Peer-reviewed international research papers published open-access with EOI assignment and global indexing across engineering, computer science, environmental science, social sciences, and more.
The purpose of this specific study was to assess the Effect of Casual Labor Management on Performance of Construction Projects in Rwanda a case study of Resilience Professionals Ltd. The specific objective is to assess the effect of Casual Labor Performance on the performance of construction projects in Rwanda; to determine the effect of Conflict Resolution Strategies on project performance; and to examine the effect of Critical human resource factors on Project Performance. The Target population was 107 project members within Resilience Professionals Ltd, including the administrative and sites staffs and the sampling technique was Universal simple census technique. The study found that there was a positive and significant relationship between Casual labor management and Construction Projects in Rwanda where the p-value found to be 0.000 less than 0.05 and the R-square Found to be 64.9 % which is the percentage occupied by the study’s independent variables on affecting the Project Performance (dependent Variable). All of the independent variables (Labor performance management; Critical human resource factors and Conflict Resolution Strategies) were positively associated with construction projects performance where the p-value found to be 0.000 less than 0.05. The study concluded that Construction Projects performance in Rwanda attributed to its good practices of critical human resource factors and Conflict Resolution Strategies and that is greatly attributed to Casual Labor Management. The study made the following recommendations: This study was mainly focused on effect of Casual Labor Performance on the performance of construction Projects in Rwanda. Thus, the recommendations of this study were derived from the conclusions that all the independent variables significantly influence project performance which was measured by the constraint of time, scope, cost and Quality. A great contribution to be noted by the Construction Project managers is that Lack of or Poor Casual Labor Management practices in all aspects of running a construction project influences project performance. The following were the recommendations of this study. KEY WORDS: Casual Labor, Management, Performance, Construction Projects
This study sought to analyse the effect of Internal Control Systems on the performance of public institutions in Rwanda, taking the Ministry of Trade and Industry as my case study. The following objectives guided the research into the effects of control environments, control activities, monitoring and review, and communication and information on the performance of public institutions. To determine the effects of risk assessment on the performance of public institutions, particularly the Ministry of Trade and Industry. A descriptive research design research design was used. A study population of 40 respondents, comprised of employees of different directorates and SPIU, was selected. (Respondents) were selected purposively. Data was collected from both primary and secondary using a questionnaire and documentation. The relationship was determined using Spearman’s rank correlation. The results from the field showed that there was a strong relationship between the control environment and performance as indicated by R- square and adjusted R-square of 59.7% and 52.4%, respectively. The analysis showed that there is good practice in risk assessment in the Ministry of Trade and Industry, as evidenced by the mean. The results revealed that of the variation in the performance, 53.8% was caused by risk assessment. The research methodology used by a researcher included research design, study population, sample design, source of data, data collection techniques, and data processing and analysis in line with theoretical review; agency theory, stewardship theory, and attribution theory that related to the conceptual review of control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring components. The R-square and modified R-square of 78.1 percent and 74.9 percent, respectively, demonstrated that there is a high association between control actions and performance. The results from the survey show that there is a relationship between monitoring and performance as indicated by R-square of 50.5% and adjusted R-square of 44.8%. The results from the field showed that there is a strong correlation between information and communication and performance as evidenced by R-square and adjusted R- square of 77.8% and 74.5% respectively. The researcher concluded that internal control systems has got major effects on the performance in public entities specifically MINICOM where OAG’s reports reviewed Financial Statements Audit, Compliance Audit, and Performance Audit and found the following findings; misappropriation of government of resources, poor book keeping, ineffective recording of transaction, embezzlement of public funds and poor authorisation of government expenditures have been indicated in the audit reports. The researcher recommended that, the Ministry should encourage and motivate their employees to increase their compliance to control procedures and policies and employ an internal auditor in every public institution to monitor the effectiveness of the internal control systems.
The study entitled” Effect of monitoring and evaluation practices on project performance: a case of Rwanda Dairy Development (RDDP) Project in 12 Districts” Therefore this study was guided by Five specific objectives: To find out the role of monitoring and evaluation design and planning on RDDP project performance; to examine the role of monitoring and evaluation quality assurance on RDDP project performance; to analyse the role of capacity building for monitoring and evaluation on RDDP project performance; to determine the role of information sharing and utilization for monitoring and evaluation on RDDP project performance and to establish the role of monitoring and evaluation budget on RDDP project performance. The study used descriptive research design and causal research design. The study covers 138 employees of RDDP project as sample size. The study used census research design. Questionnaire, interview and documentary review was used to collect data and finally the study used descriptive statistics and inferential statistics as method of data analysis. The findings revealed that M&E design and planning ;M&E quality assurance ; M&E capacity building; M&E information sharing and M&E budget had significant positive effect on performance of RDDP project as indicated by (β1= 0.228, p-value=0.000<0.05);( β2= 0.226, p-value=0.000<0.05);( β3= 0.212, p-value=0.000<0.05);( β4= 0.793, p-value=0.000<0.05) and (β5= 0.084, p-value= .002<0.05) respectively which implies that an increase of one unit in the following variables such as M&E design and planning ;M&E quality assurance ; M&E capacity building; M&E information sharing and M&E budget would lead to increase of 0.228; 0.226; 0.212; 0.793 and 0.084 units in performance of Rwanda Dairy Development (RDDP) Project. Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that there was significant positive correlation between M&E practices and performance of RDDP project as indicated by adjusted R2 showing that 0.753 (75.3%) changes in performance of RDDP project is determined and influenced by M&E Budgeting, M&E quality assurance, M&E information sharing and utilization, M&E design and planning and as well as M&E for capacity building at 95% of confidence interval. The study recommends that RDDP project should strengthen Monitoring and Evaluation quality assurance mechanisms significantly contribute to the performance of development programmes
Synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant extracts is a flourishing field of research due to its ease of implementation, low cost and agreement with current trends of green chemistry which are considered advantages over chemical and physical methods. In this study, the green synthesis method was exploited to prepare silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous leaf extracts of Lantana camara and Morinda morindoides. Synthetized AgNPs were characterized for their elementary composition, average size, and shape by energy dispersive X-rays spectroscopy (EDX), dynamic scattering light (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) respectively. FTIR spectroscopy was used to study the nature of molecules on the surface of nanoparticles. Antibacterial and catalytic activities of silver nanoparticles were evaluated. The results of DLS and TEM revealed the presence of nanoscale particles with average sizes of 127 nm and 240 nm grouped into agglomerations. Silver nanoparticles presented a significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains with inhibition zones varying from 9 mm to 20 mm. A significant discoloration of methylene blue solutions was observed in the presence of silver nanoparticles suggesting their catalytic activity.
This study aimed to find out the effect of internal audit on the project performance of public institutions in Rwanda a case of National Bank of Rwanda (BNR). The specific objectives were: to evaluate the effect of financial audit on the project performance of BNR; to assess the effect of compliance audit on the project performance of BNR; and to establish the effect of revenue and expenditure audit on the project performance of BNR. Despite the researcher’s efforts to include all the targeted population of 118 BNR staff, 96 respondents were able to have successful responses. Findings about financial audit indicated that 83.3% of the respondents strongly agreed that there is mandatory rotation of auditors in BNR to improve audit independence and detail them during the budgeting process. Secondly, findings about compliance audit indicated that 90.6% of the total respondents strongly agreed that BNR internal auditors are protected by regulations to choose to reveal to the public any information they believe should be disclosed. Thirdly, findings about revenue and expenditure audit showed that 75% of the respondents strongly agreed that with the help of professional revenue and expenditure audit competence, the BNR auditors have the required internationally accepted accounting and audit competences. Finally, the regression analysis results indicated significant effect of internal audit on the project performance of BNR. Therefore, all the null hypotheses of were rejected. Following the study findings, the researcher recommended that in regards to the embezzlement and fraud, the management together with other government institutions that look after the system continue to identify the individuals that still engage in these vices. Officials who delay BNR activities should also be handled individually so as other staff could avoid doing similar mistakes in future.
The aim of this study is to assess the effect of project team Management on the performance of Rwanda Electricity Sector Strengthening Project in Nyarugenge District while this study was guided by four specific objectives which include to examine the effect of project team development on Performance of Rwanda Electricity Sector Strengthening Project in Nyarugenge District; to determine the effect of team performance management on Performance of Rwanda Electricity Sector Strengthening Project in Nyarugenge District; to find out the effect of project team communication management on Performance of Rwanda Electricity Sector Strengthening Project in Nyarugenge District and to assess the effect of team conflict management practices on Performance of Rwanda Electricity Sector Strengthening Project in Nyarugenge District. The study used survey research design such as descriptive survey research and analytical research design by using both quantitative and qualitative approach. The study covers by 97 stakeholders of RESS project including 80 employees of RESSP project, 12 local government authorities include 10 sectors social affairs and 2 District social affairs of Nyarugenge District and 5 top managers of Energy Utility Corporation Limited (EUCL) as sample size. The study used census method as sampling techniques to select entire element of population. Questionnaire, interview guide, documentary review and observation were used to collect data and finally the study used descriptive statistics and inferential statistics as method of data analysis. The findings revealed that team motivation practices; project team communication management; team conflict management had significant positive effect on performance of RESSP project as indicated by (β2= 0.477, p-value=0.000<0.05); (β3= 0.316, p-value=0.000<0.05);( β4= 0.188, p-value=0.000<0.05) while team development practices had insignificant positive effect on performance of RESSP project as indicated by (β1= 0.048, p-value=0.194>0.05) which implies that an increase of one unit in team development practices; team motivation practices; project team communication management; team conflict management would lead to an increase of 0.048; 0.477; 0.316 and 0.188 units in performance of RESSP project. Based on the study findings, the study concluded that team management practices such as team development practices , team motivation, team communication management and team conflict management explains (60.8%) of the performance of RESSP project at 95% confidence of internal.
The role of Water Users Organizations on success of irrigation projects in Rwanda was elaborate as 100% of respondents agreed that there is success in easily getting equal irrigation water because of continuous maintenance of irrigation infrastructures, above 99.4% of respondents agreed that there is success in being organized into groups because it facilitates them in water distribution, above 99.4% of the respondents agreed that there is success in paying water fees because it help them to improve irrigation system. The results show that rice productivity increases as activities of water users’ organization increased. For this model regression coefficient R of .924 indicates that as the value of water users’ organization activities increase, the mean of the Rice production also tends to increase. R-squared indicates variability of 85.4% explained by the model; it means changes in the independent are associated with changes in the dependent variable at the rate of 85.4%. As the p-value associated with the F-statistic is less than significance level (0.05) means there is significance between independents and dependant variable. As the p-value that corresponds to t (0.00) is less than significance level (0.05) means that there is a statistically significant relationship between the independent variables and dependant variable.
Most countries in Africa are characterised by multilingualism as a result of the existence of multi-ethnic factors which are seen in most educational systems. However, attention has not been paid to the impact of multilingual settings in the teaching of various subjects in schools in Africa. The main aim of the study is to assess the teaching of English Language in a multilingual setting. The study achieved this by examining the use of Mother Tongue (L1) in English teaching in a multilingual setting, identifying the condition in which the Ghanaian language or L1 is used in the teaching of English in a Multilingual classroom and identifying the attitude of students towards the use of L1 in the English class. The study used a descriptive research design with the use of the purposive and convenience sampling technique to select 150 students in three schools (Schools A, B, and C) as well as 10 English teachers to answer a questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed with descriptive statistics and presented in percentages and frequencies. The results revealed that students in a multilingual setting disclosed that L1 is used in the English classroom by their teachers. The students also indicated that teachers use L1 to explain complex grammar points that most students do not understand in English and finally, there was a positive attitude of students towards the use of L1 in the English class. It is therefore recommended that the government and policymakers must consider the development of policies that can allow the use of L1 in the teaching and learning of all subjects in schools.
The study aimed at assessing the effect of project planning practices on the performance of community development projects at VUP in Rwanda. Specifically, the study assessed the effect of project cost planning and project risk planning on the performance of CDPs at VUP in Musanze district. The study adopted a descriptive research design and targeted beneficiaries and the VUP management team at district, sector, and cell level. A sample of 120 individuals was selected using both purposive and simple random sampling techniques. Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire, interviews, and documentary review. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics through SPSS version 16.0. Findings demonstrated that there were proper projections of expenses and allocation of the overall cost estimates to individual work items during the planning phase of the CDPs and planned based on the information from different parties to determine the needs of the beneficiaries, activities, deliverables, and requirements. However, there was no work breakdown structure of activities during the planning phase of these projects. Moreover, there was a risk management plan that should enable VUP managers to identify risks in the project and ensure that they are prepared to respond to unexpected events when the plan was created ahead of time. However, the VUP projects lack proper risk communication mechanisms and an adequate risk response plan. Findings also established a positive and statistically significant relationship between the performance of CDPs and project cost planning (r =.746, p-value =.05) and project risk planning (r =.521, p-value =.05). There was a moderate and positive relationship between the performance of CDPs and the project planning practices (R=.522). Moreover, the R2 =.428 indicates the project cost planning and risk planning practices account for 42.8% of the variation in the performance of the CDPs. The study concluded that the success of the project execution phase depends on the timely cost planning and delivery of funds to the project; effective scope definition; adequate risk management planning; and the stakeholders' participation in the entire project life cycle. The study recommended that MINECOFIN, as the fund provider, should ensure that the project costs are appropriately assessed during the planning phase and funds are released on time, and that implementers should establish proper risk communication mechanisms and an adequate risk response plan to ensure that the probable risks are mitigated on time. Stakeholders should be engaged in the planning of the project to ensure that it is owned by local communities. Key words: Project, planning, cost, risk, stakeholder, performance, CDPs, VUP
The study has sought to examine the effect of supply chain agility on organization performance and it was specifically conducted in EDCL (2018-2021); with the following specific objectives: to analyze the effect of product development flexibility on organization performance, to assess the effects of sourcing flexibility on organization performance, to identify the effects of manufacturing flexibility on organization performance, to establish the effect of logistics flexibility on organization performance. The resource-based view, the relational view, and the strategy-structure-performance theories are used to support the proposed research framework for a firm’s supply chain agility, in this researcher A descriptive survey was used due to nature of study which requires an accurate portrayal of the characteristics without any intervention, the researcher was used study target population of 150 persons, to get sample size, the researcher was used the formula of Talon Yamane, where the sample size was 109, to correct data, primary data technique through questionnaire was used, in data processing editing, coding, tabulation were used, to analyze the data, SPSS was used through descriptive and inferential statistic. This could lead to a more significant increase of organizational performance. Supply chain agility has a positive linear influence on the organizational performance of EDUCL with a beta coefficient 0.948, p value=.000 which is less than 0.05. The interpretation is that one-unit increase in implementation of supply chain agility will lead to 0. 190-unit increase in organizational performance of EDUCL. On the same line of thinking, the output of the linear regression analysis shows that lean supply chain agility also has a positive linear effect on the organizational performance of EDUCL. The lean supply chain strategy has a beta coefficient of .824 with a significance level of .000 that is less than .05. This implies that one-unit increase in implementation of supply chain agility would result into a 0.664 increase on the organizational performance of EDUCL. Through the process of sourcing flexibility, there has been timely delivery of goods and services to user departments are statements regarding sourcing flexibility process and performance of EDCL. The findings show that it is evident that the p-values for Supply chain agility are Product development flexibility (0.000), Logistics flexibility (0.002), Manufacturing flexibility (0.001) and sourcing (0.013) are less than 0.05. Y = 0.664+ 0. 190X1+ 0. 929X2+ 0. 948X3+ 0. 601X4+ 0. The study recommends that EDCL should use a joint policy in the establishment of similar systems of selecting and issuing tenders as a standard procedure to ensure high levels of performance. EDCL should be encouraged to use electronic reverse Auctions as sourcing flexibility tool to achieve greater savings, and also the greater transparency. The study recommends that all EDCL should automate the practice of invoicing so as to promote transparency and record management since it will be easier to track records or identify payments to be made to suppliers. There is need to conduct a similar study in other organizations in an attempt to compare the findings. There is also need to conduct a study on the challenges facing
The research sought to assess the effect of e-procurement implementation on public expenditure performance in Rwanda: A case of RPPA. The study was guided by the following objectives: To establish the effect of E-Bidding on public expenditure performance in RPPA.To assess the effect of E-Evaluation on public expenditure performance in the RPPA.To establish the relationship between E-procurement and Public expenditure performance in RPPA.To establish the effect of E-Contract on public expenditure performance in RPPA. The study adopted descriptive research design. The study population comprised of 85 staff. Primary data was collected using close ended questionnaires. A pilot study was conducted at the RPPA before the main study to determine potential weaknesses in the data collection instruments. Data was analyzed using computer software called Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 22.The study also sought to determine the extent to which respondents agreed on the use of E-Bidding increases efficiency in public procurement. From the study findings presented in table, revealed that there is significant positive effects of E-Bidding on public expenditure performance with β = 0.178, t = 1.705, and p = 0.036. Based on the regression results, factor of e-bidding and have effects on procurement performance.The researcher sought to determine the extent study participants agreed on the use of E-Evaluation increases efficiency in public procurement.by β = 0.800, t = 7.032, and p = 0.027 based on finding there is change of public expenditure due to change of e-evaluation. There is significant positive effects of E-Bidding on public expenditure performance withby β = 0.464, t = 5.552, and p = 0.042.Also study reviles that there is strong positive relationship between e-procurement and public expenditure by Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) value which is equal 0.984.the process-procurement should be viewed as an enabling mechanism to make the process of procurement more efficient in terms of cost, time, and achievement of value for money. Participants agreed on the role of top management leadership and support on implementation of the system. Procurement staffs with professional qualifications such as KISM and CIPS are enablers for a better e-procurement implementation.
Despite the advantages associated with supply chain capabilities, many manufacturing industries in Rwanda including Inyange industries have not fully achieved their desired performance levels. This ever-changing business environment prevents enterprises from sustaining their competitive positions as well as from allowing for the time necessary to diagnose changes in the business environment, discover opportunities and risks, and to deal with them in a timely manner. The purpose of the study is to examine the influence of supply chain dynamic capabilities on the operational performance in manufacturing industries in Rwanda with a focus on 210 employees of Inyange industries. The study was undertaken by the following objectives: To identify the effects of collaboration capability on operational performance; to determine the influence of integration capability on operational performance; to analyze the contributions of agility capability on operational performance; and to determine the responsiveness capability on operational performance. The study was relied on the resource-based view (RBV), core competency theory as theories. The study will utilize document review, questionnaires, for data collection. Quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics. The frequencies; mean and standard deviations will be applied for the study objectives. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) that generated frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation was used. In conclusion, the 67.5% of total respondents strongly agree that Inyange industries forecast updates throughout the operations. 23.1% of total respondents agree with the statement that Inyange industries forecast updates throughout the operations, 9.4% disagreed with the statement that Inyange industries forecast updates throughout the operations with a mean of 4.58 and standard deviation of 0.660. From the findings in table 8, most of respondents disagreed with the statement relate to that fact supply chain dynamics capabilities of effects operational performance in Inyange industries in Rwanda with a focus on the Inyange industries. Key words: Supply Chain Dynamic Capabilities Operational Performance
Heart Disease is a class of disease that involves the heart or the blood vessels. It is the second leading cause of death in world for men and women. In order to predict/ diagnose any disease, the expert system designed by human may be a cheering way out to diminish cost, time, human efforts and medical error. This work, Heart Disease Prediction system using Expert System and Data Mining is considered to be one of the most powerful tools for assistance in the hospital and healthcare facility. The methodology adopted in analysis of the system is Extreme Programming (XP) Model. XP is a disciplined approach to delivering high-quality software quickly and continuously. We developed this system using the combination of JavaScript, HTML, CSS to provide friendly user interface, PHP as the server side scripting language to implement the functionality of the system and MySQL as a database platform for storing the knowledge. The Heart Disease Prediction System using Expert System and Data Mining has been able to accurately diagnose the patients for ailment such as Coronary Artery. Keywords: Heart Disease Prediction, Computer Expert System, Medical Expert, Data mining, Expert System Diagnosis.
Climate change is increasingly having a stronger and longer-lasting impact on people, which can directly or indirectly affect their mental health. However, Mitigation and adaptation strategies are therefore necessary for effective management of the impacts of climate change on mental health for sustainable development and economic growth. Groups that are especially vulnerable to the mental health impacts of climate change include children, the elderly, and women. In this study, we look at the effect of climate change on vulnerable populations and provide mitigation measures in addressing these challenges. These mitigation measures includes, the use of public transport to lower greenhouse gas emissions and reducing symptoms of depression and stress and also by the use of renewable energy technology like wind, solar and other clean energy to reduce particulates and pollution in the air. We also provide adaptive measures through policy-making, surveillance, and monitoring, community-based initiatives, building upon global commitment, and a multisectoral community base approach. It concludes with the recommendation that information about climate adaptation and mitigation should be made the target of the society and the world at large. Keywords: Climate change, Mitigation, Adaptation, Population, Mental health, Impact, Vulnerable
This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of organizational innovation, knowledge management, and transformational leadership on the performance of ASN BPKPD East Kolaka. Organizational innovation on performance. Knowledge management on performance and transformational leadership on performance. The data analysis method used is the quantitative method using multiple linear regression analysis tools, and the test tools used are the F-test and t-test. The samples taken in this study amounted to 34 people. Testing research instruments using validity and reliability tests. The research results found that organizational Innovation, knowledge management, and leadership transformational simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on ASN performance. This means that better organizational innovation, knowledge management, and leadership transformational process will encourage an increase in ASN performance. Partial organizational innovation has a positive and significant effect on ASN performance. This means that better organizational innovation then will encourage an increase in ASN performance. Knowledge management partially has a positive and significant effect on ASN performance. It means getting better knowledge management then it will encourage an increase in ASN performance. Leadership transformational partially has a positive and significant effect on ASN performance. It means a better leadership transformational process will encourage an increase in ASN performance.
This research was investigating the effect of project planning on sustainability of education projects in Rwanda, a case of Rwanda Education Assistance Project. This research achieved the following objectives: to evaluate the effect of project objective on project sustainability of Rwanda Education Assistance Project, to examine the effect of project design system to the project sustainability in Rwanda Education Assistance Project, to investigate the effect of activities identification to the project sustainability in Rwanda Education Assistance Project and to evaluate the effect of reporting system on project sustainability in Rwanda Education Assistance Project. The research also was compared two variables which are independents and dependents variables. This study was designed as a case study of Rwanda Education Assistance Project using the survey method; a case study was described as analysis of project planning on sustainability of education projects, the researcher acquired knowledge regarding the subject under review from in-depth exploration of single case. All the respondents from the population of Rwanda Education Assistance Project to respond to research questionnaires. The research used questionnaires to collect data, As far as this study was concerned, the population was comprised of respondents of Rwanda Education Assistance Project in different departments targeting 308 respondents. To describe target population of a study as the point of focus from which a generalization was made regarding the research findings. Thus a sample size was 174 respondents. The study adopted primary and secondary data to get all information needed in this study, the quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics after running the data collected through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. From the analysis and discussion of the result, it is undoubted that research question and objective of this research was clearly addressed. The strengths found in this research study were a strong positive relationship between the project planning factors which allows the project sustainability.
Vision Umurenge Program is the program initiated by the government of Rwanda with the support from Non-Governmental Organizations. VUP was implemented in 2008 with the target of eradicating extreme poverty by 2020. The program was composed of three components which are direct support, financial services and public works. This study aimed at analyzing the contribution of the VUP on socio-economic transformation in Rwanda; Musambira Sector. It was guided by three objectives namely to analyze the social contributions of Vision Umurenge Program in Musambira Sector, to analyze the economic contributions of VUP in Musambira sector, to examine the challenges affecting Vision Umurenge Program in Musambira sector. The data were collected using questionnaire, interview, and group discussion and documentation techniques. Results were collected from 348 VUP beneficiaries and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression. The results showed that the surveyed beneficiaries are involved in all components which are direct support (15%), public works (29%), financial services(4%),and others who graduated(60%) among others and 64% are proud of being VUP beneficiaries. It was also proved VUP exerts a great contribution to the rise of socio-economic transformation as it enables the beneficiaries to earn a living, increases income, enables the beneficiaries to have access on health services, education to job creation, encouraging saving culture and promotes social support while encouraging self-reliance as indicated by maximum mean score as computed by the system (>4).The study also highlighted the key challenges that affect VUP implementations hence the beneficiaries in Musambira sector. The results show that the highest number of the respondents agreed that lack of training to financial services beneficiaries is the great problem 44% ,short repayment period for loans under the financial services component rates 32%,delay in disbursement of funds rates 15% and unqualified of a data for VUP beneficiaries rates 9%.Finally, it was suggested that provision of special committee in charge of VUP practices follow up repayment period for loans under financial services, provision of training to financial services beneficiaries, increase payment amount, increase are among the key solutions to address the challenges facing VUP in Musambir Vision Umurenge Program is the program initiated by the government of Rwanda with the support from Non-Governmental Organizations. VUP was implemented in 2008 with the target of eradicating extreme poverty by 2020. The program was composed of three components which are direct support, financial services and public works. This study aimed at analyzing the contribution of the VUP on socio-economic transformation in Rwanda; Musambira Sector. It was guided by three objectives namely to analyze the social contributions of Vision Umurenge Program in Musambira Sector, to analyze the economic contributions of VUP in Musambira sector, to examine the challenges affecting Vision Umurenge Program in Musambira sector. The data were collected using questionnaire, interview, and group discussion and documentation techniques. Results were collected from 348 VUP beneficiaries and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression. The results showed that the surveyed beneficiaries are involved in all components which are direct support (15%), public works (29%), financial services(4%),and others who graduated(60%) among others and 64% are proud of being VUP beneficiaries. It was also proved VUP exerts a great contribution to the rise of socio-economic transformation as it enables the beneficiaries to earn a living, increases income, enables the beneficiaries to have access on health services, education to job creation, encouraging saving culture and promotes social support while encouraging self-reliance as indicated by maximum mean score as computed by the system (>4).The study also highlighted the key challenges that affect VUP implementations hence the beneficiaries in Musambira sector. The results show that the highest number of the respondents agreed that lack of training to financial services beneficiaries is the great problem 44% ,short repayment period for loans under the financial services component rates 32%,delay in disbursement of funds rates 15% and unqualified of a data for VUP beneficiaries rates 9%.Finally, it was suggested that provision of special committee in charge of VUP practices follow up repayment period for loans under financial services, provision of training to financial services beneficiaries, increase payment amount, increase are among the key solutions to address the challenges facing VUP in Musambira Sector.
The research on the influence of different fertilizers on the mineral elements content of Andropogon gayanus Kunth. andPennisetum pedicellatumTrin. was carried out at Janzomo farm, Shagari Local Government Area, Sokoto State during two rainy seasons. Sokoto is located on latitude 12.000 and 13.600N and Longitude 4.080 and 6.500E. It involved sole sowing of A. gayanus, P. pedicellatum and combination of the two grasses, treated with NPK, FYM, combination of the two fertilizers and control in plots of 2.5m x 2.5m under rain fed conditions. Results showed that during the first rainy season NPK treated plants had significantly (p<0.05) higher Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium and Magnesium content. It further revealed that FYM treated plots had significantly (p<0.05) higher Sodium, Iron and Copper. Furthermore, during the second rainy season, NPK treated plants had significantly (p<0.05) higher Calcium, Phosphorus and Potassium. On the other hand, FYM treated plants had significantly (p<0.05) higher magnesium, Iron and Copper. The higher mineral elements content of NPK treated plots may probably be due to increasing level of nitrogen in the soil as the availability of a particular element in the soil may influence its absorption by plants. The low soil nutrients content of unfertilized plots may have affected their absorption from the soil by the plants. The two grasses were comparably lower in certain mineral elements.
A field experiment was conducted where twenty genotypes of wheat were evaluated in heat stress conditions with an alpha lattice design in tropical region of Nepal to evaluate the relationship between yield and yield-attributing and determine the direct and indirect effect of yield-attributing the yield of wheat through correlation and path coefficient analysis. Path analysis plays a significant role in determining such effects showing the importance of various yield-attributing traits. Here, we discussed how different yield attributes characters affect the grain yield. Among the traits, PH, NGPS, NSPS, SL, Test weight, and S/m2 have a positive direct effect on grain yield. Among these traits, S/m2(0.61267) had the strongest direct effect on grain yield. This show that only grain weight is not enough in deciding the qualities of genotypes. So, it is necessary to study the correlation among its various traits. This will be better for the selection of varieties in the plant breeding program.
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