Peer-reviewed international research papers published open-access with EOI assignment and global indexing across engineering, computer science, environmental science, social sciences, and more.
This study examines the classroom management strategies used by Grade 1 teachers at Benigno S.
Aquino Jr. Elementary School to handle disruptive behavior during the 2025-2026 school year. The research
objectives were to identify the demographic profiles of these educators and determine the frequency and
effectiveness of various management techniques. Using a descriptive research design, data were collected
through Likert-scale survey questionnaires from 18 purposely selected Grade 1 teachers. The findings reveal
that highly experienced and qualified teachers prioritize proactive and restorative strategies. Key results
highlight the frequent use of "Morning Routines" to establish order, "Walking While Talking" for proximity
control, and "Calling Names Individually" to regain attention. Additionally, teachers favored restorative
disciplinary actions, such as requiring apologies, over traditional punitive measures. The study concludes that
effective management is built on structured routines and a proactive teacher presence. It is recommended that
educators continue professional d
This study investigates how the physical presence of parents inside daycare classrooms may influence the peer interactions of children aged 3 to 5 years old. Anchored on the question of whether children interact differently with peers when parents are present compared to when they are absent, the research utilized a quantitative–descriptive design. A total of fifteen daycare learners from Litex Child Devel-opment Center in Quezon City were selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected through naturalistic observations using a validated peer-interaction checklist during routine classroom and play activities conducted over five days. Descriptive statistics and simple linear regression were used to examine the relationship between parental presence and both the frequency and quality of peer interactions. The findings aim to provide evidence that can assist early childhood educators and childcare institutions in establishing balanced parent-involvement practices that nurture children’s independence and social competence.
Diana Elizabeth B. Beliran, Baby Kyla T. Berayon, Aiza L. Dalut, Jaxine Jhoy C. Dequilla, Marivic S. Espina, Ma. Angel Mendaros, Tommy B. Morales, Jovelyn D. Mulles, Imee Joy M. Patricio, Rainelyn Pelingon, Reshem Q. Quacito, Ana Concepcion S. Serador
This study focuses on addressing selected language competencies in Mother Tongue Grade 3, specifically in adverbs of manner, hyperbole, and spelling, through the development of a manipulative storybook. A quantitative research design was employed using a survey questionnaire to gather evaluations from three professors of Quezon City University–Batasan Campus regarding the material in terms of creativity, curriculum alignment, and originality. The results showed that the manipulative storybook was rated as acceptable, with respondents recognizing its engaging storytelling, creative illustrations, and interactive features. The findings indicate that the material can support language instruction in the mother tongue by promoting active engagement and reinforcing key language skills. The use of interactive and hands-on elements helped present concepts. Based on the results, the study recommends the inclusion of a teacher-parent guide, self-paced assessment tools, and additional interactive materials such as games and puzzles to further enhance learning and ensure alignment with MTB-MLE standards.
Public place are prone to accident and crimes due to different personalities of guests that visit the place. The visitors are responsible to their belongings aside from the security activities provided by the local government to manage the city parks. Assessing the safety and security of the community parks is one way to find the areas that needs improvement in order to ensure the welfare of the visitors.
In this study, the descriptive quantitative research with the used of self-formulated validated survey questionnaire was applied in order to gather the necessary data from the target respondents. The opinion of the community, local officials, and administrators of the community parks was used as basis in the assessment of the condition and level of implementation of safety measures and security protocols in order to maintain peace and order within the community park
The study revealed that the existing safety condition of the community parks is only “good” while the security condition is “excellent”. There are visible guidelines and some information on the proper use of the place. However, there is a need to sustain the monitoring of the social activities which are highly organized. Furthermore, the implemented security system of the parks in Valenzuela City is good. Hence, the management should sustain its implementation. Finally, it is highly recommended to continue the strict implementation of safety and security protocols in order sustain the excellent management of the community parks towards the delivery of good public services to the community.
Drought is the most common natural disaster in Kenya, impacting approximately 70 percent of the country's land area, particularly in the Eastern, North Eastern, Rift Valley, and Coast regions. Consequently, in the absence of efficient execution of national drought mitigation measures and regional climate adaptation strategies and plans, the effects of extended drought are expected to escalate further. The study sought to establish the NDMA Coordination Measure in Isiolo County and their effect in Drought Mitigation in Isiolo County. The research utilized a descriptive survey methodology and, via a census, selected 20 participants from various technical personnel at NDMA and other organizations involved in drought mitigation efforts in the region. A structured questionnaire was employed to gather primary data, which was subsequently analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, while inferential statistics were applied through multi-linear regression analysis. Results indicated that effective communication, stakeholder participation, resource allocation, community engagement were all statistically significant to effective mitigation of drought in Isiolo County. Additionally, effective communication followed by resource allocation were the critical NDMA coordination factors followed by stakeholder participation and community engagement. The research suggested that NDMA should ensure effective communication in its coordination of drought mitigation measures, enhance stakeholder participation and increase community engagement. Additionally, NDMA should ensure proper and adequate resource allocation for effective mitigation of drought.
Globally, drought occurrence is more prevalent and more intense worldwide with developing countries particularly hard hit. Isiolo remain one of the seven counties that are still classified as in drought Alert Phase calling for increased measures in drought risk reduction and enhanced drought mitigation. The study sought to establish the NDMA Risk Reduction Interventions and how it affects Drought Mitigation in Isiolo County. The research utilized a descriptive survey methodology and, via a census, selected 20 participants from various technical personnel at NDMA and other organizations involved in drought mitigation efforts in the region. A structured questionnaire was employed to gather primary data, which was subsequently analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, while inferential statistics were applied through multi-linear regression analysis. Results indicated that the four NDMA Risk Reduction Measures of use of available data and technology, public awareness campaigns, community involvement, formal programs were all statistically significant to effective mitigation of drought in Isiolo County. Community Involvement followed by Formal Programs were the most critical NDMA Risk Reduction Measures followed by Use of available data and technology and Public Awareness Campaigns respectively. Study recommended that NDMA need to prioritize particular formal programs designed to mitigate drought risk in Isiolo County, continuously involve the community in drought risk management and increase their awareness campaign in order to sensitize the community on draught related risks and their mitigations. Additionally, NDMA should use of available data and technology in NDMA Risk Reduction measures for effective drought mitigation in Isiolo County.
Some of the common issues related to the construction industry include delays, cost escalations, and a lack of coordination between the teams. Weak communication and a lack of cooperation between the stakeholders of the project contribute to many of these issues. This study explores how Artificial Intelligence can help improve communication and teamwork in construction, with a focus on Saudi Arabia.
The paper follows a systematic literature review to analyse the current research on AI technologies, including Building Information Modeling, machine learning, and natural language processing. The results indicate that AI can enhance real-time information sharing, minimize errors, and assist in improving decision-making. Such tools as AI-based BIM systems, chatbots, and automated reporting systems can assist teams in communicating better and collaborating more efficiently.
The paper also notes the difficulties associated with the implementation of AI, such as high cost, absence of competent professionals, and resistance to change. The big opportunities of AI adoption in Saudi Arabia are offered by the large-scale projects within the framework of Vision 2030, yet further local studies are required.
On the whole, AI has high potential to enhance communication and collaboration in construction, but effective use requires both technological and organizational preparedness.
Cryptosporidiosis is an infectious disease of the intestine caused by a microscopic parasites called cryptosporidium. Many species of cryptosporidium infect animals as well as humans leading to watery diarrhea. It is public health problem affecting a wide range of vertebrates. Helicobacter pylori infection is a bacterial infection of the stomach caused by Helicobacter pylori which can damage the stomach lining leading to ulcer. Despite the ubiquitous nature of Cryptosporidiosis and Helicobacter pylori infection, sufficient information has not been paid to it. Therefore, accurate and prompt data is needed for management, treatment and eradication of the diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis and H. pylori infection among HIV/AIDS positive and negative patients based on gender, age and study area in Adamawa state. A cross-sectional hospital-based design was adopted for the study. Stool samples were collected from participants
The exponential growth of e-commerce has intensified the need for intelligent and secure electronic payment systems. With the increasing sophistication of fraudulent activities targeting payment gateways, traditional rule-based fraud detection methods have proven inadequate for handling the complexity and scale of modern cyber threats. This paper presents an enhanced e-payment model that utilizes the Random Forest classification technique to assess and validate the intelligence of payment gateways in e-commerce environments. The proposed model integrates advanced data preprocessing, feature or behavioral classification, and user usage optimization to classify payment gateways based on their capabilities, standards, response times, and overall adaptive intelligence which include trust, visibility, availability and capability. Research results demonstrate that the Random Forest technique can achieve superior performance with 97.3% accuracy, more than 95.5 % precision, 80% recall, and 91% F1-score depending on data management, significantly it could outperform traditional machine learning algorithms. The model provides a robust framework for gateway intelligence assessment, enabling merchants and users to make informed decisions about payment routing and enhancing overall e-commerce efficiency.
Keywords: E-payment Model, E-Commerce, Random Forest Technique, Overall adaptive intelligence
ABSTRACT
Work–life balance in law enforcement has become a growing concern due to irregular schedules, occupational hazards, and emotional demands that blur the boundaries between professional and personal life. This study explored the lived experiences of PDEA agents assigned to work outside their home provinces, focusing on how they maintained work–life balance while fulfilling their professional duties. The study utilized a phenomenological research design with twelve (12) PDEA agents who were selected through purposive sampling. Data were gathered through semi-structured in-depth interviews and analyzed using Colaizzi’s (1978) seven-step descriptive phenomenological method. The findings revealed four major themes: experiencing emotional impact of separation and displacement, characterized by homesickness and emotional strain; work demands, imbalance, and role conflict, reflected in irregular schedules and competing responsibilities; resilience, adaptation, and growth, demonstrated through coping strategies and peer support; and purpose, sacrifice, and professional learning, highlighting strong commitment to duty despite personal sacrifices. The study concluded that prolonged separation from family, unfamiliar environments, and psychological stress associated with distant assignments affected the emotional well-being of PDEA agents; however, they maintained a strong commitment to their duties, driven by a sense of professional responsibility and dedication to public service. It is recommended that PDEA leaders may review deployment and rotation systems to support work–life balance and strengthen mental health and counseling services to address occupational stress among agents.
Keywords: agents, coping strategies, professional responsibility, work demands, work- life balance
Designing optimal vaccination policies during pandemics requires balancing infection control against intervention costs while accounting for heterogeneous and evolving behavioral responses. Static vaccination strategies fail to adapt to changing risk perception, vaccine hesitancy, and information dynamics, potentially leading to suboptimal outcomes. We develop a novel optimal control framework for adaptive vaccination policies incorporating population heterogeneity in behavioral responses. The population is stratified into multiple behavioral classes with dis-tinct risk perception thresholds, information sensitivity, and baseline vaccination propensities. The dynamics of behavioral class transitions are modeled using replicator equations from evolutionary game theory, capturing social learning and imitation processes. An optimal control prob-lem is formulated with time-dependent vaccination efforts and targeted information campaigns across behavioral groups. Necessary optimality conditions are derived via Pontryagin's maximum principle and solved numerically using forward-backward sweep methods. Optimal adaptive policies substantially outperform uniform strategies, reducing cumulative infections by 23-41% depending on heterogeneity levels. Key findings include: (i) Optimal vaccination effort prioritizes high-hesitancy groups early, preempting future outbreaks; (ii) Information campaigns should be targeted differentially—intensive for hesitant groups, minimal for already-committed groups; (iii) Behavioral heterogeneity creates "herd immunity shadows" where some groups remain vulnerable despite population-level coverage; (iv) The optimal policy exhibits "behavioral boosting"—intensifying efforts when hesitancy begins declining to capitalize on favorable sentiment. Adaptive, heterogeneity-aware optimal control frameworks provide mathematically rigorous tools for designing vaccination policies responsive to evolving behavioral landscapes. Im-plementation requires real-time behavioral surveillance infrastructure but promises significant improvements in pandemic outcomes.
Nourelhoda Alim, H.M.Khuthija Khanam, Azza A. Abushama, Amal Alasadi, Khloud Ahmed Rayes, Eman M. Hesham Tawwash, Mohannad Wael Elayyan, Fares AlOmari, Talal Habash, Tala Almujahed
Background
Implant stability in the anterior maxillary region is essential for functional and aesthetic success, especially with immediate loading. However, comparative evidence using patient-reported outcomes and statistical modeling remains limited.
Objective
To evaluate the impact of immediate versus delayed loading on implant stability and assess the influence of bone quality, implant material, and patient health.
Materials and Methods
This quasi-experimental, survey-based study included 100 patients receiving either immediate loading (within 48 hours) or delayed loading (after several months). Participants self-reported implant stability and related variables. Descriptive statistics summarized the data, while Pearson correlation and linear regression analyses examined relationships.
Results
No statistically significant associations were found (p > 0.05). However, strong positive correlations were observed between implant material and stability (r = 0.771) and between bone quality and stability (r = 0.650). The loading protocol explained only 2.3% of the variance in perceived stability (R² = 0.023, p = 0.136).
Conclusion
Implant material, bone quality, and patient health appear more influential on perceived stability than loading protocol. Immediate loading may be a viable option under favorable conditions. These findings support patient-centered treatment planning and flexibility in implant loading strategies.
Dans les processus industriels le besoin d’intensification de flux thermique est énorme, notamment dans les échangeurs de chaleur, les transformateurs de puissance, les moteurs thermiques, les composants électroniques. Evaluer le flux thermique et l’efficacité requiert une modélisation mathématique, qui restitue les équations permettant le calcul du flux thermique et l’efficacité et dans la mesure du possible concevoir les surfaces d’échange des nervures ou ailette. Dans ce papier, nous évaluons le flux thermique et l’efficacité d’un type ailette basé sur un exemple qui émane de la littérature.
South Asia faces dual challenges: 250 million in multidimensional poverty and energy deficits. Since 2013, China's Belt and Road Initiative has invested USD 21.5 billion in green energy in eight South Asian countries, but evidence of poverty reduction remains unconfirmed. This study provides the first causally credible panel evidence on the impact of BRI green energy invest-ments on poverty. Analyzing 168 country-year observations from 2003 to 2023 across India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Bhutan, and Afghanistan, using a two-way fixed-effects regression with an instrumental variable, it employs the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) to measure deprivation in health, education, and living standards. Based on Sustainable Development and Energy Poverty Theories, it tests four hypotheses on direct effects, heterogeneity, and welfare transmission mechanisms.
Results show China's BRI green energy investments significantly reduce multidimensional poverty. Every USD 100 million in-vestment lowers the MPI by 0.007 units, lifting about 11 million people from poverty between 2013-2023. Impact varies: 2.25 times in low-income nations, 3.3 times larger in countries with low fossil endowment, and 1.6 times in countries with limited infrastructure. Mechanism analysis reveals that 43% of the impact is attributable to improved household electricity access, and 57% to cooking fuel substitution, productive equipment, and community spillovers.
The findings are consistent across six robustness checks. This study provides strong evidence to guide future BRI investments toward energy-deprived, low-income areas to achieve the greatest poverty-reduction impact.
Abstract
Credit monitoring is a critical component of credit risk management and a key determinant of loan repayment outcomes among financial institutions. Deposit-Taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (DT-SACCOs) in Kenya continue to face rising levels of non-performing loans (NPLs) despite established credit policies and regulatory oversight. Credit monitoring is a crucial element of managing credit risk and plays a vital role in the success of loan repayments for financial institutions. This process takes place post-loan disbursement and involves regular check-ins, visits to borrowers, and monitoring of delinquency rates. In spite of regulatory supervision and established credit policies, numerous deposit taking Sacco's are still facing a rise in non-performing loans (NPLs), which jeopardizes their liquidity and overall financial stability.
In Kenya, Deposit-Taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (DT-SACCOs) play a crucial role in financial inter-mediation but are encountering rising non-performing loans (NPLs) despite established credit policies. This study examines the effect of credit monitoring on loan performance in deposit taking Sacco’s in Nairobi County, guided by Agency Theory and Information Asymmetry Theory. It emphasizes the importance of ongoing post-disbursement monitoring to diminish borrower moral hazard and enhance repayment discipline. The research involved credit managers, loan officers, internal auditors and risk managers from 47 licensed deposit taking Sacco's, utilizing structured questionnaires for primary data and Sacco's performance reports for the secondary data.
A descriptive research study involving credit managers, loan officers,internal auditors and risk managers in Nairobi's 47 licensed deposit taking Sacco's utilized structured questionnaires for primary data and institutional financial reports for secondary data. Analysis through descriptive statistics and correlation regression revealed that effective credit monitoring practices like frequent loan follow-ups, delinquency tracking, borrower visits, and timely collection enforcement significantly enhance loan performance. The study recommends upholding post-disbursement monitoring, increasing credit staff capacity, implementing digital tools, and performing regular portfolio reviews to improve loan quality and reduce default rates. The findings revealed that credit management practices significantly influence loan repayment performance. In particular, credit risk management and collection policies had a positive and significant effect on loan repayment, while poorly structured credit collection negatively affected loan performance. These findings are consistent with previous studies indicating that effective credit management practices improve loan portfolio quality and reduce non-performing loans among deposit taking Sacco's.
The study concludes that strengthening credit appraisal methods, implementing effective collection policies, and improving credit risk monitoring systems can enhance loan repayment performance among deposit-taking Sacco's. The study recommends that Sacco’s management strengthen credit monitoring mechanisms and develop clear credit policies and terms in order to minimize loan default and improve loan performances.
This study aimed to identify students' satisfaction about the Quality and Affordability of the food canteen in Quezon City University in terms of quantity of food, prices of food, services rendered to students, proper sanitation of utensils,and the freshness of the food. The study is a Quantitative Research and researchers gathered the data through an online survey. 50 students from Quezon City University were randomly selected from this school. The results show that the students are satisfied with the quality of food served in the school canteen. However, the students still prefer buying food outside the campus.
This study presents an artificial intelligence–based classification system designed to support the early detection of respiratory tract infections, particularly upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), using cough, breathing, and short speech sounds. Currently, URTI diagnosis relies on clinical examination, physician evaluation, and laboratory tests, which may lead to delays, especially during periods of high healthcare demand.
To address this limitation, a pre-screening approach based on the computational analysis of acoustic data was proposed. A total of 100 participants from different age groups provided cough, breathing, and short speech recordings. The data were anonymized using participant codes and securely processed. Audio recordings were converted into numerical features using Python, and a machine learning–based classification model was developed. Model performance was evaluated using accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity metrics.
Although no software or mobile application was developed due to time constraints, the findings indicated that sound data contain biological patterns associated with URTIs. Future work will focus on expanding the dataset, incorporating advanced feature extraction methods such as Mel-spectrograms, and applying deep learning models. Overall, this study suggests that artificial intelligence–based sound analysis offers a low-cost and accessible pre-screening approach for supporting early detection and AI-assisted healthcare solutions.
Background: Mothers of preterm infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICU) suffer increasing stress and anxiety that can negatively affect breastfeeding outcome and infant survival. Listening to Holy Quran Recitations (HQR) has been shown to reduce anxiety and neonatal outcome.
Aim: To study the effect of exposure of Egyptian mothers with infants, admitted to NICU, to a special programme of HQR on their anxiety status and self-efficacy.
Methods: This study included 140 breastfeeding mothers with late preterm infants (34-36 gestational age) admitted to the NICU. They were categorized into 70 who were exposed to HQR while breastfeeding, and 70 age- and sex-matched not exposed. Mothers were assessed for self-efficacy and anxiety scores using the STIA tool.
Results: Maternal self-efficacy was significantly higher and maternal anxiety were significantly lower at discharge in the intervention group with significant negative correlations between duration of listening to HQR and reduction of anxiety scores (r=-0.534, P<0.001). Significant positive correlations were noted with duration of exposure to HQR and length of stay (LoS), frequency and, duration of milk expression. WAZ and LAZ were significantly higher in the intervention group at discharge (P≤0.05).
Conclusion: Exposure to HQR is a simple inexpensive, culturally acceptable intervention that can improve the psychological status of mothers and enhance neonatal health outcomes and feeding status. Coupling SSC with HQR can be encouraged as means of promoting spiritual health as an adjunct to medical care.
Background: Menstrual health management (MHM) remains a critical public health and educational issue for adolescent girls in Nigeria. Poor MHM is linked to school absenteeism, infection risks, and psychological distress.
Objective: This review synthesizes evidence on Nigerian adolescent girls’ menstrual knowledge, hygiene practices, cultural barriers, and school support systems.
Methods: A narrative review of peer-reviewed articles (2010–2024), UNICEF/WHO reports, and Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey data.
Results: Studies consistently show that >50% of girls have inadequate pre-menarche knowledge. Disposable pads are used in urban areas, but cloth, tissue, and unhygienic alternatives prevail in rural regions. Menstrual-related absenteeism affects 30–70% of girls. Key barriers include cost, lack of water/sanitation facilities, stigma, and absent school health policies.
Conclusion: There is an urgent need for culturally sensitive, multi-sectoral interventions including free menstrual products, WASH infrastructure, and comprehensive sexuality education in Nigerian schools.Adolescent menstrual health in Nigeria is a silent crisis affecting millions of girls’ education and health. Without urgent action, Nigeria will miss Sustainable Development Goals 3 (health), 4 (education), and 6 (sanitation).
The study titled “Voices from the Classroom: Challenges and Coping Strategies of Junior High School Students in Modular and Digital Learning” explored the lived experiences of students in these learning modalities. It focused on the challenges they faced, their academic, emotional, and social experiences, the coping strategies they used, and the support systems they found helpful. Using a qualitative research design, the study gathered data through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with Junior High School students. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns and key themes.
Findings showed that students encountered several challenges, including heavy academic workloads, limited access to technology, time management issues, and environmental distractions. These difficulties negatively affected their engagement and learning. Students described their experiences as academically demanding, emotionally stressful, and socially isolating due to reduced interaction with teachers and peers. To cope, they sought help from teachers, classmates, and family members, created structured schedules, used online resources, and established conducive study environments. Support from teachers, peers, family, and access to reliable resources played a crucial role in overcoming these challenges.
The study concludes that modular and digital learning present significant barriers that impact students’ performance and well-being. Despite this, students showed resilience by adopting various coping strategies. The study recommends reducing academic overload, improving technology access, strengthening teacher-student interaction, and promoting family involvement to enhance student learning and well-being.
Keywords: Digital Learning, Distance Education, Learning Challenges, Learning Difficulties, Learning Modalities, Learning Support Systems,
The pseudostem of M. paradisiaca has been used traditionally in the treatment of wounds, infections, gastrointestinal disorders and inflammation in West Africa. This study reports the evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the plant using standard in vitro assays. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine antimicrobial activities. The extract exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition in both models. DPPH scavenging activity, which achieved 83.325 % inhibition at 80 mg/ml, compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) reaching 98.501 % at 80 mg/ml. Thus, the extract exhibited moderate inhibition of free radicals. The extract gave a ferric reducing power of 87.999% at 80 mg/ml compared to gallic acid with ferric reducing power of 96.19% at 80 mg/ml, indicating moderate ferric reducing power. Antimicrobial screening revealed bacterial zones of inhibition 10.00 – 14.00 mm against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. vulgaris, compared to 25 – 38 mm for ciprofloxacin, and fungal zones of inhibition 10.0 – 11.5 mm against A. niger, C. albicans and R. stolonifer, compared to 14.5 – 32.0 for Nystatin. MIC values ranged between 200–250 mg/mL, while MBC/MFC values ranged from 250 to > 250 mg/mL, the MBC to MIC, and MFC to MIC ratio are 1.00, and 1.25 respectively, indicate bacteriocidal and fungicidal effects. These results justify its use in traditional medicine in the treatment of conditions related to oxidative stress and microbial infections. Further studies can lead to development of natural drugs from the plant.
Cancer is traditionally explained through the somatic mutation theory, which attributes tumor development to the progressive accumulation of genetic mutations. However, recent advances in epigenetics, metabolic signaling, and RNA regulation suggest that biological systems possess mechanisms capable of storing long-term information about cellular states. This paper proposes a theoretical framework termed Temporal Genomic Memory, suggesting that prolonged biological experiences such as chronic inflammation, metabolic stress, or immune dysfunction may become encoded within molecular regulatory systems. These experiences may be compressed into stable epigenetic and RNA-mediated patterns that function as biological information signatures. Under specific triggering conditions, these stored molecular patterns may be reactivated through mRNA-mediated gene expression, initiating a molecular recall process that alters cellular behavior. This mechanism may contribute to oncogenic transformation by reactivating pathological cellular programs. To conceptualize this process, we introduce a simplified mathematical framework describing the accumulation, compression, and reactivation of biological information over time. The proposed model integrates principles from systems biology, information theory, mitochondrial metabolism, and epigenetic regulation.
This hypothesis proposes that metabolic history may influence oncogenic susceptibility through persistent regulatory networks [2,3].
This study aims to explore the conflict resolution mechanisms employed by the local leaders in Banisilan municipality. The research design of the study was qualitative-narrative to which thematic analysis was used to analyze data. Sample of this study included ten (10) local leaders who are bonafied residents of Barangays Busaon, Pantar, Salama, and Tinimbacan, Banisilan Municipality. Specifically, they are barangay captains, traditional leaders, and religious leaders and actively involved in the conflict settlements for ten (10) years of more. The study has employed purposive-sampling to identify and select the participant. The analysis was addressed descriptively to see the themes developed on the various types of conflicts commonly arise in the municipality of Banisilan, the conflict resolution mechanisms utilized by the local leaders, the perceived effectiveness of these mechanisms in promoting peace, and the challanges encountered by the leaders in implementing such strategies. The findings of the study are anchored on Johan Galtung’s Conflict ABC Triangle Theory (1969), Hybrid nature of peacebuilding decribed by Roger Mac Ginty (2010), and Human Security Paradigm of the UNDP (1994). Findings revealed that rido or family feud, land disputes, marital disputes, financial conflict, drug-related conflict, and juvenile conflicts were the most common sources of conflict in Banisilan. Local leaders, encompassing barangay officials, traditional elders, religious authorities, and community mediators, utilize a hybridized set of mechanisms that blend state-recognized procedures with informal, customary, and faith-based approaches such as collaborative mediation and consulatation, barangay-based mediation, multi-agency collaborative approach, and council of elders-mediated settlement with Islamic guidelines. In terms of effectiveness, these conflict resolution mechanisms are generally perceived as responsive, accessible, and culturally appropriate, particularly because they prioritize community involvement, restorative justice, and relationship healing over punitive action. The theme that emerged from the study include sustainable resolutions, community trust in leadership, blending legal and traditional systems, empowerment of local communities, unified leadership, adherance to agreements due to religious values, and collaboration with higher leaders. However, the study also surfaced significant implementation challanges. These includes leadership responsibility and inaction, threats and safety concerns, dealing with emotional and difficult cases, recurring conflicts and dissatisfaction, and peace and stability concerns. Such challenges highlight the need for institutional support, capacity-building, and policy reform to reinforce the legitimacy and functionality of grassroots peacebuilding infrastructures.
Keywords: Banisilan Municipality, Conflict Resolution Mechanisms, Local Leaders
Banking is an enigma and financial inclusion remains the rumbuctious process in India. However, Indian banking system has been active in India since 1934 when our first 'peoples plan 'was launched under the premier ship of Sir Vishveshvaraya and other business tycoons coming under the umbrella and gave a heft to Indian economy that had been reeling under duress for over centuries under the mercantile policies of the Britishers. Indian economy gain recognition and created a flutter only in 1990s when it's open its gates to the international arena through its policy of Liberalisation, Privatization and Globalisation under the economist Dr. Manmohan Singh who was equally responsible for look east policy initiatives that opened the avenues in the south east.
In this article, my main objective is to reflect the evolving nature, scope and development of banking system and financial inclusion that has reached to its eminence today with the estimated data of over 4.5 crore accounts opened over the last decade.
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