Peer-reviewed international research papers published open-access with EOI assignment and global indexing across engineering, computer science, environmental science, social sciences, and more.
The implementation of SIS project needs the energy from the sun, cultivable land, water for agriculture irrigation and some infrastructures like roads and markets to facilitate the availability of the necessary equipments on the field The site suitability for photovoltaic water pumping systems has been assessed in this research using different map types from different sources and it has been found that a large part of Rwanda is highly suitable for the application of SIS. The most suitable areas are located in Eastern and Southern provinces whose solar irradiation varies between 5.25 and 5.55.52 KWh/m²/day. This research has showed that the maximum temperature in Rwanda varies between 25 and 27.5°C throughout the year which implies a very good suitability of the country for PV irrigation systems. The slope and elevation maps showed that the eastern and southern parts of Rwanda are the most suitable for surface irrigation as the slope ranges between 0 and 12% and the elevation in these regions is less than 1500m. The western part is not suitable for surface irrigation and therefore the application of special technique like radical terracing is necessary to ensure a secure drip or sprinkler irrigation without erosion.
La fraude financière est un problème très répandu pour les organisations et les institutions. Les criminels adoptent des techniques plus complexes pour contourner le contrôle judiciaire et commettre des délits, tandis que les régulateurs et les autorités financières utilisent de nouvelles stratégies pour détecter et prévenir les délits financiers. Les délits financiers sont des infractions financières perpétrées par des individus au sein d'organisa-tions, la plupart du temps dans le but d'acquérir un avantage financier par l'emploi de méthodes illégales. Il s'agit de s'approprier de l'argent ou d'autres biens appartenant à quelqu'un d'autre, afin d'obtenir un gain financier ou professionnel. L'objectif de cet article est de présenter une revue de la littérature académique sur les théories des fraudes financiers qui ont mis l'accent sur le cadre théâtral depuis l'avènement de la théorie de l'association différentielle développée par Edwin Sutherland dans les années 1940, qui a jeté la lumière sur les domaines de la finance et du crime, et d'exposer les résultats empiriques d'une étude documentaire sur les agents publics condam-nés pour fournir un aperçu des principales formes d'infractions financières qui se produisent dans le secteur public marocain. Cette étude docu-mentaire est fondée sur un échantillon national de 139 jugements définitifs qui a été collecté sur la base des rapports des tribunaux financiers publiés entre 2013 et 2019. Le large éventail d'infractions financières est classé dans ce document en adoptant deux catégories principales d'infractions financières, à savoir les infractions commises dans le domaine des dépenses publiques et dans celui des recettes de l'État. La majorité des contrevenants ont été condamnés pour avoir enfreint la législation sur les marchés publics et le recouvrement des dettes publiques. En utilisant une échelle de Likert (1 à 5), nous avons conclu qu'en moyenne, les fonctionnaires occupant des postes de haut niveau encouraient des sanctions financières sévères. Les résultats démontrent également une forte corrélation entre le rang professionnel des délinquants et la lourdeur des sanctions financières. Cette recherche n'englobe que les cas d'infractions financières qui ont fait l'objet d'une procédure judiciaire complète et dont les décisions finales ont déjà été rendues ; d'autres types d'infractions financières peuvent exclus en raison d'un manque de preuves pour poursuivre les agents pu-blics. En outre, d'autres données relatives aux délits financiers commis dans la sphère publique figurent dans les casiers judiciaires de la chambre pénale chargée des délits financiers ou dans les affaires signalées par l'Autorité nationale pour la probité, la prévention et la lutte contre la corrup-tion. Toutefois, l'accès à ces données est difficile.
This term paper was conducted on strategic plan implementations of 2014 to 2016 EC in the context of Ethiopia: considering housing development in urban and rural areas. The study explores the effectiveness of the strategic plan in achieving its intended objectives across various sectors, including economic development, social welfare, and governance. The research methodology employed in this study is a mixed-methods approach, integrating both qualitative and quantitative analyses to address the research objectives. Data for this study is primarily gathered through a desk review method, which synthesizes existing secondary sources such as academic journals, government reports, and credible documents. The thematic analysis techniques employed in the data analysis phase enable the identification of patterns and connections within the collected information, ultimately leading to conclusions that inform the research objectives. The findings of the study present that the technical support including training in construction techniques, empowers communities to build durable and environmentally friendly homes fostering resilience and improving construction quality. Financial assistance in the form of subsidies and grants further aids low-income households in upgrading their living conditions. Cultural considerations in housing design that support communal living, and traditional architectural styles promote community cohesion and identity. The challenges such as limited access to construction materials, skilled labor, and infrastructure remain, necessitating continued investment in these areas to further improve rural housing and promote sustainable development. The study recommends enhancing the urban housing supply by expanding affordable housing programs and fostering public-private partnerships alongside targeted saving schemes for low-income households. It emphasizes increasing investment in capacity-building programs and adopting innovative construction technologies to ensure a skilled workforce and reduce material dependency. To address urban-rural housing disparities more resources should be allocated to rural projects with improved coordination among governments and support for communities. As a recommendation, investing in infrastructure and establishing supply chains for construction materials in remote areas will enhance rural housing quality while a robust monitoring and evaluation framework will ensure the effectiveness of housing initiatives.
Homosexuality is one of the sensitive issues globally. Several countries have been implementing brutal policies and laws for homosexuals. In the Philippines, homosexuals are experiencing varied injustices and human right violations. In some cases, it is a result of religious perspective and other cases are influenced by traditional belief, norms, and ethics prescribed in the certain locality. Knowledge of the leaders towards religious teachings for homosexuals influenced them to implement such regulations for homosexuals. In the places populated by Muslim people, homosexuals are facing very challenging environment and limited legal rights. This is really happening in many Islamic countries like Saudi, Uganda, and many more others. In Mindanao particularly those places included in the proposed Bangsamoro government, homosexuals are under threat and skepticism on what will happen to them when Bangsamoro government will take over. Two major contradicting perspectives between the professional Moro leaders in the key positions and the local commanders in the grassroots provided apprehensions and alarming situations among homosexuals. Moreover, the significant role of fast but accurate information dissemination is direly needed to effectively address this issue. Keywords:Moro Leaders, Perspectives on Islamic Laws, Bangsamoro Government, Homosexuals
Malaria is one of the leading global parasitic infections, responsible for significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among pregnant women and children under five years of age. This study aimed to evaluate the antimalarial activity of Terminalia mantaly, Senna occidentalis, and Carica papaya in albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) infected with Plasmodium berghei. The plants were screened for secondary metabolites, and all were found to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, phenols, steroids and tannins. Forty-five albino rats were randomly divided into three groups of fifteen rats each, housed in plastic cages. Each group was further subdivided into three sub-groups of five rats, labeled as groups 1–3, and inoculated with the Plasmodium berghei parasite. The plants were administered at three different dosages: 500 mg, 400 mg, and 300 mg, beginning on the fifth day post-infection.The results revealed that Terminalia mantaly and Senna occidentalis exhibited the most significant antimalarial activity, with the 500 mg dose leading to the lowest parasite count and parasitaemia. Specifically, Terminalia mantaly reduced parasitaemia to 1.3% (1.60 ± 2.3 parasite count), while Senna occidentalis reduced it to 0.98% (1.20 ± 0.83 parasite count). In contrast, Carica papaya showed lower efficacy, with parasitaemia ranging from 4.89% to 24.63% at the highest and lowest dosages, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the dosages, indicating a dose-dependent response for all three plants.These findings support the potential of Terminalia mantaly and Senna occidentalis as promising antimalarial agents, with Carica papaya showing moderate activity. Further studies are required to isolate the active compounds responsible for these effects and optimize dosages for clinical application.
Maternal healthcare service delivery is paramount for improving the health outcomes of mothers and their newborns. This study aimed to evaluate the adherence of healthcare providers to maternal health service protocols and to determine the impact of demographic factors on service delivery within healthcare facilities in Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental. Employing a quantitative, cross-sectional design, the research involved 50 healthcare providers selected through convenience and purposive sampling. Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire, adapted from Cagayan et al. (2020), which assessed five crucial aspects of service delivery: Governance, Leadership, and Accountability; Human Resources; Protocols; Transportation and Communication; and Emergency Drugs and Equipment. The scoring system was based on the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) framework by Kaplan and Norton (1992). Results indicated that all assessed areas were rated as "Always Demonstrated," with Transportation and Communication receiving the highest mean score (M = 3.83) and Human Resources the lowest (M = 3.66). Correlation analyses revealed no significant relationships between demographic factors, such as sex, age, education, and years of service, and the observed degree of service delivery. Based on these findings, a tailored program was developed, specifically addressing the identified weaknesses in Human Resources, with recommendations focusing on enhancing training and resource allocation to support healthcare providers better
The rapid expansion of cryptocurrencies has revolutionized the digital economy, offering decentralized and secure transaction mechanisms through blockchain technology. However, this growth has concurrently attracted cybercriminal activities, exploiting the inherent anonymity and security features of cryptocurrencies for illicit purposes such as money laundering, ransomware, exchange hacking, tax evasion, Initial Coin Offering (ICO) frauds, Ponzi schemes, and phishing attacks. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of cryptocurrency-related cybercrimes, identifying prevalent patterns and underlying vulnerabilities within blockchain systems and cryptocurrency exchanges. Utilizing a multifaceted research methodology that includes qualitative and quantitative analyses, case studies, and theoretical frameworks like the Martial Arts Matrix (MAM), the study elucidates the motivations and sophisticated tactics employed by cybercriminals. Key findings highlight the critical need for enhanced security measures, robust regulatory frameworks, and collaborative efforts among stakeholders to mitigate these risks effectively. Additionally, the paper explores emerging trends and technologies in blockchain security, such as decentralized identity management and quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms, which hold promise for strengthening defenses against evolving cyber threats. The study concludes by offering actionable recommendations for law enforcement agencies, cryptocurrency providers, and policymakers to address the dynamic landscape of cryptocurrency-related cybercrimes, ensuring the sustained growth and trustworthiness of the cryptocurrency ecosystem.
This study investigates the impact of skills acquisition centers (SACs) on youth unemployment in Jigawa Central Senatorial Zone, Nigeria. A descriptive survey research design was employed. The study population included youth aged 18–45 years, with a sample of 250 respondents selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected via structured questionnaires distributed physically and online using Google Forms over four weeks. Analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23, employing descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests. Findings revealed that SACs significantly enhanced employability, with 65.9% of trainees securing jobs or starting businesses. Tailoring (27.3%), ICT (22.7%), and carpentry (18.2%) were the most acquired skills. Training durations of 3–6 months were deemed optimal by 54.5% of respondents. Despite these successes, challenges such as lack of startup capital (40.9%), outdated equipment (27.3%), and limited mentorship (20.5%) hindered program sustainability. The Chi-square test indicated no statistically significant difference in employment rates between SAC participants and non-participants, suggesting external factors like labor market dynamics influence outcomes. It was recommended that governments should allocate more resources to upgrade SAC infrastructure and provide startup grants for trainees, and partnerships with local industries can improve job placement opportunities and align training with labor market needs. Keywords: skills acquisition centers, youth unemployment, Jigawa Central Senatorial Zone, employability, vocational training.
The Hausa people, known for their language and culture, inhabit regions across West Africa. Their origins are debated, but the Bayajida legend is widely recognised. The Hausa language is a vital lingua franca in Northern Nigeria and beyond. Orature, the oral transmission of literature, is central to the Hausa tradition. This includes fables, myths, and diverse forms of poetry. Hausa literature is rich, encompassing both oral and written works. Ajami script was used for religious texts, while Boko script marked the start of modern prose. Major literary categories include fiction, plays, poetry (waƙoƙi), epithets, and proverbs. This paper focuses on waƙoƙi, exploring how they reflect Hausa trading and occupational activities. These songs reach a wide audience through radio and other means of broadcast. Hausa oral songs are classified into various types, including occupational songs. Work songs, in particular, lighten the burden of labour. They bring cheer and energy to tasks like grinding and farming. The Hausa economy, historically based on agriculture and industry, is reflected in these songs. The Hausa are skilled farmers, traders, and craftspeople. Their organized markets and diverse occupations are celebrated in waƙoƙi. Singers like Sarkin Taushin Katsina highlight the historical presence of traditional occupations. Alhaji Mamman Shata Katsina's songs encourage participation in economic activities and praise individuals for their contributions. Shehu Ajilo's and Ibrahim Narambaɗa’s songs emphasise the importance of farming and various crafts. The paper concludes that Hausa oral songs serve as valuable records of Hausa's economic and occupational practices. They show the close connection between Hausa's verbal art and daily life. The interpretations presented are not exhaustive, as these songs can have multiple meanings depending on context and audience.
Remote learning has been a topic of concern in all educational institution. From distance education shifting to remote learning students and teacher are on outcomes – based learning. This refers to result oriented learning. The herding of the multimedia infrastructure becomes the key factor on this academic journey. This facility helps the interaction between teacher and student possible. The challenges of “time and space management” becomes an issue. The vulnerability of an individual teacher and students are at stake. The multimedia infrastructure and its connectivity would be a challenge. Although, the social engagement of the teacher and the student made the teaching learning environment transformative. Addressing this vulnerability on multimedia infrastructure the reinventiveness and the knowledge sharing becomes the language of the time and space. Therefore, dedicated signal is required to make the remote learning initiatives an outcomes-based. Thus, the findings point out on the teaching learning flatteners and the support of the institutional connectivity and the sharing of knowledge must be allocated in the investment budget plan.
Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) remains a critical challenge in Bangladesh, particularly in densely populated and rapidly urbanizing areas. The Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB), in collaboration with GIZ, has undertaken efforts to explore innovative solutions for MSWM. To address this, GIZ engaged O.CREEDS Ltd, a national consulting firm and Fichtner GmbH & Co. KG, an international firm to conduct a feasibility study for a Waste-to-Energy (WTE) power plant project, focusing on the upazilas of Keraniganj, Nawabganj and Dohar Municipality, adjacent to Dhaka South City Corporation. The study team assessed solid waste generation, characteristics, and composition to identify appropriate WTE technologies. Findings revealed significant gaps in waste collection, with only 26% of waste collected in Keraniganj and Dohar, and a mere 0.6% in Nawabganj. Sampling showed that municipal solid waste in these areas is non-homogeneous, with a high organic fraction, low net calorific value (2.15–4.25 MJ/kg), and extremely high moisture content (59.70%–87.54%). These waste characteristics, consistent with other studies in Bangladesh, pose challenges for WTE technology. Due to high moisture content and low calorific value, applying a single direct waste treatment technology is unsuitable for raw feedstock. The study emphasizes the need for integrated solutions that combine multiple technologies for efficient waste treatment and energy recovery.
In the present work the formation constant of ternary complexes [MAL], where M = Cu(II), A =Aspertic Acid(Asp) and L = Oxalic acid, Ethylenediamine, Glycine, - Alaline, Phenylalanine, Tyrosin, Tryptophan have been determined and the values of ∆logK have been calculated by using SCOG computer program. The analysis of the representative species distribution curves shows that in the pH range 1-3, metal ion Cu(II) is the major species. In the pH range 3-5, the species [MA] and [ML] is predominate. In the pH range 5-7, the species [MAL] exists. The value of logK of the complexes [Cu(Asp)L] show less negative value when, L= Tyrosin and Tryptophan. This is due to the fact that the intramolecular interligand interaction involves in complex. The non-coordinated side group hydroxyphenyl ring of tyrosin comes over the pyridyl ring of Aspertic Acid and hence non-covalent hydrophobic interaction is possible. This intramolecular interligand interaction stabilizes the ternary complex, leading the less negative logK value. When L= Tyrosin(tyr) ,Tryptophan(trp), Phenylalanine(phe) Ethylenediamine (en), , phenylalanine (ph-ala) the DlogK values are less negative. The logK value are more negative in case of L= Oxalic acid(ox), glycine(gly), a-alanine (a-ala). The logK value of Cu(II) complexes with above ligand are negative because of the presence of Jahn-Teller effect of the complexes.
This study investigates the challenges and practices of good governance principles within the land tenure administration branch office of Lideta Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Recognizing the critical role of good governance in enhancing public service delivery and fostering sustainable urban development, the research aims to identify barriers to effective governance in the context of land administration. Using a qualitative and quantitative approach, data were collected through interviews and surveys with key stakeholders, including government officials and community members. The findings reveal significant challenges, including a lack of accountability and transparency, inadequate institutional capacity, pervasive corruption, limited citizen engagement, and poor management practices. These issues not only undermine trust in public institutions but also hinder efficient land management and urban sustainability. The study emphasizes the importance of strengthening accountability mechanisms, enhancing institutional capacity through training and resource allocation, promoting citizen participation in governance processes, and addressing corruption through robust policies. By providing evidence-based recommendations, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on good governance in Ethiopia and offers practical guidance for improving land tenure administration in Lideta Sub-city. Ultimately, the study aims to empower stakeholders to engage more effectively in governance processes, fostering a culture of accountability and transparency that can lead to improved public service delivery and sustainable urban development. The insights gained from this research are intended to inform policymakers, public administrators, and community members while laying a foundation for future studies on governance practices in urban settings across Ethiopia.
This study examines the importance of good governance in enhancing urban development in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. As the city experiences rapid urbanization, challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, housing shortages, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and corruption persist. The research investigates governance indicators, including transparency, accountability, citizen participation, and institutional efficiency, to assess their impact on urban development outcomes. A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating both quantitative data from structured surveys and qualitative insights from semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders such as government officials, urban planners, and residents. The study analyzed governance practices, service delivery, and policy implementation to establish evidence-based correlations between governance quality and urban development. The findings indicate that while governance reforms have contributed to economic growth, infrastructure expansion, and improved public services, significant challenges remain. Bureaucratic inefficiencies, corruption, and limited citizen engagement hinder sustainable urban development. Transparency and accountability were identified as critical factors influencing urban planning and governance effectiveness, yet the study found that their implementation remains inconsistent. The conclusion highlights the necessity of participatory governance and institutional reforms to ensure equitable and inclusive urban growth. The research underscores that effective governance is not only essential for infrastructure and service improvements but also for fostering long-term resilience in urban development. The recommendations emphasize the need for stronger anti-corruption measures, enhanced public participation in decision-making, improved coordination between government agencies, and increased investment in urban infrastructure. Strengthening governance frameworks and implementing policy reforms will be crucial to achieving sustainable urban development in Addis Ababa.
Domestic violence means violating the human rights through verbal or physical means creating gender inequalities in society. Number of domestic violence cases has been increasing in Bhutan, especially during covid-19 pandemic. Various explanations for the causes and prevalence of domestic violence in Bhutan were recognized but domestic violence amongst married couples is less known. This study assessed the knowledge, causes and coping measures of domestic violence among different marital statuses. The data was collected online using google forms. The Sampling size was 385 including key informants, and it was collected with simple random sampling and snowball sampling for victims of domestic violence. The study includes descriptive and inferential statistics under data analysis. As a result married couples have higher knowledge on domestic violence with 59.8% compared to other statuses. Male have higher knowledge on domestic violence with 60.6% compare to female with 48.2%. According to Kruskal-Wallis H test on knowledge and education there is statistically significant difference between education and knowledge on domestic violence. According to Chi-square test, there is strong positive correlation between level of education and knowledge on help line information. It also shows that overall extramarital relationship is the main causes of domestic violence among married couples with 56.4%. Compare to living together couples with 17.4% it is extramarital relationship and arguing. Similarly, social stigma (man being superior, and women as inferior) is one of the causes for domestic violence with women, with 63%. Under coping measures ‘talking to your friends’ is most applied measures for both the gender with 66.4% for male and 57.3% for female. Generally, male coping measures against domestic violence is higher in both the active and avoidance approaches compare to female. Similarly, living together couples uses avoidances approaches with 33.8%, and for married couples it is active approaches with 41.8%. Therefore, as a recommendation, educating people about domestic violence from grassroot level is important to reduce domestic violence in the society. There needs more effective awareness and programs for male and female separately. Further research is required on the knowledge of domestic violence among married couples from other dzongkhags as well. Keywords: Attitude, causes, coping measures, domestic violence, helpline services, IPVAS, coping measures, active, avoidance.
Understanding student enrollment behaviors is crucial for higher education institutions to develop effective recruitment and marketing strategies. This study explores the factors influencing students' decisions when choosing a college, focusing on the case of Bac Thang Long (BTL) College. The research examines the enrollment decision-making process, key influences such as family, peers, and career aspirations, and the sources of information students rely on when selecting an institution. Additionally, the study investigates students' preferred industries and fields of study. The research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining secondary and primary data collection. Secondary data will be gathered from admission databases, previous research, annual reports, and quick surveys conducted on social networking platforms such as forums, Facebook, and fan pages. Primary data will be collected through qualitative and quantitative methods, including structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews. To ensure accuracy, the questionnaire and interview questions will be designed and piloted before conducting the survey. The collected data will be processed and analyzed using SPSS. By analyzing these insights, the findings will provide valuable recommendations for BTL College to refine its enrollment strategies, improve student engagement, and align its offerings with prospective students' expectations. The results will serve as a foundation for strategic planning, ensuring that BTL College remains competitive and attractive to future applicants.
The Democratic Republic of Congo is one of developing countries up to now. It requires improvement of life conditions where accommodation is needed in building other modern infrastructures. Which is still a permanent challenge. Raison why we are motivated to build a five level building in reinforced concrete based on packaging of elements carrier of the structure and this building understudy will be as a guest house. Therefore, to secure people and their properties in our building, the proper calculations in reinforced concrete have been used thanks to hypotheses enabling the implementation of material strength. It is better to note that the present researcher focused on assessing applied loads, and calculating structural stability in terms of these loads and packing in order to check whether the developed stresses by maximal loads did not go beyond limited values. Keywords : reinforced concrete, cement, accommodation, challenge, improvement.
In the general context of the construction of engineering structures and buildings, their longevity is linked to maintenance, which by extension means: the rehabilitation and upkeep of engineering structures and buildings in the field of civil engineering in Kisangani. This manifest necessity is part of our research object. Furthermore, the lack of maintenance pushes the structures concerned to tend towards depreciation, aging, dilapidation and finally to their fall. The weight of the history of the city of Kisangani weighs today on the shoulders of the dismembered Province of Tshopo, even on the non-dismembered Great Orientale and on the DRC due to the lack of the art of beauty. Yet the necessity of maintenance of engineering structures and buildings is to grant them the conventional lifespan both nationally and internationally within the agreed period of one hundred years. Thus, this lack of maintenance is an evil that gains the emergence of sustainable development of construction both internally and externally in the Province of Tshopo and also in the DRC, because after more than sixty years of independence, without a spirit of "Beauty", that is to say without a spirit of permanent maintenance and rehabilitation in most cases, this has led to the debasement of several cities in Africa; this marks our research contribution to this article. The major concern is to have the political will, the change of mentality, because the competent spearheads to develop the DRC are manifesting themselves. Hence the principle: a construction without maintenance is doomed to failure. That is to say, the best construction does not escape maintenance and good maintenance does not quickly lead to the depreciation and aging of engineering structures and buildings. However, to avoid mediocrity and premature degradation, it would be necessary to practice innovation and restoration of what still exists (the case of IBTP/Kisangani coated in a new dress). Keywords: maintenance, Equipment, civil engineering, necessity
The Kisangani city is rich in various natural construction materials found in borrow pits/quarries scattered throughout all its districts, such as rubble, sand, gravel, wood, raw lime, etc. A fundamental understanding of construction materials involves mastering both basic concepts and standards, as well as delving into their physico-chemical, mechanical, and physical properties. Indeed, materials science strives to link the macroscopic properties of materials to their microscopic structures. Meanwhile, materials technology focuses on applying materials science to the art of construction, encompassing material selection, determining their characteristics, understanding their technical implementation properties, and methods for testing and developing new materials or material systems. Hence, the saying: "Engineer and materials" – meaning that an Engineer, regardless of their field of activity or training, must have knowledge of construction materials: their origin and nature, as they often form a crucial link in a community's socio-economic development. However, civil engineering is the application field for construction work in terms of material strength, building, and public works. Keywords: Granary, Construction Materials, Sustainable Development, Borrow Pits
The main objectives of this research are to conduct a systematic literature review and provide a comprehensive overview of existing studies on the language of oil and gas contracts, particularly the language of contract types in this industry; to identify how the language of a particular contract type is presented and analyzed by theme, method, focus, or specification; to explore and consider the significance and implications of studying legal language in oil and gas contracts in terms of contractual language; and to highlight research opportunities in the area of legal language in oil and gas contracts. The scope of this literature review is confined to academic articles that are concerned with the language of oil and gas contracts published in peer-reviewed journals and indexed in the Scopus database. Given this, the research will focus specifically on the academic discourse on such contracts' language and consider only articles published in English. The literature review process is mediated by fit-for-purpose systematic review protocols established in the field of applied linguistics.
The study provides an intriguing perspective on American democracy via the lens of realism and liberalism. Realism in political theory emphasises power, national interests, and anarchy in international interactions, whereas liberalism emphasises collaboration, democratic government, and individual rights. The link between realism and liberalism in American democracy is nuanced and complicated. Realism prioritises strength and security over ideology, whereas liberalism argues for a world order founded on collaboration, international institutions, and the rule of law. American democracy is frequently defined by its pluralistic nature, with a cacophony of voices reflecting many interests and beliefs. However, this cacophony can lead to polarisation, gridlock in governance, and challenges in reaching consensus on critical issues such as healthcare reform, climate change policy, or immigration laws. Using desktop research methodology, the study unearths this juxtaposition that raises important questions about whether American democracy serves as a model for other nations or if it exemplifies an anti-model because of its inherent contradictions and challenges. The study concludes that while it has elements that could serve as a model for other democracies, such as its foundational principles, the realities of political practice often present significant barriers that may render it an anti-model in certain contexts, and therefore, it recommends that there is a need to promote bipartisanship initiatives to encourage collaborative efforts across party lines on key issues affecting citizens’ lives, while also balancing the perspectives that require deliberate efforts toward reform that prioritise both stability and adherence to liberal democratic values in governance. Keyword: American Democracy, pluralistic, Realist Governance, Liberal State, Model or Anti-Model
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