Peer-reviewed international research papers published open-access with EOI assignment and global indexing across engineering, computer science, environmental science, social sciences, and more.
Contemporary organisations conceptualise compliance not simply as adherence to codified regulations, but as an evolving enactment shaped by enduring human variables—including targeted instruction, normative ethical standards, visible leadership, and pervasive organisational culture. Interdependence among these variables produces a context in which both personal and collective conduct is recalibrated rather than in a sequential and isolated fashion. This inquiry employs a convergent-sequential mixed-method design, integrating quantitative survey instruments with in-depth qualitative interviews, to delineate the aggregate influence of instructional efficacy, ethical authority, and cultural milieu on compliance conduct. Analysis indicates that stringent, outcomes-oriented training procedures amplify employee sensitivity to compliance mandates, yet retention and enactment of that sensitivity remain conditional upon the presence of a coherent ethical climate and the disciplined, unbiased practice of leadership. Within settings in which executives and supervisors consistently demonstrate ethical reasoning, and in which cultural heuristics celebrate integrity and accountability, instructional input is more readily assimilated as durable conduct. Weaker reinforcing channels, a discord between codified ethical standards and day-to-day organisational practice, and a deficit of psychological safety, by contrast, entail the erosion of the instructional effort’s intended impacts and consequently restrict the amplitude of compliance programmes. The evidence presented implies that entities aspiring to establish robust compliance initiatives can no longer afford to rely on isolated features; rather, they should pursue a unitary strategy that interlocks instruction, principled leadership, and a culture grounded in core values. Such an aligned approach is necessary to instil an enduring and spontaneously reinforced sense of obligation to regulatory norms, thereby transforming compliance from an external obligation into an intrinsic organisational habit.
Background: Point-of-care testing (POCT) devices for comprehensive metabolic panels are limited by single-parameter focus and complex sample handling requirements. Current portable devices cannot simultaneously measure glucose, kidney function markers, liver enzymes, hemoglobin, and inflammatory markers from a single blood sample. Objective: To design and develop a novel portable medical analyzer capable of simultaneous quantification of glucose (electrochemical), kidney function markers (creatinine, urea, uric acid), liver function enzymes (ALT, AST, bilirubin), hemoglobin (spectrophotometric), and C-reactive protein (immunofluorescent) using disposable microfluidic cartridges. Methods: To design a multi-channel microfluidic cartridge system integrating five distinct analytical platforms: (i) enzymatic-electrochemical sensors for glucose and kidney markers, (ii) spectrophotometric detection for liver enzymes and hemoglobin, and (iii) lateral flow immunofluorescence for CRP. The analyzer incorporates advanced optical systems, electrochemical workstations, and automated fluid handling. The proposed design achieves analytical performance comparable to laboratory standards with measurement ranges covering clinical requirements for all parameters. And might meet all required regulatory standards for POCT devices. This integrated approach represents a significant advancement in portable multi-parameter analysis, potentially transforming point-of-care diagnostic capabilities in resource-limited settings and emergency medicine.
The gap between the revenue and expenditures of the governments of Nigeria has been on a deficit in greater part of her fiscal history (CBN, 2021). The challenge of propelling the economy of Nigeria through deficit financing calls for a cursory evaluation of the cost-benefit of such financing option. The debate of financing economic development in the face of fiscal challenges has been resonating among researchers. Empirical studies have suggested that fiscal deficit has the potential of crowding out private investment (due to rise in interest rate which is inimical to economic development (Wicksell Theory, 1898). In some other studies, there is direct relationship between deficit financing and economic development (Vamvoukas, 2000; Isabel et. al, 2013). In all of these studies, especially those that relate to Nigeria, it is observed that the focus of these literature relate to fiscal policy and their impact on economic growth. They did not examine fiscal constraints and their likely impact on the economic development of Nigeria. This study examines this vacuum in the literature. This research aims at examining the impact of fiscal deficits on the economic development of Nigeria. The methods of estimation are the stationary test, cointegration test, autoregressive distributed lags and the vector autoregressive model. The data is sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria and the World Bank. The empirics of this study show that a percentage change in interest rate and the balance of trade in the lag period leads to -457.52 and -1.37 change in the fiscal balance of Nigeria in the current period, respectively. However, the nexus between the fiscal balance of Nigeria and unemployment, price level, per capita income and output are positive from lag 1 to the current period.
Formative assessment has gained increased prominence in recent years as a crucial tool for supporting learning and informing instructional practices. It emphasizes continuous feedback to both teachers and learners, enabling real-time adjustments that enhance learning outcomes. The study sought to determine the level of teacher efficacy in using assessment rubrics for formative assessment among Grade Three teachers in peri-urban areas of Nairobi City County and to examine the relationship between teacher efficacy and the effective implementation of formative assessment using rubrics in Grade Three classrooms. The study collected data through questionnaires from the targeted Grade III teachers from all the 189 primary schools, both private and government, in Kasarani Sub-County and through a stratified random sampling method, the study selected 19 respondents (equally distributed in each of the five wards). The study established that teachers’ efficacy factors in understanding rubrics, skills in using rubrics as an assessment strategy and confidence in using rubrics. There is a need for the Ministry of Education Teachers to develop focused training, work together in a professional learning group, strengthen administrative support through transparent communication and feedback loops, and provide teachers with simplified rubric examples to be used with younger learners at lower grades, in order to increase their effectiveness in rubric-based formative assessment
Corruption remains a deeply entrenched impediment to socio-political progress in Liberia, eroding governance, weakening public trust, and stalling development initiatives. Although legislative frameworks and institutional anti-corruption bodies exist, their limited effectiveness underscores a deeper moral deficit that cannot be addressed by law alone. This paper argues that corruption in Liberia is not merely a structural or political crisis but also a moral and spiritual malaise requiring theological engagement. Drawing on practical theology, the study critically examines the intersection of Christian ethics, governance, and public integrity in post-conflict Liberia. Through qualitative analysis of ethnographic interviews, African ethical philosophy, and theological literature, the paper identifies patterns of ethical dualism and theological rationalizations that normalize corruption among professing Christians. Special attention is given to how Pentecostal and Protestant communities navigate the dissonance between doctrinal moral commitments and socio-political realities. The study further assesses the ecclesiological role of the Liberian Church as a moral agent and transformative institution. It proposes that prophetic witness, ethical leadership formation, and contextually grounded moral pedagogy are essential for reshaping public ethics. Ultimately, the paper develops a contextual theology of integrity that redefines Christian vocation and discipleship in Liberia’s public sphere. The findings contribute to African theological scholarship and governance debates by offering actionable strategies for churches, Christian professionals, and policymakers. By centering Christian ethical imperatives in public life, the paper highlights how faith-based praxis can catalyze accountability and moral reconstruction in Liberia and the wider Sub-Saharan African context. Keywords: Practical theology, corruption, Liberia, Christian ethics, prophetic witness, public integrity, moral formation
Liberian Christianity occupies a unique intersection between imported missionary traditions and enduring indigenous cosmologies. In post-conflict Liberia, where civil war has left deep social and cultural scars, Christian worship is not merely a spiritual practice but a site of cultural negotiation, identity formation, and sociopolitical reconstruction. This study employs a critical ethnographic approach to explore how Liberian Christian communities negotiate indigenous worldviews in worship spaces, particularly focusing on sacred syncretism the blending of Christian and traditional African spiritualities. Drawing on participant observation, interviews with clergy and congregants, and secondary theological literature, the paper examines how syncretic practices emerge in music, liturgy, healing rituals, and community solidarity. The findings reveal that while syncretism has often been criticized as compromising Christian orthodoxy, in Liberia it functions as a mode of resilience and reconstruction, enabling communities to reconcile fractured identities, address trauma, and engage in sociopolitical praxis. This negotiation, however, is not without tension: theological leaders grapple with accusations of “paganism,” while congregants embrace indigenous rituals as vehicles of meaning, continuity, and cultural ownership of Christianity. The study argues that Liberian Christianity must be understood as a lived religion that fuses faith and culture in pursuit of healing, integrity, and social transformation. A contextual theology that acknowledges syncretism as a legitimate praxis offers a pathway for the Liberian church to serve as a site of cultural authenticity, reconciliation, and prophetic witness in public life. Keywords: Liberia, Christianity, syncretism, post-conflict worship, practical theology, ethnography, sociopolitical praxis
Theology in Liberia occupies a distinctive position where Christian traditions, African cultural heritage, and the pressing realities of social and political transformation intersect. In a nation that has endured prolonged civil conflict and continues to grapple with systemic poverty, corruption, fragile governance, and deep social fragmentation, theology cannot be confined to abstract doctrinal concerns; it emerges as a vital instrument for reconstruction, reconciliation, and renewal. This paper explores the historical trajectory of theology in Liberia, tracing how early missionary influences, indigenous cultural practices, and local religious creativity have interacted to shape the theological landscape. It also investigates the complex role of theology in addressing the legacies of war, displacement, trauma, and communal disintegration, while assessing its engagement with contemporary struggles for justice, accountability, and nation-building. The study argues that although Christianity has grown significantly in Liberia, theological discourse has often remained disconnected from socio-political realities and indigenous cultural frameworks, creating a gap in its relevance to everyday life. This paper seeks to fill that gap by re-examining theology not merely as a body of doctrines but as a praxis-oriented discipline that critically engages culture, confronts corruption and injustice, and fosters holistic transformation. Drawing on contextual theological scholarship, ethnographic insights, and interdisciplinary perspectives, the paper highlights theology’s potential to function as a catalyst for ethical reflection, poverty alleviation, trauma healing, interfaith dialogue, and the restoration of communal solidarity. The central argument advanced is that theology in Liberia must reclaim its contextual and transformation character by grounding itself in the lived realities of the people. In doing so, it affirms cultural identity, promotes reconciliation, and contributes meaningfully to sustainable peace and development. Such an approach positions theology not as foreign or abstract, but as an indispensable force for justice, peace, and social transformation in Liberia’s ongoing journey of healing and nation-building. Keywords: Theology, Liberia, Culture, Praxis, Social Transformation, Reconciliation, Nation-building
There are many challenges of the 21st century in the field of teacher education, and one of them is blended learning. It has introduced a great horizon of the teaching and learning process. Since the use of ICT in the teaching process has many benefits, its availability and manipulation is associated with many hindrances. To make progress around the globe, it is imperative to excel in blended learning. The study aimed to compare the blended Learning through the Community of Inquiry (COI) model in public and private universities of Pakistan. This was quantitative research in which a survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire. By using a Simple random sampling technique 50 teachers were selected from two universities, 25 teachers from a public university and, 25 teachers from a private university in Lahore, Pakistan. Data were collected through Google Forms and analyzed by descriptive & inferential statistics. The study concluded that faculty perceptions of blended learning differ significantly between public and private sector universities in Pakistan and it highlighted a need to address gaps in social presence and facilitation strategies especially in private sector institutions. It was recommended that regular training of teachers in both the public and private sectors, availability of technical support, improvement of infrastructure of universities, and inclusion of blended learning in at least one course of all degree programs may improve blended learning in universities of Pakistan. Keywords: Blended learning, Community of Inquiry, Teaching presence, Cognitive presence, and social presence.
This study analyzes error patterns in Sri Lankan Ordinary Level (O/L) examinations for Mathematics and Sinhala Language using 2020-2021 data. The research employs Newman's Error Analysis Model and Radatz's Framework for Mathematics, and Corder's Error Classification System adapted by Dissanayake for Sinhala Language to systematically identify student learning difficulties. The analysis reveals significant error patterns across both subjects. Mathematics demonstrates critical challenges in spatial reasoning, problem-solving transformation, and mathematical communication. Sinhala Language shows alarming deterioration in reading comprehension (error rates increasing from 30.49% to 58.30%) and persistent difficulties in grammar and structural knowledge (41.83% to 46.06% error rates). Cross-subject analysis identifies common challenges including academic language proficiency deficits, structural pattern recognition difficulties, and limited metacognitive awareness. Key findings indicate that student errors are systematic rather than random, with identifiable patterns transcending disciplinary boundaries. Mathematics students struggle with reading mathematical texts, transforming word problems into mathematical representations, and spatial visualization. Sinhala Language students demonstrate critical deficits in discourse-level processing, morphological awareness, and pragmatic competence. The research develops evidence-based teaching strategies addressing both subject-specific and cross-curricular challenges. For Mathematics, recommendations include explicit mathematical language instruction, technology-enhanced spatial learning, and systematic problem-solving instruction. For Sinhala Language, strategies focus on comprehensive reading instruction, systematic grammar teaching, and discourse-level processing development. This analysis provides a robust foundation for systematic educational improvement in Sri Lankan O/L examinations and offers insights applicable to similar educational contexts requiring evidence-based approaches to error analysis and instructional enhancement. Keywords: Error analysis, O/L examinations, Mathematics education, Sinhala language, Newman's framework, Corder's framework, educational assessment, Sri Lankan education, evidence-based teaching strategies.
Adolescents in Cameroonian public secondary schools increasingly display aggressive behaviors that deviate from expected social norms. This study examined the influence of two key psychosocial determinants shift in parental roles and peer pressure on aggressive behavior among adolescents in selected public secondary schools in Cameroon. Specifically, the study aimed to: assess the impact of parental role shifts on adolescent aggression; examine how peer pressure shapes aggressive tendencies; and explore the interplay between these determinants and adolescents’ social behavior. Guided by Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, Bandura’s social learning theory, and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the study employed a concurrent mixed-methods design. Data were collected from 435 form three and four students using structured questionnaires and from 100 parents using interview guides. Probability and non-probability sampling techniques were applied, and the validity and reliability of the instruments were robust (questionnaire: 0.97; interview guide: need analysis approach). Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including linear regression, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Findings revealed that 58% of students exhibited aggressive behaviors, with 35.8% experiencing significant shifts in parental roles and 60.8% strongly influenced by peers. Similarly, peer influence and conformity pressure increased aggression by 0.420 and 0.441, respectively (p < 0.05). Qualitative findings reinforced that limited parental presence and strong peer influence significantly shaped aggressive behaviors. The study concludes that shifts in parental roles and peer pressure are critical determinants of adolescent aggression. Recommendations include promoting parental engagement and work-life balance, strengthening positive peer networks, and restructuring school disciplinary frameworks to prevent and manage school violence effectively. Keywords: Adolescent Aggression, Parental Roles, Peer Influence, Psychosocial Determinants, Cameroon
This study explores current imaging-based techniques involved in the diagnosis of Lung Adenocarcinoma (LUAD), one of the most common forms of lung cancer. Diagnosis of LUAD involves the use of techniques such as MRI, CT, PET-CT and CECT to identify and treat malignant tumours. This research compares the ability of each diagnosis technique to identify positive cases of LUAD. It analyses between CECT, CT and PET-CT in terms of identifying the number of TP, TN, FP and FN cases reported. The paper shows that in terms of LUAD and LUSC, Gene expression analysis revealed higher ENO1 levels in LUSC, indicating greater FDG uptake and suggesting that PET/CT may be more effective for LUSC than LUAD. These data analyses of other peer-reviewed studies highlight the importance of selecting the right medical tools in clinical contexts. It highlights the importance of diagnostic efficacy within clinical contexts and the need for new ways to improve detection accuracy. Overall, the study shows a multi-leveled relationship between tumour biology and diagnostic performance, which can be harnessed to aid the diagnosis of Lung Adenocarcinoma.
"In high-performance sports, injuries pose a major barrier to achieving and maintaining peak athletic performance. Traditional rehabilitation strategies, while effective in symptom management, often fail to restore tissue structure and function, resulting in prolonged recovery times and potential risk of re-injury. Pluripotent stem cell (PSC) therapy offers a promising alternative for enhancing tissue repair. This report investigates the mechanisms of PSC-mediated muscle regeneration and critically evaluates stem cell therapy based on rehabilitation procedures, side-effects, regulatory approval and associated costs. In addition, we explore the public perception of stem cell therapy through a self-conducted survey of professional and recreational athletes (n = 25). Findings indicate that willingness to adopt stem cell therapy is strongly correlated with previous awareness of stem cell therapy. "
This study explores the extent to which income level influences the saving and investment behavior of Indian youth through financial risk awareness. Using a mixed-method approach, data were drawn from a pre-validated survey of 135 respondents aged 18–30, supplemented by RBI, SEBI, and Global Findex reports. Quantitative analysis, including Welch’s t-test (p = 0.0203), revealed significant differences in risk understanding between higher- and lower-income groups, though correlation (0.042) remained weak. Qualitative findings highlighted the roles of family guidance, digital literacy, and informal networks in shaping financial habits. External validation confirmed persistent literacy gaps, especially among informal-sector youth. The study emphasizes that while income matters, early financial education and resource access are equally critical for fostering long-term financial capability.
This study compares the performance of constant and non-constant volatility models in the context of Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM), a widely used framework for modeling asset prices and option pricing. While the classical GBM assumes volatility to be constant, real financial markets exhibit time-varying uncertainty and volatility clustering, which constant models cannot capture. To address these limitations, this research goes through four approaches: the classical constant-volatility GBM, volatility derived from the VIX index, time-dependent volatility and stochastic volatility modeled through the Heston framework. Using historical S&P 500 data, the study calculates parameters for each model and conducts Monte Carlo simulations to analyze their predictive behavior. The results indicate that while constant-volatility GBM provides a useful benchmark, models incorporating non-constant volatility better capture market variability. In particular, the time-dependent model shows the strongest overall fit, whereas the stochastic volatility model most closely replicates the actual final price. These findings highlight the simplicity, accuracy and realism in volatility modeling, offering insights into when more complex approaches may be justified for financial forecasting and risk management.
"This paper investigates whether responses of investors to Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) are systematically different between the technology and financial sectors. Applying a comparative case study of six prominent IPOs from the post-2020 market, the paper explores post-listing trading volume and price volatility after the underpricing and interest rate effects have been controlled for. The paper follows a quantitative research design, making use of programmatically drawn market data, descriptive statistics, and correlation analysis. The results suggest definite bifurcation in investor attitude. IPOs from the financial sector were recorded with significantly higher underpricing (avg. 83.3%), which triggered increased post-listing trading volume and price instability. This was also fueled by an atmosphere of increased interest rates. Technology sector IPOs exhibited more moderate trading tendencies, whose aftermarket performance appeared to be influenced more by intra-sector consistency. It concludes that investor demand in IPO markets is not uniform but is actually dictated by industry-based stories and risk preferences, rejecting the assumption of uniform investor response. "
The paper presents the findings of the research that focused on the development of energy use per vehicle and CO2 emissions per vehicle at Maruti Suzuki over the past fiscal years and how the movements were influenced. A longitudinal panel was created based on company reporting and normalized by output and the data was analyzed with quantitative time trend and attribution data as well as qualitative time line coding which traced inflections to paint and utility process improvements, solar adoption (stepwise), model composition change, pandemic throughput shocks, pandemic carbon electricity intensity change, and so on. The results show undoubted efficiency improvement at the plant level and the volatile emissions results. On the one hand, the measures on paint, utilities, and renewable purchase led to operational performance enhancement and demonstrated the organization's ability to carry out intensity decreases. Conversely, on the other hand, slower rates of CO2 per vehicle were limited by heavier product mix, reduced utilization in disruptions, and higher grid emission factors.
Congenital Heart Defects (CHD) are among the most common birth defects and a significant cause of child mortality. While post research covers the direct genetic link to CHD, this research paper investigates the relation between long non coding RNA and the incidence of Congenital Heart Defects in offsprings, addressing a significant gap. Through the analysis on GWAS Catalog, the study identifies and prioritises lncRNA variants associated with CHD. The findings highlight multiple lncRNA as candidates and discuss their potential regulatory interactions. The research points to lncRNA as possible biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Although exploratory the research provides a foundational resource for future experiments and emphasises the importance of continuous studies to better understand this field of interest.
In this paper, we have investigated the limitations of the Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM) model in modeling the extreme price dynamics of meme stocks, using GameStop (GME)’s 2021 episode as a case study. Using data from the unprecedented returns and volatility in GME, we estimated the stock’s drift and volatility from historical data and conducted Monte Carlo simulations of GBM-based price paths. The simulated trajectories are compared to the actual price evolution and evaluated using metrics such as root-mean-square error (RMSE) and maximum deviation from observed prices. We also analyse the distribution of daily returns, employing QQ-plots to test normality and measuring the frequency of tail events. The results show that GBM fails to replicate GME’s heavy-tailed return distribution and volatility clustering , underestimating the probability and magnitude of extreme returns. In particular, the QQ-plot reveals significant deviations from normality and far more frequent tail events than predicted by GBM. To address these shortcomings, we explore alternative approaches such as time-changed Brownian motion, which incorporates stochastic volatility and fat tails , and sentiment-driven models that account for speculative herding and social media influence. Our findings show that traditional GBM-based models are not enough for speculative, sentiment-driven assets such as meme stocks, which highlights the need for models that explicitly capture tail risk and volatility clustering.
Many autistic individuals struggle with sensory sensitivities and social reciprocity; as a form of support, different interventions such as ABA and JASPER have been used. However, they often result in negative outcomes, causing anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder for autistic individuals. In recent years, Music therapy has come out to be a promising method to improve social communication and expression for autistic individuals. This study examines the influence of Improvisational Music Therapy (IMT) on the social communication and emotional expression of autistic children aged 3-17. The study utilised thematic analysis similar to Braun and Clarke’s (2006) approach. I compiled a code list into a table to identify overarching themes. Through a Venn diagram, the four key overarching themes were described. These included: Social communication and reciprocity, Emotional expression and regulation, Cognitive and language development, distractibility and Parent–child synchrony. Overall, improved social communication was the most recurring outcome from IMT. This included enhanced joint attention, turn-taking, and increased use of both verbal and nonverbal communicative behaviours during sessions. Therefore, this paper explored how improvisational music therapy influences social communication and emotional expression in autistic children aged 3–17. Across the literature reviewed, the approach was shown to create opportunities for interaction and build reciprocity.
This study examines the role of cryotherapy in accelerating recovery following exercise, with emphasis on cellular, biochemical and performance-related outcomes. By drawing on historical, physiological and applied perspectives, the paper explores how cryotherapy has evolved from ancient therapeutic practices to contemporary athletic recovery modalities. The research paper gives particular attention to its influence on biochemical markers, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), creatine kinase (CK) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which serve as indicators of inflammation, muscle damage and oxidative stress. The findings highlight the advantages and limitations of cryotherapy. This includes its capacity to reduce muscle soreness and inflammation, while raising concerns regarding potential interference with adaptive training responses. The future implications include optimising cryotherapy protocols for athletes of different age groups and genders, and identifying contexts where its benefits outweigh its drawbacks.
The nature of nuclear energy systems presents inherent challenges to safety and operational reliability. This study has examined the significant effects of incorporating Machine Learning (ML) to mitigate different types of risks. This research illustrates how the application of ML can transform operational procedures by actively monitoring hazards, detecting subtle real-time anomalies and providing enhanced data analysis capabilities. Results include the demonstration of the pragmatic value of embedding high-end analytics in this safety-minded setting. Ultimately, this paper demonstrates how such embedding can significantly enhance system reliability, reduce risk and support a more robust nuclear power infrastructure.
State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) in Kenya play a pivotal role in advancing national development through infrastructure and service delivery, yet their performance has been undermined by project delays, cost overruns, and poor outcomes. Weak capital budgeting practices have been widely cited as a major contributor to these inefficiencies, though empirical evidence within the Kenyan context remains scarce. This study investigated the influence of capital budgeting practices: investment appraisal techniques, risk assessment, and budget monitoring and control on project delivery in Kenyan SOEs. Anchored on agency theory and public value management, the study employed a quantitative design, collecting data from SOE managers and analyzing relationships using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings demonstrated that all three dimensions of capital budgeting significantly enhanced project delivery. Investment appraisal techniques supported rational decision-making in project selection, while risk assessment emerged as the most influential predictor, underscoring the importance of managing uncertainties to safeguard outcomes. Budget monitoring and control also had a significant effect, reflecting the critical role of oversight, compliance, and accountability in achieving timely completion, budget adherence, and quality outputs. These results underscore the need for robust financial governance mechanisms to improve the performance of publicly funded projects. The study contributes to the literature by extending capital budgeting research to SOEs in developing economies while offering practical implications for strengthening institutional capacity. Managerial recommendations include embedding rigorous appraisal methods, institutionalizing risk management, and enhancing monitoring frameworks. At the policy level, adherence to the Public Finance Management Act and Mwongozo governance code should be reinforced to ensure accountability and consistency across SOEs. Keywords: Capital budgeting, Investment appraisal, Risk assessment, Budget monitoring, Project delivery, State-Owned Enterprises, Kenya
The geographic landscape of Barangay Gracia, Municipality of Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental, Northern Mindanao, Philippines, was phenomenologically, ethnographically, and anecdotally studied to identify its land classification and identity. Through the spatial mapping, field analysis, and qualitative inquiry, residential, agricultural, commercial, and industrial areas were identified. With this study, the planner and the development officer may be able to geographically zone the intended purpose. Findings revealed that the industrial sector outnumbered the residential area, and though it contributed employment opportunities, it gave challenges to residential waterways. The construction of huge buildings and fences diverts water's natural flow. The fresh air from the environment becomes an issue. Coastal areas such as Pacco Beach were recognized for their local tourism potential due to their scenery, while residential zones highlight the community’s socio-economic diversity.
Road infrastructure, economic opportunities, healthcare access, and peace and order in Sitio Paculab and Sitio Pulahon, Impasug-ong, Bukidnon, Mindanao, Philippines, were studied and revisited. The gathering of data within eighteen months using phenomenological, ethnographic, and anecdotal methods, with all necessary permissions obtained to ensure accuracy, was methodically observed. Findings revealed that roads and infrastructure help safety and security machinery work and are accessible to farms and markets for goods and services, boosting post-harvest facilities and ultimately improving living conditions. Prioritizing construction of roads, bridges, and community-engaged legislative efforts enhances safety and security for all forms of government services.
Rido or clan feuds had been very rampant in some towns of Maguindanao. This research study delves into the complex phenomenon of rido in Maguindanao del Norte, focusing on three specific cases within the municipalities of Buldon and Barira. Utilizing a qualitative research design with a case study method, the study investigates the causes, consequences, negotiation processes, and outcomes of rido conflicts. Data was collected through purposive sampling, interviewing 30 participants from feuding clans, local government officials, MPOS BARMM representatives, Armed Forces units, Maguindanao del Norte MPS officials, and other stakeholders. The researcher employed key informant interviews with local government officials and MPOS BARMM officials. In-depth interviews were conducted with other participants, where they were asked to narrate relevant stories about the rido conflicts. The findings revealed the profound impact of rido on the affected communities, leading to disruptions in daily activities, children ceasing to attend school, freedom of movement, and forced displacement. Initial settlements, often facilitated by religious leaders and sultans, were later reinforced by collaborative efforts involving various organizations such as LGUs, MILF, IRC, MNLF, and MPOS, play crucial roles in reinforcing agreements and ensuring compliance. The study emphasizes the importance of personal, relational, and cultural change goals in achieving sustainable peace. Recommendations include continuous education on conflict resolution, financial support from LGU, regular monitoring of settlements by involved organizations, and strict enforcement of firearms regulations by the Police Regional Office BAR. The study underscores the necessity of multifaceted interventions from powerful organizations to address the longstanding issue of rido in Buldon and Barira and pave the way for lasting peace in the region. Keywords: Conflict Transformation; Rido; Settlement; Peace; Reconciliation
The sustainability of development projects is increasingly critical in addressing poverty and promoting inclusive growth; however, in arid and semi-arid areas like Kajiado County, many community-based initiatives fail due to weak project management, with up to 65% collapsing within three years despite substantial investment. This study examined how project management practices influence the sustainability of the Health and Livelihood Improvement (HELI) Project in Kajiado County, focusing on four key factors: needs identification, project design, deliverables, and resource availability. Anchored on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory and supported by the Logical Framework Approach, Theory of Constraints, and Resource-Based View, the study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 1,000 stakeholders, from which 278 were sampled using simple random sampling in Olchoronyori and Oloirien villages. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and key informant interviews, with instruments showing strong validity (CVI = 0.81) and reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.89). Analysis using SPSS v26 applied both descriptive and inferential statistics, revealing that all four project management practices significantly influenced sustainability, with resource availability having the greatest impact and needs identification the least. The study concluded that sustainability is best achieved through integrated management practices emphasizing proper planning, resource allocation, stakeholder engagement, and clearly defined deliverables, and recommended participatory planning, enhanced monitoring and evaluation, capacity building, and policy integration. Further research in other geographic and sectoral contexts was suggested to validate and expand these findings.
This study, conducted in the New Juaben Municipality of the Eastern Region, aimed to assess the suitability of landfill soils for agricultural and forestry purposes. The research utilized both primary and secondary data collection methods, including field data and interviews with key informants from waste management entities. Soil samples were collected from four active landfill sites, one decommissioned site, and a control site, and were analyzed for various physical and chemical parameters to evaluate their suitability for agriculture/agroforestry. The analysis included tests for soil pH, electrical conductivity, particle size, organic carbon, and nitrogen content, with a total of 135 samples collected and analyzed over three months to assess the impact of landfill activities on soil quality. The findings revealed that soil pH ranged from neutral to alkaline, with significant variations among the different landfill sites, and organic carbon and phosphorus levels also varied. While heavy metal concentrations for lead and zinc were generally within acceptable limits, chromium levels exceeded permissible limits at several active landfill sites, and copper concentrations were higher in active sites compared to decommissioned ones. The study concluded that, despite the pH, conductivity, and nutrient levels being within acceptable ranges for agriculture, the high concentrations of chromium and copper, along with potentially high lead levels, render these soils unsuitable for agricultural use. It is recommended that district assemblies work with waste management companies to improve waste segregation and consider using these soils for forestry instead of food crops.
Manipulative materials allow students to explore mathematical concepts tangibly, fostering their mathematical skills. The focus of this study is to develop and validate manipulative materials that align with the kindergarten curriculum. The validation focused on content that was based on 20 experts' evaluations, indicating the relevance and essentiality of the manipulative. The manipulative achieved high levels of content validity, supporting the rating of manipulatives as relevant and essential. Moreover, experts confirmed that the materials showed high content validity with certain revisions of the manipulative material developed.
Sule H. S., Njoku P. I., Alagbe S. A., Otubobola S. A., Samuel E. I., Idogho O. P., Shadi H.E. Ghaleb, Ali S., Matavele C. J., Onuzuruike N. F., Ndukwu S. C., Onuzuruike O. N., Irabor J., Salman S., Kulsoom I., Hammal D. A., Rachitha T. S.
Pneumonia is a major infectious disease that affects the lungs, causing inflammation among under age children and elderly people. This creates a need for optimize medical diagnosis as Traditional approaches that includes image studying, clinical evaluation and examination are not proactive and efficient enough for early detection of this disease. Artificial intelligence and Deep learning algorithms have been proven by researchers to be more robust for tackling this challenge by using a Convolution Neural Networks and Transfer learning models in predicting medical diagnosis outcome with high precision and accuracy. This study proposed an ensemble learning based framework that integrates the predictive power of pretrained base learners like VGG16 and DenseNet121 in predicting Pneumonia using Chest X-ray images using a weight-based strategy. The study used public dataset that consists of 5856 Chest X-ray images that subdivided into Pneumonia (3883) and Normal (1349) Classes. The Chest X-ray dataset was preprocessed using various strategies that includes image scaling, data-augmentation, class weight allocation to tackle class-imbalance. The VGG16 and DenseNet121 was trained and evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, f1-score, and Area Under the Curve (AUC) metrics. The study results showed that the base learners attained accuracies of 94.55% and 93.75% respectively. The metrics of these based learners was used to developed weighted strategy using a hyperbolic tangent function, to improve the accuracy of the ensemble learning model. The results shows that the ensemble learning model outperforms the base learners with an accuracy of 95.19%, precision of 96.15%, recall of 96.15%, f1-score of 96.15%, and an AUC of 98.58%. The ensemble model also showed minimal misclassification error, showing the model capacity of attaining higher precision and accuracy over the individual base learners.
Entrepreneur has to do with the ability and readiness to develop, organize, and run a business innovatively, along with any of its uncertainties in order to make a profit. This study investigates the impact of entrepreneurship education policies on graduate self-reliance in North East Nigeria, focusing on the moderating role of personal factors. Graduate unemployment in Nigeria is still high despite efforts to promote entrepreneurship education. The aim of this research is to identify the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education policy in improving graduate self-reliance and to examine how personal factors (like motivation, risk tolerance, and creativity) affect this relationship. Three objectives and a null hypothesis were the guides for this study. The study was examined by reviewing relevant literature. The study was conducted through a descriptive survey. The study included 11,340 graduates from six universities in North Eastern Nigeria. Using a quantitative methods approach, a sample size of 387 Nigerian graduates who are either employed or not is used for this study. The instrument for data collection was adapted from similar research. The instrument was validated by 2 experienced personnel and was tested, and a reliability coefficient of 0.72 was obtained. Descriptive statistics (means and standard deviation) were used to answer research questions, while regression analysis was used to test hypotheses. The findings show that there is a strong relationship between personal factors and entrepreneurial education with a correlation coefficient of r =0.7. The result provides insights into the strengths and weaknesses of current entrepreneurship education policy and the personal factors that enhance or hinder its impact on graduate self-reliance. The study's outcomes will inform policymakers, educators, and stakeholders on evidence-based strategies to improve entrepreneurship education, foster graduate self-reliance, and promote sustainable economic growth in Nigeria. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Education, Graduates, Self-reliance
This inclusive published paper contains 4 consecutive sections (A D) for the purpose of Theoretical Investigation and Exploration for synthesis of some Novel "Organometallic Heterocyclic Compounds" With their Potential Proposed Applications. Each section describes the way of proposed route of synthesis and the potential of the product possible applications. Those novel proposed sections contain organometallic elements such as: Gallium , Cadmium , Lithium , Tin and Selenium. Section-A: for the synthesis of Tris-(1,2,3-triazole) Gallium(III) Complex. Section-B: for the synthesis of Trinuclear-Cadmium–Benzodiazole Complex. Section-C: for synthesis of Lithium-Olanzapine-Carbonate Coordination Complex. Section-D: for synthesis of 4,7-dioxo-2-phenyl-1,3,5,6,2-dioxa-diselenium-tina-2-ium and phenyl-cyclo-dioxa-tinyl-seleniumate.
This study investigated how the different menstrual phases may influence inhibitory control, with a specific focus on performance in a Go/No-Go task. By combining self-reported measures of mood and perceived performance, with objective reaction time data, the research underscored the complex interaction between psychological states and biological cycles. The paper has emphasised on inhibitory control as a vital and sensitive part of executive functioning that may fluctuate with hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle. Although no statistically significant effects were found, the descriptive trends demonstrated slower reaction times during the menstrual phase and faster reaction times during the ovulatory phase. This was observed with a discrepancy between perceived and actual performance. These findings contribute to the expanding range of evidence from research that highlights inhibitory control may be shaped by both hormonal fluctuations and mood which may be interlinked. This signifies the importance of integrating subjective and objective measures in cognitive research. The study’s contribution lies in drawing attention to the requirement of larger and more balanced investigations into menstrual cycle effects, with potential applications in the fields of education, workplace policies and overall women’s health.
Background: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare, relapsing autoimmune astrocytopathy of the central nervous system (CNS), mainly involving optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. It is more common in Asia and now recognized as a distinct clinical entity defined by aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G antibodies (AQP4-IgG). Some patients may be seronegative but positive for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG). Objective: To describe the clinical spectrum and antibody profile of NMOSD patients at a tertiary care neurology center in Nepal. Methods: A single-center cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Nepal from April 2023 to April 2025. Patients ≥18 years with MRI-proven CNS demyelination were enrolled. Serum AQP4-IgG and MOG-IgG were tested. Data were analyzed using SPSS v25, following STROBE guidelines. Results: Forty-six patients (29 females, 17 males) were identified. Transverse myelitis was the most frequent presentation (22; 47.8%), followed by optic neuritis (18; 39.1%), area postrema syndrome (2; 4.3%), medullary/cervical lesions (3; 6.5%), pontine demyelination (1; 2.2%), and cortical demyelination (1; 2.2%). Unilateral optic neuritis (n=8) showed 1 AQP4-positive, 2 MOG-positive, and 5 seronegative cases; bilateral (n=10) had 3 AQP4-positive, 1 MOG-positive, and 6 seronegative. Among transverse myelitis cases, 9 were AQP4-positive, 2 MOG-positive, and 11 seronegative. In area postrema syndrome, 1 was AQP4-positive and 1 seronegative. All medullary, pontine, and cortical cases were antibody-negative. Overall, 19 patients (41.3%) were antibody-positive. Conclusion: NMOSD in Nepal predominantly presents with transverse myelitis and optic neuritis. Seronegativity remains high, emphasizing the need for accurate serological testing and early diagnosis for effective treatment.
The study aimed to explore teacher educators' readiness to incorporate artificial intelligence technologies in education (AIED) into their teaching practices at a teacher training college in Tanzania. A qualitative case study design was employed with a case study of teacher training colleges in Tanzania using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with 10 tutors. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the interview and discussion transcripts. The finding suggested that, while tutors were eager to integrate AI, their readiness depended on technological infrastructure, training opportunities, and institutional support. The main challenges were lack of support/training and cost implications of AIED tools and resources. The study provided context-specific insights into tutors' understanding and perceptions of AIED and the multi-dimensional factors influencing their preparedness and barriers to integration. It highlighted practical readiness aspects beyond technical skills. Keywords: artificial intelligence, education, teacher educators, readiness, challenge.
This study was carried out to look at turning domestic wastes to resources in Area councils of FCT, Abuja. Questionnaire, In-depth Interview (IDI), field observation and survey of households were used in the research. The Questionnaire were shared to 400 respondents used as sample size for the study. In the survey of households, four towns/villages were selected. Density and level of income were considered in selection of the households. Ten (10) households were randomly selected from each of the twenty-four (24) selected towns. Wastes were collected from these households and sorted into their various categories and their weights taken. Interviews were conducted in public places like motor parks, super markets etc. Some waste scavengers, itinerant waste dealers/ collectors were also interviewed. The data generated were analysed using Chi-Square.The results showed that cans and scrap metals, assorted plastics, and bottles and glass materials are the major materials that attract the attention of waste entrepreneur in FCT. These are collected, gathered and transported to Kaduna, Kano and Lagos. Only 20% is locally recycled in FCT. This may be due to lack of modern recycling plants in the study area. The bulk of non-degradable wastes are potentially recyclable materials, while the degradable which formed the bulk of the waste can be composted. The study recommended that waste reduction, reuse, recycle/compost, waste combustion and landfill should be strictly adopted and followed. KEY WORDS: Domestic, Wastes, Resources, Compost, Recycle.
With the increasing popularity of distance education globally, emphasis has shifted to the role of academic libraries in the distance-learning environment. It is widely agreed that like their campus-based counterparts, off-campus learners need adequate library resources and services if they are to gain quality education. Although distance learning is touted as a practical option for making higher education available to many people, higher learning institutions need to address several issues for this learning model to hold its ground. This study investigated challenges Off-Campus learners encounter accessing library information services at the University of Zambia Library. This study adopted a descriptive survey design, which is appropriate for collecting detailed information from a sample of respondents about their experiences, perceptions, and challenges. A survey was suitable because it allowed the researchers to gather both quantitative and qualitative data from a large population in a cost-effective and time-efficient manner. The target population consisted of off-campus (distance) undergraduate and postgraduate students enrolled in the distance education programs offered by the University of Zambia. Additional participants included library staff and administrators who interact with or provide services to distance learners. A purposive sampling technique was used to select students from different faculties such as Education, Humanities, and Business. This ensured that various academic disciplines are represented. The sample size was 100 off-campus students (from all 10 provinces), 5 library staff (including IT and circulation desk personnel) and 3 administrators. A structured questionnaire with both closed-ended and open-ended questions was administered to distance learners while interview guides were used for library staff and administrators. The study revealed that off-campus learners face a myriad of challenges related to accessing information resources owing to various factors such as limited physical access to library facilities, inadequate access to electronic resources, lack of information literacy and orientation, outdated and inadequate resources, lack of policy and dedicated support for distance learners and technical and organizational challenges. In view of the above challenges, the study recommends expansion of access to digital library services, establishment of regional library access points, provision of regular information literacy training, assigning dedicated distance library staff, improvement of Internet and ICT support, updating and expanding library resources, developing a distance library service policy and encouraging feedback and continuous improvement. Keywords: Distance Education, Off-Campus Students, Library Services, Information Access, E-Resources, Digital Literacy
Cette étude analyse le lien entre libéralisation financière et la croissance économique en RDC , une économie d'endettement, dont l'essentiel du financement passe par le secteur bancaire, le marché financier étant inexistant. L'objectif poursuivi, était de vérifier si la libéralisation financière, telle qu'appliquée en RDC, était une panacée dans la mesure où, son objectif était de favoriser l'accroissement de l'épargne, entraînant une hausse de l'investissement et la croissance économique. Les estimations montrent que cette politique, n'a pas été une solution miracle pour l'économie du Congo, malgré l'optimisme suscité. En effet, la libéralisation financière ne garantit pas une croissance économique notable en RDC sur le court et le long terme.
The main objective of this research is to construct a natural solar calendar independent of cultural interferences or pealing years; and to align it to the Gregorian calendar; the Mathematical Hijri calendar, which we constructed in our earlier research; and the natural lunar calendar, includes the Mathematical Hijri Calendar. The Gregorian calendar conformed to the Mathematical Hijri Calendar is used as standard calendar for the alignment with other calendars. The methodology used here is the same as that used to construct the Mathematical Hijri Calendar in earlier research. It is based on a verse from the Holy Quran, from which we proved that every 300 solar year equals exactly 309 lunar year, and on our discovery of the circular phenomenon of dates through every 309 lunar year and 300 solar year in that research. The main finding of the alignment between the respective calendars is that the Mathematical Hijri Calendar coincides with the Mathematical Natural Lunar Calendar, while the Gregorian calendar and the Mathematical Natural Solar Calendar start with equal dates before reaching March, then the Mathematical solar calendar lags the Gregorian calendar by 2, 3 or 4 days throughout the course of the two calendars.
The purpose of this research was to investigate the key challenges in the use of social network communities for the professional development of primary school teachers in Cameroon. The design involved a concurrent mixed-method. Surveys and interviews were used to collect data from 389 teachers and 5 pedagogic supervisors. Challenges investigated included; lack of engagement, digital literacy gaps, cultural resistance from teachers in online learning communities as well as lack of institutional support and policy. Three of the variables; engagement, digital literacy and institutional support (R = 0.527, p = .000; R = 0.551, p = .000; R = 0.407, p = .000) significantly correlated with teacher professional development respectively; while cultural resistance had a weak negative correlation with teacher professional development (R = –0.269, p = .000). The findings underscored the need for targeted interventions that promote digital inclusion, in-service training programmes that enhance technical and pedagogical use of digital platforms and structured frameworks for online engagement. The study identified more effective strategies for leveraging social networks in teacher development in order to improve STEM education outcomes in primary schools in Cameroon. It therefore recommended that Ministries of education as well as Teacher Training Institutions should formally integrate and social network communities as part of the National Continuous Professional Development Programme for Teachers.
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