various raw materials that contain high omega-3 fatty acids. Sources of raw materials for omega-3 fatty acids that can be used as additional ingredi-ents in fish feed are macroalgae, microalgae and soybeans. The raw material can be formulated in fish food in the hope that it can produce fish that have high omega-3 fatty acid content. Catfish are a group of freshwater fish that have higher omega-3 content compared to oth-er freshwater fish. The content of omega-3 fatty acids in catfish can be increased by modifying the formulation in fish feed. Fish feed can be formulated with various raw materials that contain high omega-3 fatty acids. Sources of raw materials for omega-3 fatty acids that can be used as additional ingredients in fish feed are macroalgae, microalgae and soybeans. The raw material can be formulated in fish food in the hope that it can produce fish that have high omega-3 fatty acid content. Fish feed can be formulated with various raw materials that contain high omega-3 fatty acids. Sources of raw materials for omega-3 fatty acids that can be used as additional ingredients in fish feed are macroalgae, microalgae and soybeans. The raw material can be formulated in fish food in the hope that it can produce fish that have high omega-3 fatty acid content. Fish feed can be formulated with various raw materials that contain high omega-3 fatty acids. Sources of raw materials for omega-3 fatty acids that can be used as additional ingredients in fish feed are macroalgae, microalgae and soybeans. The raw material can be formulated in fish food in the hope that it can produce fish that have high omega-3 fatty acid content.
The concepts of Project Monitoring and Control Mechanisms (PMCM) and their effectiveness for sustainable building production are indispensible measures to contain building collapse and project failures. Only few studies have analysed integrated relationship between construction project and production systems with an in-built PMCM in their plans. The study carries out a quantitative field survey on a sample of 30 randomly selected building projects in three geopolitical zones of a state which recorded incessant building collapses and project failures. The study identified the following three PMCM; cybernetic, go/n-go and post-performance system and they were used for assessment on their respective levels of effectiveness for sustainable building production. The primary data generated for the study were elucidated from experts’ opinions through the instrument of questionnaire and analysed through confirmatory computer-based analysis of variance tool. The results and findings indicate that for sustainable building production, go/no-go, cybernetic (in ranking order) are the most effective PMCM. However post-performance mechanism did not indicate significant result to justify its effectiveness in managing building production for sustainability. The findings suggest the need to focus attention on continuous monitoring and controlling of inputs and project performance parameters through the go/no-go and cybernetic control mechanisms. Keywords: Building production, control mechanism, cybernetic, go/no-go, performance parameter, post-performance.
This study aims to examine and analyze the factors that influence the quality of the inspection results of the North Toraja Regency Inspectorate. This research is a type of research that uses a quantitative approach that aims to analyze the relationship of factors that influence the results of the Inspectorate of North Toraja Regency. The location of this research is the North Toraja Regency Inspectorate Office. The population in this study were all employees of the North Toraja Regency Inspectorate. . The survey is used if there are relatively few population elements and are heterogeneous, so that all 39 employees of the North Toraja Regency Inspectorate are respondents. Data analysis method in this research is multiple linear regression analysis (Multiple Regression Analysis). This research data was processed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program. In this study, the dependent variable is the quality of the examination results in North Toraja Regency, while the independent variables are work experience, independence, objectivity, integrity, and competence.
Increased knowledge and information about packaging materials in the community led to increased awareness of the importance of food security, health and the environment. This triggers the demand for packaging materials that are safe for health and environmentally friendly. Packaging that can protect the products and be safe for health is edible packaging. Edible film can be formed from fish gelatin which is a hydrocolloid. Gelatin raw material can be produced from fish processing industry waste in the form of skin and bone waste. Physical properties that determine the quality and use of edible films include thickness, percent elongation and tensile strength. Thickness determines the resistance of the film to the rate of movement of water vapor, gas, and other volatile compounds. Keywords: gelatin, fish skin, fish bone, edible film, fish product waste, packaging, hydrocolloid
The quantum angular momentum operator is one of several operators analogous to classical angular momentum. The angular momentum operator plays a key role in the theory of atomic physics and other quantum problems that involve rotational symmetry. These operators are well known in Cartesian and spherical coordinate as widely used in quantum mechanics. More so, the quantum commutation relation which tell if we can measure two quantum observables at the same time are equally expressed in Cartesian and spherical coordinate. However, a more controversial point is whether we can perfectly describe elementary particles properties using the proposed spherical coordinate. Consequently in this paper, we derived the various components of the orbital angular momentum operators in quantum mechanics as well as the commutation relations in the oblate spheroidal coordinate to expand the scope of mechanics.
Fucoidan as classic function, is frequently used in the medical and pharmaceutical world for human health care. Its potentiality might be applied in some animals including aquatic animals. This study investigated the effect of fucoidan as immune-stimulant, anticoagulants, and anti-inflammatory in aquaculture application. Moslty, fucoidan extracted from the brown algae and commonly used in shrimp culture as an antiviral that is resistant to Vibrio harveyi attack affected white disease spot syndrome virus (WSSV), one of the virulent pathogens and causes economic deficit in shrimp aquaculture. The function beside that is still unknown and the further research is necessary to ex-amined other classic function and also additional function of fucoidan.
Income inequality is that the unequal distribution of household or individual income across the varied participants in an economy. This accounts for the presence of high poverty especially for those households who are during a lower income group. So as to scale back the income disparity between a private, first identify the factors that contribute to the present inequality. The most focus of the study was to analysis the determinants of income inequality among sample households who finds themselves at rock bottom and top of the income distribution in Gondar city. For the successful accomplishments of objective of analysing the determinants of income inequality, primary cross-sectional data was collected from the sample household heads within the city. To analyse the objective, the study use descriptive statistics of percentile ratio, Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient of the town. Additionally to the descriptive statistics econometric techniques of Ordered logit model were applied. The inequality situation is analysed by using the Lorenz curve and Gini index. The Gini index of the town is found to be 0.35. Finally, from the estimation of ordered logit model, there's direct significant effect of occupation, level of education and sort of labour that the individual working on income level. The opposite variables have insignificant impact on income levels. From the marginal effects of ordered logit model proved that household who works on private sector have high probability to be included within the higher income groups than the general public sector workers. Male household heads have high probability to incorporate within the higher income groups than female. Key words: Income inequality; Gini coefficient; Urban
Women occupy more than half of the Zanzibar population and more than half of voters in general elections while they are underrepresented in decision making positions. This study was aimed to analyse the status of women's participation and representation in the political process (election) and Governance in Zanzibar in reference to the re-introduction of multiparty. A mixed approach used to collect data and in analyzing data. Results revealed that still women are under-representation as an insignificant number of women stand as contesters and elected in the general elections. For the past of 25years since the re-introduction of the Multi-party system, women elected in the general election reached 6% for Member of Parliaments, 12% for the member of the House of Representatives and 20.7% for the Councilor position. By the year 2020, in the House of Representatives women occupied 36%, in the Central government key decision making positions women occupied 30% and in Regional and Local Government Administration, women occupied 20% of key decision making positions. Women have never been elected as President of Zanzibar, City Council or Municipal Council Mayor. Similarly, women have never appointed to hold the position of Vice President or Attorney General or Chief Secretary. Various challenges analyzed but the main challenge affecting women's participation and representation is a legal framework. The study has recommended a specific review of the legal framework including removal of special seats which shall be compensated through institutionalize the idea of 50% of men and women within political parties on the nomination of candidates.
This article mainly concerns with the present context of online education and its major issues and challenges in higher education in Nepal. This study has been adopted an exploratory research design to reveal the basic information regarding present context its issues and challenges of online education. The study basically has adopted the observation, survey and review of the different literatures to collect the necessary information so far. The prevailing condition of running online education at higher education in the different university and institutions regularly are found very low. However, M Phil class and other training programs conducted by the different institutions and organizations were found running regularly and effectively. The classes of bachelors program of different universities are also found running very low and irregular. The overview issues and challenges that occur during the delivery of online courses were identified by exploring from the different concern students, teacher and the parents. Some of the issues and the challenges were found by the critical analysis of the previous literature. In this course, three issues related to students, teachers and the curriculum were identified. Similarly, seven challenges as: technology, students' guidance and support, equity, pedagogy, access, time and attitude were identified. To address these issues and challenges of implementing online education, the government, universities and the concern institutions should focus for infrastructural development, technical and other support for student and teacher, make provision to access of electronic equipment and digital resources as soon as possible.
There are no doubts that oil spill incidents create serious environmental problems and challenges in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Available records indicate that approximately 6%, 25%, and 69%, of total oil spilled in the Niger Delta area, were on land, swamp and offshore environments respectively. The findings, supported by a significant part of the data, indicated that the problems of EIA process and implementation are attributed mainly to the lack of experience, education and funding, and the ingrained perceptions of those involved. An important insight that has resulted from the research is an awareness of the existence of more than one EIA system in Nigeria as a result of an uncoordinated attempt of Nigerian policy makers to imitate the EIA evolutions of the US and the UK. As indicated, the EIA decree (1992) is fashioned after the US NEPA Act, covering all sectors of the economy, while the Town and Country Planning Decree (1992) is patterned after the UK Town and Country Planning Regulations 1988, which covers planning development activities and specifies town planners as the principal environment assessors. The activities of the Niger-Delta Development Commission (NDDC) and NOSDRA should be closely monitored and supervised by the Federal Government, as this will ensure transparency, honesty and fairness to all the communities. Finally, unless the government and oil companies change their basic attitude towards Environmental Impact Assessment the conflict and mistrust will continue, thereby slowing the development of both the Niger Delta and the country. Proactive approaches will therefore need to be considered, including active intervention by government Agencies in charge of enforcing the regulations, operations and monitoring of the oil industry. It is clear that the environmental impacts of projects and policies are no longer considered as inconsequential or secondary to decision-making for development, EIA is now recognized as an integral part of the project cycle, and projects will invariably require that environmental issues are properly addressed using EIA or a similar methodology. The identification at an early stage of environmental impacts contributes not only to project appraisal, but also project design that incorporates the necessary mitigation, and counter measures.
Argyrosomus amoyensis is a native fish from Pangandaran waters which is quite abundant but has low economic value. To increase the added value, it can be used as surimi as raw material for edible packaging. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical characteristics of edible packaging made from surimi Argyrosomus amoyensis. The method used in this research was an experimental, with four treatments and three replications. The treatments given are Argyrosomus amoyensis surimi concentration of 2%, 6%, 10% and 14%. Pangandaran's local fishery product, Argyrosomus amoyensis fish extracted into surimi (myofibril) can be used as material for making edible packaging. The resulting edible packaging has physical characteristics that comply with edible packaging standards based on the Japan International Standard (JIS). The average viscosity value is 3.87-13.24 Cp, the average thickness is 0.0016-0.0065 cm, the tensile strength value is 158.22-6328.12kgf /cm2, and the elongation percent value is between 2.12-77.82%.
International measurements within the field of education are crucial for the advancement of educational systems in Latin America. International tests like PISA is a living example of this. The following research presents the performance in Reading compression of the Dominican students who participated in the 2018 cycle. This type of standardized test provides the opportunity to identify strengths and weaknesses that allow optimizing quality. Furthermore, it reveals the differences in quality, equity and efficiency in the educational systems, therefore, from an international perspective, they offer references to interpret the national results. It also puts students in perspective in real life situations and is not reduced to the typical multiple-choice test. In evaluative terms, it is not just looking at how much the students learned and what they thought or felt during the test during, but how they can use what they learned in new situations.
Health insurance is a security in the form of health protection so that participants receive the benefits of health care and protection in meeting basic health needs. This is regulated in Presidential Regulation No. 82 of 2018 as the health insurance program is socialized by the Health Social Security Agency (BPJS Kesehatan). This paper discusses the conceptual model to test the effect of socialization of Presidential Regulation No. 82 of 2018 and the comprehension of non-wage worker participants on obedience as well as its impact on BPJS subscrip-tion payments. Literature review, conceptual models, hypotheses of development and research methodology are discussed. Practicing this paper instantly would provide information about the relationship of socialization of regulations, comprehension non-wage worker partic-ipants, obedience and payment of BPJS subscription.
The nutrition diet experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of feed additive chromium-yeast in marine culture fish. The Aim of this study was to observe the effect of macro mineral chrome on the body of fish culture species. The research has been car-ried out in January 2020 to March 2020 using the snubnose pompano (Trachinotus blochii) and the cantang grouper (Epinephelus Fus-coguttatus-Lanceolatus) in the Floating net cages of Pangandaran Regency beach and the Brackish Aquaculture Fisheries center (BPBAP) Situbondo, East Java. The chrome content analysis was conducted at the Central Laboratory of Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor. The re-search of snubnose pompano was used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments of chromium dose and 3 replications, namely, A1 (feed without the addition of 0.0 ppm chromium-yeast), B1 (feed with the addition of chromium-yeast 1.47 ppm); C1 (feed with the addition of chromium-yeast 3.20 ppm), and D1 (feed with the addition of chromium-yeast 4.59 ppm). Meanwhile, The Cantang grouper also used CRD consisting of 4 different chromium dose treatments and 3 replications. The treatments used are as follows: feed with the addition of chromium-yeast 0.0 mg / kg (A2); feed with the addition of chromium-yeast 3.1 mg / kg (B2); feed with the addition of chromium-yeast 3.9 mg / kg (C2); feed with the addition of chromium-yeast 4.6 mg / kg (D2). The parameters observed were Average Daily Growth Rate, Feed Efficiency, and Chrome content in fish meat. The result showed that the addition of chromium-yeast 3.2 mg/kg of feed to snubnose pompano can produce an Average Daily Gain of 0.37 grams/day, efficiency of feed utilization of 74%, and Chrome con-tent of 3.2 mg/kg of the best feed among all treatments. The addition of chromium-yeast of 3.9 mg/kg to the grouper feed will produce ADG (0.31 g / day), and the best utilization efficiency of feed (68.65%) among all treatments.
Background: The Diarrhoeal diseases remain to be a public health concern despite the existence of preventive measures and developing are the most affected. It affects more children under five years compared to the rest of the population. The burden of childhood diarrhoea varies with geographical area and time bound. A part from this variation, the link between climate change and diarrhoea among children under five years has not been well understood. This study aims to determine the trends, spatial temporal and seasonal characteristics of diarrhoea diseases among Rwandan children under five years using routine Health Management Information System (HMIS) data from 2014 to 2018. Methods: This was an ecological study using retrospective data analysis. Incidence were used to examine the trend, and excess hazard was assessed to determine the risk and likelihood for the occurrence of cases. Retrospective Discrete Poisson model was used to identify spatial, temporal and spatial-temporal clusters of diarrhoea. Linear regression was used to assess relationship between climatology variables and the diarrhea diseases cases. Results: In total, 1,012,827 new diarrhoeal diseases episodes were reported during 2014-2018 with an annual incidence rate of 12,669/100,000 children under five years. Excess risk was noticed in 12/30 (40%) of country’s districts (RR>1). Most significant spatial clusters of diarrhoea were observed in the northern province (RR=1.66, p<001). We found a statistically significant positive and nega-tive relationship between diarrhoeal disease, and temperature and rainfall respectively (p<0.001). Increase in one millimeter of rainfall was associated with decrease of 14 cases of diarrhoea while increase of one degree Celsius of temperature was associated with an increase of 17 diarrhoea cases. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that disproportionate distribution of diarrhoeal diseases across districts. Furthermore, significant association between diarrhea diseases and climate dynamics was observed. This call for public attention to most affected districts with special consideration of climate changes while planning and designing interventions.
In the midst of the contradictory divides of varied research studies on the effect of free trade zones (FTZs) incentives on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Nigeria, this study aims to examine the cost based tax policy incentives in Nigeria free trade zone on inflow of FDI. Therefore, an empirical investigation covering a period of 19 years (2001-2019) was carried out to examine the tax implications of free trade zones on inflow of FDI in Nigeria. The study adopted ex-post facto research design and secondary data were obtained from World Bank database and Central Bank of Nigeria bulletins. Data generated were analysed using multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed PAYE tax, withholding tax (WHT), Value Added Tax (VAT) and industrial training fund (ITF) deductions as major taxes policy incentives in Nigeria FTZs. The study found significant relationship between PAYE, VAT, WHT, ITFd and FDI in Nigeria. Finding also deduced that the cost-based tax policy incentives (VAT, WHT, PAYE tax and ITFd) had some relatively stronger effect on FDI (with R2 of .431). The study therefore recommended that government should also consider non-tax policy incentives initiative in free trade zones as an important complement to the tax policy incentives in order to attract and stabilize FDI in Nigeria.
The aim of this article was to argue against a thesis which says, 'if a literary text doesn’t represent reality out of its own / the outside world/ it may lose its social function', which has been one of the polemical issue in literary studies since Aristotle. The issue of representation of reality in literature is as polemical as the word ‘represent’ itself . Since ancient times, a number of literary scholars have attempted to give their own hypothesis about how reality is represented in literature. Some of them look it in relation to the social milieu in which the text exists, some say that reality exists in the text itself and others claim reality as something created by the readers. Based on their stand, then, they forward different theories and approaches. While writing this essay, I attempt to take a stand as a member of the circle of scholars who advocate the existence of reality in the text itself. I took this stand because I believe that literary texts such as novels truly claim that they represent reality. However, the reality that I am referring to is the one which exists in a text itself. I believe that a literary text represents its own reality. And the reality which exists in the text itself has a function of some kind in either instructing or informing the readers. It is my strong belief that a literary text, so as to have its some sort of 'social function' shouldn’t necessarily represent reality out of the text itself.
General hypotheses are that risk on site has an effect on accident rates and the accident rates affects firm economic performance. On one hand, we obtain a significant positive linear relationship between site risk and accident rate. On the other hand, we find a significant quadratic relationship (inverted U shape) between accident rate and economic firm performance. Our empirical evidences suggest a complex relationship between those variables. Specifically, for a low range of accidents we can observe that company profitability increases while accident rate grows up, arriving to a tipping point from which more additional accidents will reduce the company profitability. It is the responsibility of every worker to assist in maintaining a safe work environment. So this paper shows some main factor behind accident at sites and measure to prevent them.
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