Volume 13, Issue 8, August 2025 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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Examination of Parenting Then and Now: A Comparative Analysis of Traditional and Modern Child-Rearing Practices []


Parenting plays a pivotal role in shaping future generations, and its practices have continuously evolved in response to shifting cultural norms, economic realities, and technological advancements. This article conducts a comparative analysis of traditional and modern child-rearing approaches, highlighting their philosophical foundations, disciplinary strategies, and sociocultural contexts. Traditional parenting, often influenced by communal values and survival needs, prioritizes obedience, structure, and respect for authority, frequently employing authoritarian methods and extended family support systems. In contrast, modern parenting emphasizes emotional intelligence, open communication, and child autonomy, informed by contemporary psychological theories and educational research. The study also explores the implications of these differing styles on child development, noting that while traditional methods may reinforce discipline and social cohesion, they can limit individuality; conversely, modern techniques foster creativity and emotional wellbeing but may weaken communal bonds and respect for authority. By examining continuities such as enduring goals of security and social competence and divergences in parenting practices, the article advocates for a hybrid model that integrates the strengths of both paradigms to promote balanced and context-responsive child development.

Stellar Influence on Exoplanet Habitability: A Comparative Study of G-, K-, and M-Type Stars []


This study investigates how different types of stars influence the potential habitability of their orbiting planets. It analyses the varying stellar properties, such as luminosity, temperature and radiation output, and their effects on planetary environments within the habitable zone. The research emphasises the role of stellar classification in determining whether conditions suitable for life can exist. The classification includes M-dwarfs, K-type, and G-type stars. By comparing the habitability prospects of selected exoplanets around diverse star types, the study sheds light on the importance of stellar behavior and stability. By using statistical techniques, the findings discovered contribute to our broader understanding of where life might most likely exist beyond Earth. Additionally, it provides insights into how shifts in stellar activity or classification could alter planetary habitability.

Most Common Trauma Symptoms Among Sudanese Citizens During the RSF and SAF Conflict in Khartoum, 2023 []


This study reviews the most common trauma symptoms reported among Sudanese citizens exposed to the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) conflict in Khartoum, 2023. Using secondary reports and war trauma literature, the findings highlight post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, insomnia, and somatic complaints as the most frequent outcomes. The paper emphasizes the urgent need for community-based psychosocial interventions. Keywords: Sudan, RSF, SAF, trauma, PTSD, Khartoum conflict

The Use of Breathing Exercises and Jumping Jacks to Help Sudanese Nationals Cope with Acute Stress Disorder and Trauma Symptoms During the RSF and SAF Shooting in Khartoum, 2023 - 2024 []


The violent conflict between the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) in Khartoum during 2023 exposed civilians to life-threatening trauma, leading to widespread cases of acute stress disorder (ASD) and trauma-related symptoms. This paper explores the potential role of simple physical and psychological coping mechanisms—specifically breathing exercises and jumping jacks—in mitigating trauma responses among Sudanese civilians. Drawing on trauma literature and stress management frameworks, the study suggests that integrating low-cost, accessible techniques may reduce hyperarousal, improve emotional regulation, and enhance resilience in conflict settings. Keywords: Sudan, trauma, acute stress disorder, breathing exercises, jumping jacks, RSF, SAF

A Comparative Study Between Gum Arabic and Gum Okra []


The emulsifying properties of extracted okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) mucilage at different maturity indices (1, 2 and 3) were studied. The okra mucilage was prepared using water extraction method and was determined their viscosity at different temperature (10, 30, 50 and 70°C), water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), as well as their emulsion capacity (EC) and emulsion stability (ES). Results found that okra with maturity index 2 produced the highest percentage yield of mucilage (1.46%) and followed by index 1 (1.10%) and index 3 (0.31%) (p<0.05). The viscosity of okra mucilage with maturity index 3 was the lowest, and it decreased as temperature was increased in the reaction. The WHC of okra mucilage with maturity index 3 obtained the highest capacity (4.84%), while the OHC of okra mucilage with maturity index 2 obtained the highest capacity (8.54%). Based on these ndings, okra mucilage index 2 was selected to be added into oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion system of coconut milk at different percentage of 0.25%, 0.50% and 1.0%. Results revealed that okra mucilage (maturity index 2) at 1.0% percentage in coconut milk obtained the highest value in emulsion capacity (EC) and emulsion stability (ES). Thus, this study concluded that okra plant have potential to be used as emulsifying agent in food emulsion system.

EVALUATING THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE IBADAN–OYO EXPRESSWAY ON INTER-CITY SETTLEMENTS IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA []


The contributions of highway to socio-economic activities are immense and Expressways do create economic corridors where businesses thrive. This study evaluated the impact of Expressway on economic activities of inter-city settlements in Oyo State. It assessed the influence of Expressway on economic dynamics of opportunities and disruptions. It adopted descriptive survey design, collected primary data through a structured questionnaire and applied Statistics Canada (2010) formula and systematic sampling technique to select 1,016 household as sample for the study. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression were used to analysis the data collected. The findings revealed the benefits of Expressway include shorten travel time and increased access (13.76%), improved user convenience (12.75%) and better traffic flow (12.68%). Expressway influenced reduction in motor accident, fuel consumption, and vehicle operation cost to promote increased land value and high sales of goods. It influenced more of traffic-dependant business (52%). Multiple regression outcome identified strong positive association between Expressway and increased land value (R = 0.982) and explained 96.4% of it; and increased sales of good (R = 0.969) and explained 93.9% (R2 = 0.939) of it.The main economic problems generated by Expressway were business displacement (25.49%); additional relocation cost (23.94%) and difficulty in getting suitable relocation site (22.00%). It recommended Business Support and Relocation Assistance Schemes; integration of Expressway planning in regional land use frameworks demarcating commercial corridors; development of Expressway corridors potentials for business activities, and formulation of policies mandating Economic Impact Assessment (EIA) and catering for displacement.

A Comparative Review of 3D Printing and Robotics as Methods for Manufacturing Human Prosthetic Legs []


Lower limb amputation can severely affect a patient’s mobility, mental health and independence making prosthesis a viable option. This paper investigates four board factors in the evaluation of a human prosthetic leg. These include performance, economic feasibility, rehabilitation and social perception. The findings indicate that 3D printed prosthetics offer rapid production, high customisability and low cost. On the other hand, robotic prosthetics deliver advanced biochemical control, adaptive gait mechanics and enhanced terrain adaptability. Though it can be purchased at significantly higher costs and production timelines. This study concludes that prosthetic choice could be guided by user specific priorities and resources, and suggests that future integration of 3D printing and robotics could yield solutions combining affordability with advanced adaptive performance.

Cultivating Efficiency: The Power of Plant Growth Regulators in Pakistani Agriculture []


Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are a class of agrochemicals that profoundly influence plant development and yield. This review examines how exogenously applied PGRs – notably gibberellic acid (GA₃), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), paclobutrazol (PBZ), 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), and nitrophenolate compounds – affect the growth and productivity of major crops in Pakistan. Emphasis is given to chili (Capsicum annuum L.), bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.), maize and sweet corn (Zea mays L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). We synthesize findings from field studies under Pakistani agro-climatic conditions, highlighting physiological effects of PGRs on flowering, sex expression, stress tolerance, and source–sink relations. Generally, PGR applications at critical growth stages led to improved plant architecture, enhanced fruit set, and significant yield increases across crops. For instance, foliar NAA sprays reduced blossom drop in chili and bitter gourd, increasing fruit number and size, while combinations of auxin and GA₃ alleviated heat-induced fruiting problems in tomato. In cereals, PBZ and 6-BA applications at heading in rice boosted spikelet formation and grain filling, whereas foliar nitrophenolates in wheat increased tillering, grain weight, and overall yield. The review discusses optimal concentrations and timings for each crop, mechanisms underlying the PGR responses (such as delayed leaf senescence and improved antioxidant enzyme activity), and the potential agronomic benefits. Finally, we provide recommendations for PGR use in Pakistani agriculture to achieve better yield outcomes, along with considerations for future research and farmer adoption.

STRENGTHENING MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION (SMASE) THROUGH STUDENT-CENTRED APPROACH ON LEARNERS' PERFORMANCE IN CHEMISTRY IN NAMBALE SUB COUNTY, BUSIA COUNTY, KENYA. []


Since 2009, Strengthening Mathematics and Science Education (SMASE) has been established. This in-service program was launched to raise performance in Mathematics, Physics, Biology, and Chemistry in the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE). This study aimed to determine the influence of SMASE training on learners’ performance in Chemistry in secondary schools in Nambale Sub-County, Kenya, through a student-centred approach to the teaching and learning process. Bertalanffy’s Systems theory was adopted. The study sought to answer the question: How does the student-centred teaching and learning process influence learners’ performance in Chemistry in the Kenya Certificate Secondary Education (KCSE) examination in Nambale? Using mixed-method research, the study purposively sampled 4 school principals, 3 heads of departments, 2 SMASE trainers, 39 Chemistry teachers, and 1 quality and standards officer. Therefore, 49 (54.44 %) respondents participated in the study. Questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect data. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the results were generated using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Version 26. At the same time, qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study established that despite strong agreement criteria in the activity-centred approach, there was no significant improvement in KCSE examination results in Nambale Sub-County. The researcher observed ethical considerations at all stages of conducting the study

EFFECTS OF ZERO FUEL SUBSIDY POLICY REGIMES ON THE FOOD SECURITY AND POVERTY STATUS OF FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA []


This work is designed to evaluate the effects of zero fuel subsidy policy regimes on the food security and poverty status of farming households in Delta State, Nigeria. A multi-stage random and focus group technique was adopted in the selection of one thousand and five hundred (1500) respondents for the study. Primary data were collected using a well-structured questionnaire fashioned based on the specific objectives and data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistic such as frequency, percentage, mean, cost and return analysis, t-test analysis, poverty index, food security index, price elasticity analysis and multiple regression analysis. The result indicated that majority of 53% of the respondents were male with a mean age of 42years and a mean household size of 6person while 58% were married with a mean farming experience of 10years. The result also revealed that 225% increase in fuel price leads to 116% change in transactional cost of farming households. The t-test revealed a direct significant relationship between fuel price increase and transactional cost and monthly expenditure leading to food insecurity and increase poverty. The multiple regression result with adjusted R2 of 81% indicated a strong relationship between poverty status (profit) and the independent variables such as education, household size,farm credit, sex, membership of group, farming experience and the subsidy index. Based on the foregoing, it was therefore recommended that targeted subsidies should be placed on selected agricultural inputs and development of multi-modal transportation system should be encouraged with a tint on price stabilization mechanism.This work is designed to evaluate the effects of zero fuel subsidy policy regimes on the food security and poverty status of farming households in Delta State, Nigeria. A multi-stage random and focus group technique was adopted in the selection of one thousand and five hundred (1500) respondents for the study. Primary data were collected using a well-structured questionnaire fashioned based on the specific objectives and data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistic such as frequency, percentage, mean, cost and return analysis, t-test analysis, poverty index, food security index, price elasticity analysis and multiple regression analysis. The result indicated that majority of 53% of the respondents were male with a mean age of 42years and a mean household size of 6person while 58% were married with a mean farming experience of 10years. The result also revealed that 225% increase in fuel price leads to 116% change in transactional cost of farming households. The t-test revealed a direct significant relationship between fuel price increase and transactional cost and monthly expenditure leading to food insecurity and increase poverty. The multiple regression result with adjusted R2 of 81% indicated a strong relationship between poverty status (profit) and the independent variables such as education, household size,farm credit, sex, membership of group, farming experience and the subsidy index. Based on the foregoing, it was therefore recommended that targeted subsidies should be placed on selected agricultural inputs and development of multi-modal transportation system should be encouraged with a tint on price stabilization mechanism.

Driven Two-Level Quantum Systems []


Two-level quantum systems play a significant role in quantum mechanical processes like quantum computers and quantum information systems. In particular, the evolution of two- level system under the influence of driven fields is of great importance. Unfortunately, the exact solutions due to non commutability of quantum operator are hard to come by, and approximations usually have to be made. Barns et al. (2012) showed that a single general axis driven term and its corresponding evolution operator is determined by a single real function which is restricted to obey some initial conditions and experimental constraints. Any function satisfying these restrictions produced an exact analytical solution. We reproduced their result, which allows us to systematically find an unlimited number of analytically solvable control fields and present exact analytical formulas for the corresponding evolution operators. Messina et al. (2014) showed that general exact solvable Hamiltonian and its corresponding evolution operator is determined by a single real function which is restricted to obey some constraints and initial conditions. Any function that satisfies these conditions and constraints generates exact solvable Hamiltonians and its corresponding evolution operator.

AUTONOMY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA; AN ASSESSMENT OF THE RENEW HOPE AGENDA OF PRESIDENT TINUBU ADMINISTRATION []


This study examined autonomy of local government administration and rural development in Nigeria in the lens of the renew hope agenda of president Tinubu administration. This study adopted the empirical, survey and descriptive approach. This study made use of both primary sources and secondary sources of data. The primary sources were obtained from a structured questionnaire titled autonomy of local government administration and rural development duly administered to workers of Gwagwalada Area Council, Abuja. Findings revealed that the renew hope agenda of president Tinubu administration has led to monthly disbursement of federal allocations to the local governments directly from the federation account, that there are five identified perceived measures put in place by renew hope agenda of president Tinubu administration to restrain the state governors from collecting funds belonging to the local government councils when no democratically elected local government councils namely Abolition of State-Local Government Joint Account, Abolition of Tenure elongation, Opening of LGA account with CBN, Implementation of Fiscal Responsibility Act 2007 and Tracking their financial accountability and that the renew hope agenda of president Tinubu administration is impacting autonomy of local government administration and quality service delivery in rural areas in Nigeria. The study recommends that the federal government should mandate all Local government to open an account with Central Bank of Nigeria directly and restrain states government from interfering with the local government account with CBN.

L’empathie des enseignants en classes de langues étrangères : créer un environnement propice à la confiance et à la réussite des apprenants. []


De nos jours, l’apprentissage des langues ne se focalise plus sur un point de vue cognitif mais il commence à mettre au point l’étude de l’émotion qui influence d’une manière ou d’une autre l’apprentissage des apprenants. L’école s’est toujours mobilisée pour favoriser aux apprenants une autonomie cognitive qui leur permet d’autoréguler leurs apprentissages dans les différentes disciplines, et c’est grâce à l’empathie et la bienveillance en classe que cet objectif se réalisera. Ces deux notions sont considérées aujourd’hui comme étant des objectifs éducatifs socialement et institutionnelement endossés, elles concernent aussi bien les apprenants que les enseignants, les administrateurs, les éducateurs, les familles…etc. leur concrétisation pédagogique requiert une reflexion épistimologique et pose de nouveaux défits didactiques. Dans son ouvrage de 2018, Cathrine GUEGUEN affirme que les neurosciences affectives et sociales révèlent que le sentiment de compétence et de réussite et l’engagement des apprenants sont corrélés aux relations constructives dans un climat de sécurité émotionnelle. « la relation entre enseignant(e)s et apprenti(e)s est essentielle et considérée comme la clé d’une formation professionnelle réussie. », ( COOPER, 2011 ;MAKOELLE, 2019) L’enseignant(e) doit avoir la capacité de ressentir les émotions positives ou négatives que ses apprenants éprouvent vis-à-vis à son cournet à y répondre avec compassion sans perdre de vue l’apprentissage. Selon BERTHOZ & KRANTH-GRUBER, 2011, p.74, un enseignant professionnel doit éviter des émotions désagréables à ses apprenants. Mots clès : Apprentissage des langues – empathie – anxiété linguistique – bienveillance – défit didactique.