Peer-reviewed international research papers published open-access with EOI assignment and global indexing across engineering, computer science, environmental science, social sciences, and more.
The repression of environmental crimes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is a critical challenge for protecting natural resources and advancing sustainable development. Despite the existence of a comprehensive legal framework — including the Constitution, Law No. 11/009 of 2011, the Forest Code, the Mining Code, and international environmental instruments — offences remain widespread and largely unpunished.
This paper examines the legal framework, the role of enforcement institutions, and the obstacles undermining effectiveness. Key barriers include limited institutional capacity, weak coordination among agencies, corruption, lack of judicial specialization, and restricted access to environmental justice. Through a legal and analytical approach based on legislation, doctrine, and case law, the study reveals a significant gap between legal provisions and their practical application.
The findings emphasize the need to strengthen institutional capacities, establish specialized environmental jurisdictions, improve monitoring mechanisms, and foster cooperation among national and international stakeholders. Such measures are essential to ensure effective repression of environmental crimes and safeguard the DRC’s natural heritage.
Keywords: environmental law enforcement, environmental protection, judicial institutions, sustainable development, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The polluter-pays principle is a fundamental pillar of modern environmental law, requiring those responsible for pollution to bear the costs of preventing, remedying, and compensating for environmental damage. This article examines the applicability of this principle in environmental litigation before the High Court of Kisangani in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Using a legal analytical approach based on national legislation, international legal instruments, and judicial practice, the study explores the conditions under which the principle may be invoked and identifies the challenges affecting its effective implementation.
The findings reveal that although the polluter-pays principle is recognized within both the Congolese legal framework and international environmental law, its judicial enforcement remains limited by scarce case law, evidentiary constraints, the lack of specialized environmental courts, and weak compensation mechanisms for environmental harm. The article concludes that strengthening judicial capacity, improving environmental legislation, and enhancing environmental governance are essential to ensure the effective application of the polluter-pays principle and to provide better protection for the environment and the rights of affected communities.
Keywords: polluter-pays principle, environmental litigation, environmental liability, High Court of Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Strengthening health systems is a major challenge for improving the well-being of populations in developing countries. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tshopo Province continues to face significant obstacles related to healthcare access, service quality, and the availability of health infrastructure. This article analyzes the interventions of the Belgian International Development Agency in strengthening the provincial health system, with particular emphasis on institutional support, capacity building for healthcare personnel, infrastructure improvement, and health governance.
In doing so, the study uses a systemic approach as well as a documentary and analytical approach. Using a documentary and analytical approach, the study highlights the substantial contribution of these interventions to improving healthcare delivery and enhancing the resilience of the local health system. However, it also identifies several challenges, including limited domestic financial resources, dependence on external aid, and difficulties in sustaining achieved outcomes.
The article concludes that consolidating these achievements requires stronger public sector commitment, improved coordination among development partners, and sustainable financing of the health sector.
Keywords: Belgian International Development Agency, health system, international development, international cooperation, Tshopo Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Improving health services is a key challenge for sustainable development and population well-being in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In Tshopo Province, deficiencies in health infrastructure, qualified human resources, and health sector governance have prompted interventions by several technical and financial partners, including the Belgian International Development Agency.
This article assesses the Agency's contribution to improving health services by examining its interventions, achievements, and remaining challenges. The study adopts a documentary and analytical approach based on the review of public policies, institutional reports, and scientific literature on health system strengthening.
The findings indicate that these interventions have contributed to the rehabilitation of health infrastructure, the capacity building of healthcare personnel, improved health governance, and increased access to healthcare services for local communities. Nevertheless, dependence on external funding, logistical constraints, and limited domestic resources continue to threaten the sustainability of these achievements.
The article concludes that maintaining and expanding these gains requires stronger ownership by national and provincial authorities, increased public investment in health, and enhanced coordination among all stakeholders involved in the health sector.
Keywords: Belgian International Development Agency, health services, international cooperation, health system strengthening, Tshopo Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The exploitation of petroleum resources in Lake Edward represents a major strategic issue for the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda from economic, energy, environmental, and geopolitical perspectives. This article provides a comparative analysis of the legal frameworks governing hydrocarbons in both countries in order to identify their similarities, differences, and implications for the governance of transboundary petroleum resources. Using a comparative legal approach based on the analysis of legislative and regulatory instruments as well as principles of international law, the study examines the legal provisions governing petroleum exploration, exploitation, environmental protection, and benefit-sharing mechanisms.
To achieve this objective the study employed the legal method, the comparative approach and the systems approach. These methods were supported by documentary research, the non-participant direct observation technique and content analysis.
The findings reveal that, despite a shared commitment to developing petroleum resources, institutional and legal differences between the two countries pose significant challenges to the coordinated management of the Lake Edward petroleum basin. The article recommends strengthening bilateral cooperation, harmonizing legal frameworks, and establishing joint governance mechanisms to ensure the sustainable, peaceful, and mutually beneficial exploitation of transboundary petroleum resources.
Key words: petroleum exploitation, Lake Edward, hydrocarbons, comparative law, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, governance, transboundary cooperation.
This article examines legislative cooperation and harmonization between the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Uganda regarding petroleum exploitation in Lake Edward, a transboundary resource with significant economic potential. The study provides a comparative analysis of the petroleum legal frameworks of both countries to identify their similarities, differences, and implications for the governance of shared petroleum resources.
To achieve this objective the study employed the legal method, the comparative approach and the systems approach. These methods were supported by documentary research, the non-participant direct observation technique and content analysis.
The findings highlight challenges arising from the lack of a harmonized legal framework, border disputes, environmental concerns, and the equitable sharing of petroleum revenues. The article emphasizes the need for stronger bilateral cooperation based on the principles of international law, the joint management of transboundary natural resources, and sustainable development. It recommends the establishment of a common institutional mechanism, the harmonization of national petroleum legislation, and the strengthening of bilateral cooperation instruments to ensure efficient, peaceful, and mutually beneficial exploitation of the petroleum resources of Lake Edward.
Key words: bilateral cooperation, legislative harmonization, petroleum, Lake Edward, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, transboundary resources.
Le langage idiomatique constitue un élément essentiel de l’usage naturel de la langue, reflétant à la fois la compétence linguistique et la connaissance culturelle.
Cette étude examine les difficultés rencontrées par les utilisateurs quotidiens des idiomes anglais et swahili au Kindu Teacher Training College en République Démocratique du Congo, dans une perspective pragmatique.
Une approche méthodologique mixte a été adoptée : les données ont été recueillies au moyen de questionnaires, d’entretiens et d’observations auprès des étudiants et des enseignants utilisant les langues anglaise et swahilie.
Les résultats révèlent que les utilisateurs éprouvent des difficultés importantes liées à l’interprétation littérale, aux écarts culturels, aux erreurs pragmatiques et aux interférences interlinguistiques.
Selon nos investigations, l’étude conclut que la compétence idiomatique requiert non seulement une connaissance linguistique, mais aussi une conscience pragmatique et une familiarité culturelle. Des recommandations sont proposées pour l’enseignement des langues et l’amélioration des programmes.
Mots-clés: Compétence idiomatique, Analyse pragmatique, Interférence interlinguistique, Connaissance culturelle, Enseignement des langues.
Cette étude examine les caractéristiques sémantiques des expressions idiomatiques en anglais et en swahili à travers une approche contrastive. Les idiomes constituent une partie essentielle de la langue car ils enrichissent la communication par des significations figuratives, des valeurs culturelles et des expressions émotionnelles. Cependant, les idiomes sont souvent difficiles à interpréter littéralement, puisque leurs sens ne peuvent pas toujours être déduits des significations individuelles de leurs composants.
L’étude compare une sélection d’idiomes anglais et swahili en termes de sens, de symbolisme, de structure sémantique et d’interprétation culturelle. En mobilisant les théories de la sémantique et de l’analyse contrastive, la recherche identifie les similitudes et les différences entre les idiomes des deux langues.
Les résultats révèlent que les idiomes anglais et swahili partagent certaines caractéristiques sémantiques universelles, telles que la signification métaphorique et l’imagerie figurative, tout en différant par leurs références culturelles et leur composition lexicale. L’étude conclut que la compréhension des idiomes requiert à la fois une compétence linguistique et une connaissance culturelle.
Cette recherche s’appuie sur des travaux académiques portant sur les expressions idiomatiques et la linguistique contrastive.
Mots-clés : Expressions idiomatiques, Composant, Analyse contrastive, Connaissance culturelle, Sémantique
The erosion of African cultures under the influence of globalization constitutes a major challenge to the preservation of indigenous linguistic identities. This phenomenon is primarily manifested through linguistic alienation, that is, the gradual abandonment of African languages in favor of colonial languages, which are often perceived as vehicles of modernity and social advancement. Such linguistic substitution is far from neutral: it generates an epistemological rupture with traditional cultural references and threatens the intergenerational transmission of endogenous knowledge systems. In the African context, language serves not merely as a means of communication; it structures thought, identity, and the relationship between individuals and their world. The dominance of foreign languages therefore contributes to a form of cultural self-negation and to the marginalization of local intellectual production. This reality raises important concerns for scholars of legal philosophy, particularly in the fields of legislative studies and cultural rights. How can the recognition and legal protection of African languages be effectively guaranteed? What normative mechanisms can be established to revitalize and institutionalize these languages within public institutions and educational systems? Addressing these questions requires an epistemological repositioning of African languages as legitimate foundations of thought and normativity, capable of counterbalancing the linguistic hegemony fostered by globalization.
The consolidation of environmental law within contemporary legal systems is accompanied by a major philosophical question concerning its legitimacy. Inherited from a modern legal paradigm grounded in anthropocentrism, state sovereignty, and instrumental rationality, environmental law is now confronted with unprecedented normative objects: non-human entities, global commons, and future generations. This normative shift destabilizes the classical foundations of legal legitimacy. This article offers an in-depth philosophical analysis of this issue by bringing classical theories of legitimacy into dialogue with contributions from the ethics of responsibility developed, political ecology as articulated, and postcolonial critique advanced by thinkers. The central hypothesis is that the transition from legal legitimacy to ecological justice entails an epistemological and educational refoundation, in which environmental education serves as a key mediating force between legal normativity, the plurality of knowledge systems, and cognitive justice.
Keywords: Environment, philosophical question, Enthropocentrism, Legitimity
Suicide is a major global public health risk that can be prevented, with notable regional variations. From 2010 to 2020, or the most recent year available, this study intends to track global, temporal, and geographical patterns in the suicide mortality of pre teenagers, adolescents, and young adults (i.e., aged 10–24 years). Comparisons of suicide mortality across time and space should be taken cautiously since some nations may have underreported suicide fatalities or misclassified suicide deaths. This is a thorough meta-analysis of STB in young people, and it offers insightful information about ways in which the risk variables most frequently linked to suicide change over time and across national borders. Despite initiatives to lower the risk of suicide, rates of STB among children worldwide are not improving and may even be rising globally._x000D_
Keywords: Mental Health, Adolescent Suicide, Global Trends
Abstrak
This study investigates how algorithmic media input on platforms like TikTok and YouTube reshapes the sound patterns, slang (prokem), and phonological templates of Generation Alpha. Employing a qualitative descriptive design, the research utilizes a online Ethnography approach and Computer-Mediated Discourse Analysis to examine audiovisual content and user-generated comment sections. The empirical findings reveal highly frequent utilization of memetic and compressed slang terms; such as rizz, skibidi toilet, brainrot, GOAT, sigma, delulu, and mog, which serve as critical sociolinguistic markers for peer-group identity and social integration. Phonologically, lexical innovations like the truncation of "charisma" into the monosyllabic /riz/ (rizz) demonstrate a systematic drive toward Phonological Economy, minimizing articulatory effort while maximizing communication efficiency. Ultimately, this research concludes that digital culture, driven by predictive algorithms, has transitioned from a supplementary influence into a primary catalyst for modern language evolution, permanently blurring the boundaries between digital media consumption and real-world linguistic templates.
Keywords: Generation Alpha, Phonological Economy, Slang (Prokem), Digital Dialect Leveling, Online Ethnography.
The Thirteen-Year Guaranteed Education Program (13YGEP) was introduced in Sri Lanka via Circular No. 37/2017 to mitigate student dropout rates after the G.C.E. Ordinary Level examinations by expanding access to vocational training pathways. To address the lack of empirical evidence regarding its school-level execution, a preliminary mixed-methods study investigated enrollment patterns and systemic barriers across three selected schools in the Colombo District. Employing a purposive sampling approach, data were gathered through questionnaires, interviews, and direct observations from 24 Advanced Level vocational stream students, nine vocational teachers, and three school principals.
The findings revealed that instead of a steady upward trajectory, student enrollment in the vocational stream fluctuated significantly between 2017 and 2023. These fluctuations were heavily dictated by localized school-level variables, such as resource availability, institutional support, and general program awareness. Furthermore, participants identified critical implementation barriers hindering the policy's effectiveness, including inadequate infrastructure, a notable shortage of qualified vocational instructors, low student motivation, and insufficient institutional training or monitoring support. Although these localized insights are specific to the sampled institutions and do not represent broader national trends, they explicitly highlight a substantial gap between macro-level policy design and practical, school-level implementation. The study concludes that addressing these friction points through targeted resource allocation, robust stakeholder awareness initiatives, and enhanced local administrative oversight is vital to maximizing the effectiveness of the 13YGEP and ensuring sustainable vocational pathways for students.
Les grandes villes de la République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) (Kinshasa, Lubumbashi, Goma, Kisangani, Mbuji-Mayi, Bukavu et d’autres) connaissent depuis plusieurs années une criminalité croissante, une urbanisation irrégulière, une pression démographique exponentielle et une faiblesse du contrôle étatique dans certains secteurs urbains. Cet article détaille les causes structurelles de l’insécurité, dresse une typologie des menaces urbaines, analyse les limites actuelles du système sécuritaire et propose un ensemble de stratégies modernes, intégrées et adaptées au contexte congolais pour renforcer la sécurité urbaine.
Mots clés : sécurisation des grandes villes, criminalité, urbanisation irrégulière.
The study aimed at examining the link between climate mitigation and adaptation measures and household benefits in Rutsiro District. It addresses the lack of empirical evidence on how environmental interventions translate into tangible socioeconomic benefits, equitable resource distribution, and enhanced livelihood security for rural households. Utilizing a mixed-method sampling approach, a sample size of 386 respondents was selected from a target population of 369,180 households across the study area. Stratified random sampling was primarily applied, complemented by purposive and convenience sampling techniques to ensure representative data collection. Findings for the first objective revealed that climate interventions were perceived at a high level by respondents: reforestation and afforestation recorded a mean score of 3.89, agroforestry promotion 3.72, community forest management 3.93, and soil and water conservation measures 3.94. For the second objective, respondents strongly agreed that these interventions generate substantial household benefits, yielding an overall mean score of 3.84, driven heavily by income opportunities and livelihood support from agroforestry. Regarding the third objective, multiple linear regression analysis revealed an exceptionally strong positive correlation (R = 0.962) and a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.925), indicating that the combined measures explain 92.5% of the variation in household welfare. Conclusively, the study establishes a statistically significant, near-perfect positive relationship between climate mitigation and adaptation measures and household benefits. These integrated interventions serve as critical drivers of sustainable socio-economic development, directly enhancing household welfare through income generation, improved agricultural productivity, and environmental sustainability across Rutsiro District.
This paper develops a unified framework for the Operator-Bohr Radius in weighted Hilbert spaces, extending classical Bohr phenomena into operator theory and functional analysis. By introducing the Botwe Weighted Operator-Bohr Radius, we establish sharp estimates that interpolate between Hardy-type and Bergman-type growth conditions, revealing new asymptotic behaviors driven by weight sequences. Compactness is shown to enlarge the Bohr radius through spectral decay, leading to the Compact Improvement Theorem and trace-class refinements. We further derive decomposition laws for direct sums of Banach spaces, entropy-based lower bounds via entropy numbers, and spectral analogues reminiscent of Schwarz–Pick estimates. The culmination is the Botwe Unified Operator-Bohr Theorem, which synthesizes bounded, compact, and summing operator frameworks under a single principle, recovering classical results of Bohr, Boas–Khavinson, and Defant as special cases. This unification demonstrates that the Bohr phenomenon is not merely analytic but deeply structural, governed by operator ideals, entropy geometry, and spectral theory. The results open new pathways for bridging harmonic analysis, operator theory, and Banach space geometry, positioning the Bohr radius as a central invariant in modern functional analysis.
Perianal fistula and fistula-in-ano are common anorectal disorders that often require surgical treatment. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an essential imaging modality in evaluating fistula anatomy, extent, and activity. This review summarizes current evidence on MRI in anal and perianal fistulae—including cryptoglandular and Crohn’s-related disease—with an emphasis on optimizing surgical planning and reducing recurrence. We discuss MRI protocols (field strength, coils, sequences), compare MRI to other modalities (endoanal ultrasound, CT, fistulography), and cite consensus guidelines (ESGAR, ACR) that endorse MRI for fistula assessment. MRI accurately delineates primary tracts, internal openings, secondary extensions, and abscesses, providing a detailed fistula map for surgeons. MRI-based mapping has been shown to significantly lower recurrence rates by guiding complete eradication of infected tissue. In Crohn’s disease, MRI is the reference standard for perianal fistulae, enabling monitoring of complex, branching disease and response to therapyWe incorporate recent studies and guidelines to highlight MRI’s advantages (multiplanar soft-tissue contrast, no radiation, ability to image deep extensions) and limitations (cost, availability, need for expertise). Overall, MRI substantially improves preoperative planning and may predict long-term outcomes, underscoring its growing role in multidisciplinary fistula management.
Cet article analyse l’impact du budget promotionnel sur les ventes des motos Haojue chez l’entreprise K. Nzoli à Kisangani. Notre méthodologie s’est s'appuyée sur l'analyse documentaire des rapports commerciaux entre 2023 et 2026. L'étude révèle un écart budgétaire colossal, la promotion coûtant jusqu'à 22 000 dollars contre 300 dollars en période de trêve. Cet investissement massif stimule la demande, faisant passer les ventes de 204 à 960 motos lors des pics. L'entreprise dépasse ainsi systématiquement ses objectifs, atteignant une performance record de 107,6 % en novembre 2025. Scientifiquement, ces données valident la corrélation budget-ventes et la forte réactivité du consommateur aux incitations. Socialement, ce succès favorise l'équipement de la population en motos, outil vital pour le transport et l'économie locale. Toutefois, notre étude souligne aussi une fragilité structurelle de la marque Haojue à Kisangani due à une dépendance financière extrême vis-à-vis des campagnes. La croissance semble précaire, car l'arrêt des budgets entraîne un effondrement immédiat des volumes de ventes. La durabilité dépendra de la capacité de Haojue à fidéliser sa clientèle au-delà des simples stimulations monétaires.
L'étude analyse l'influence des campagnes promotionnelles sur l'efficacité commerciale des motos Haojue à Kisangani. Elle cherche à comprendre pourquoi les récentes promotions ont dépassé les objectifs de 100 % après une période de stagnation des ventes entre 2015 et 2023. La méthodologie repose sur une analyse quantitative incluant une enquête auprès de 246 utilisateurs, majoritairement de jeunes hommes taximen. Les données ont été collectées par questionnaire (présentiel et en ligne sur WhatsApp) puis traitées statistiquement sur Excel 2016. Les résultats indiquent une forte exposition aux campagnes (78 %), la réduction de prix étant le levier le plus influent (45 %). Le marketing de proximité via des animations publicitaires devant les magasins Haojue domine la communication (65 %), bien que l'accès aux offres soit complexifié par trop d'intermédiaires. Si 81 % des répondants ont acheté ou envisagent d'acheter, la qualité intrinsèque du produit (78 %) reste le principal moteur de décision d’achat devant les promotions. Enfin, la pérennité du succès dépendra de la stabilisation des stocks, jugés trop souvent indisponibles.
This study examines the urgent need to make Computer Science a compulsory subject in Nigerian secondary schools, considering the rapid technological transformation reshaping global education, employment, and national development. Despite the increasing relevance of digital literacy in modern society, many Nigerian students still graduate without basic computer skills, leaving them disadvantaged academically, professionally, and socially. The work highlights that computer science education plays a crucial role not only in promoting innovation, problem-solving, and creativity but also in strengthening operational efficiency in civil service, paramilitary, and security sectors. The study employed a quantitative research design using surveys research method across three educational institutions in Kaduna State, drawing a sample size of 250 participants. Data analysis using Likert-scale weighted means revealed strong support for making computer science compulsory subject, with respondents agreeing that the subject is essential for students and beneficial to national growth. Findings also showed high confidence in teacher competency, low concern about implementation challenges, and positive perceptions of existing curriculum resources, although current computer science education was widely viewed as inadequate. Overall, the study concludes that integrating computer science as a compulsory subject will significantly enhance students’ digital literacy, improve their performance in computer-based examinations, foster innovation and entrepreneurship, and better prepare them for opportunities in a technology-driven global economy. The research calls for policy reforms, improved infrastructure, continuous teacher training, and strong partnerships to ensure successful nationwide implementation.
This study was carried out to investigate technological innovation and work productivity in Rivers state, Nigeria. The study adopted the survey research design, in which five manufacturing companies were studied. The population of the study was 460 and the sample size was calculated to be 210 using the Krejcie and Morgan formula. The sample selection was the stratified sampling method. A structured questionnaire and oral interview guide were the research instruments used for the study. Out of 210 respondents, 196 (92% were returned, 14 (8%) respondents were not returned.
Kigali's urbanization and e-waste growth overwhelm formal management, turning garages and repair workshops into major water contamination sources. This study assessed the e-waste status and garage wastewater quality and determined the relationship between e-waste management practices and water quality degradation in the Nyarugenge district. A descriptive mixed-methods design was employed, combining structured questionnaires, interviews, field observations, and laboratory analysis of wastewater collected from the garage effluents. The dominant e-waste types identified were vehicle batteries (32.5%), discarded electronic control units (24.3%), and wiring (18.7%). Most garages, 62.5%, discharge untreated wastewater; 75% report spills, and 60.7% of respondents are unaware of e-wastewater contamination risks. Turbidity (117.13 NTU), hexavalent chromi-um, and copper (0.27 and 2.79 mg/L, respectively) all exceeded EPA discharge limits, while pH, conductivity, and zinc generally remained within acceptable ranges. Poor e-waste management in Nyarugenge garages pollutes local wastewater with heavy metals and suspended solids, endangering the Nyabugogo ecosystem and public health. This demands stronger regulations, improved collection systems, and mandatory wastewater treatment.
Communication is a strategic factor for the development and performance of agro-industrial companies. This study analyzes the impact of internal and external communication on the production performance of the Commercial Agro-Industrial and Soap Manufacturing Company of Mongala (SOCAM) located in Bumba, Mongala Province, during the period 2013–2017. The main objective is to assess the extent to which communication practices influence productivity, product quality, and the company's relationships with its stakeholders.
The study adopts a descriptive and analytical approach based on production records and organizational data collected from the company. The findings reveal that effective internal communication improves coordination, reduces operational errors, and increases productivity, while efficient external communication enhances corporate visibility and boosts sales. Conversely, weaknesses in information flow contributed to production delays and reduced performance. The study recommends the implementation of a structured communication strategy and the use of modern communication tools to strengthen the company's competitiveness and sustainable growth.
ABSTRACT
This study focuses on Network Performance Analysis and Troubleshooting Using Packet Tracing, a technique that involves capturing, monitoring, and analyzing network packets to identify performance bottlenecks and network faults. It employs packet tracing tools such as Wireshark and Cisco Packet Tracer to monitor network traffic and evaluate key performance metrics, including latency, throughput, jitter, bandwidth utilization, and packet loss. Packet-level analysis is conducted to detect anomalies such as excessive re-transmissions, protocol misconfigurations, DNS delays, and network congestion. The captured data are analyzed to determine the root causes of network performance degradation and to develop appropriate troubleshooting strategies. The findings reveal that packet tracing provides comprehensive visibility into network operations and enables accurate identification of performance issues that may not be detected through conventional monitoring methods. The study further demonstrates that implementing corrective measures based on packet analysis, such as optimizing network configurations, improving traffic management, and resolving hardware or protocol-related faults, significantly enhances network performance and reliability. The result shows that packet tracing is an effective and indispensable tool for network performance analysis and troubleshooting. It offers network administrators a practical approach to diagnosing problems, improving service quality, reducing downtime, and ensuring efficient network operation. The study recommends the adoption of packet tracing techniques as part of routine network monitoring and maintenance practices to achieve optimal network performance in modern computing environments.
Cette étude analyse l’impact de la zaïrianisation sur la croissance économique de la République Démocratique du Congo entre 1970 et 2025. Initiée au début des années 1970, cette politique visait à transférer les entreprises étrangères aux nationaux afin de renforcer l’autonomie économique. Son efficacité reste toutefois controversée.
En mobilisant un modèle ARDL, le test de cointégration de Pesaran, le mécanisme de correction d’erreur et le test de Chow sur des données annuelles, nous testons l’existence d’une rupture structurelle et ses effets de long terme. Les résultats révèlent une forte persistance de la croissance. Les investissements directs étrangers et l’ouverture commerciale influencent positivement la croissance, tandis que les variables liées au choc de la zaïrianisation et à la rupture structurelle ont un effet négatif significatif. Le test de Chow montre cependant que la rupture ne s’explique pas uniquement par la zaïrianisation, d’autres facteurs institutionnels et politiques ayant également contribué.
L’étude conclut qu’en l’absence d’institutions solides et de droits de propriété crédibles, la zaïrianisation a fragilisé la trajectoire économique congolaise au lieu de renforcer son autonomie productive.
Mots-clés : Zaïrianisation, nationalisation, droits de proprété, chocs institutionnels, rupture structurelle, trajectoire économique, croissance économique.
This study examines in depth the dynamics of education management during the period of
intensified tribal conflicts in Ituri Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 2018
and 2020, a period characterized by severe insecurity, mass displacement of populations, and
widespread disruption of public services including education. The main objective of the study is to
analyze how educational institutions were managed under such fragile and unstable conditions,
with particular attention to the challenges faced by school administrators, the coping strategies
adopted to sustain learning, and the role of different stakeholders in supporting educational
continuity.
The study is based on a qualitative descriptive approach relying on documentary analysis, reports
from international organizations, and existing scholarly literature. The findings reveal that tribal
conflicts had a profound and multidimensional impact on the education system, including the
destruction of school infrastructure, frequent closure of schools, displacement of teachers and
learners, and severe shortages of essential learning materials. Despite these challenges, education
actors developed adaptive mechanisms such as flexible school calendars, temporary learning
spaces, community-based protection initiatives, and partnerships with humanitarian organizations
to mitigate the effects of conflict on schooling.
However, these interventions remained insufficient due to persistent insecurity, limited institutional
capacity, and inadequate financial and logistical support from government structures. The study
concludes that education management in conflict-affected regions requires strengthened
leadership capacity, sustained humanitarian engagement, and community participation to ensure
resilience and continuity of learning in crisis contexts.
Keywords: Education management, tribal conflict, Ituri Province, education in emergencies,
school leadership, DRC.
This article presents, analyzes, and interprets the findings from the study on educational
management during tribal conflicts in Ituri Province (2018–2020). Data were collected from
teachers, school administrators, education officers, and relevant documents. The chapter is
structured to present respondents’ profiles, identify challenges, examine strategies used by
administrators, assess the impact on teaching and learning, and discuss the findings in relation to
the research objectives and literature reviewed.
This study examined the impacts of tribal conflicts on education management in Ituri Province,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, from 2018 to 2020. During this period, recurrent violence led
to school closures, destruction of educational infrastructure, displacement of teachers and
learners, and disruptions in educational administration. The study focused on how the conflicts
affected educational planning, human resource management, school supervision, and the quality
of education.
Findings indicate that the conflicts significantly weakened the management of educational
institutions by reducing access to schools, increasing teacher shortages, disrupting learning
activities, and limiting the capacity of educational authorities to effectively monitor and support
schools. The study also found that insecurity and population displacement contributed to increased
dropout rates and declining educational performance. Despite these challenges, educational
stakeholders adopted emergency measures to sustain learning in affected communities.
The study concludes that tribal conflicts had severe negative effects on education management in
Ituri Province and recommends strengthening conflict-sensitive educational policies, protecting
school infrastructure, and enhancing emergency education programs to improve educational
resilience in conflict-affected areas.
Keywords: Education Management, Tribal Conflicts, Ituri Province, School Administration,
Educational Planning, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Abstract
This study was an exploration of Pentecostalism and hero worship in Nigeria; rethinking the ideology behind the pulpit is anchored in the message of liberty and the forgiveness of sins by God. It places special emphasis on a personal relationship with God through the baptism of the Holy Spirit ( ie), speaking in tongues, miracles, signs and wonders, healing of the sick etc. Again, in the Pentecostal domain, religious songs are irresistible during praise and worship session as oldies, youngsters, children and the entire congregation participate accordingly. Interestingly, the electronic media has also benefitted through the sales of airtime as televangelist had flooded the screen and airwave with avalanche of religious programmes on daily basis and the distributions of religious fliers to followers on the streets; This religion also comes with its antecedent issues, as some pulpit now seemed to be an elevated space dedicated to champion the views of the pastor rather than the undiluted word of God, as well as a political tool to put forward and promote one’s own agenda within the church structure. Based on the above, it was recommended that some faith preachers have seen the drive for wealth-making through prophetic false healings and deliverance which has raised moral and ethical questions. This study concluded that worship must emulate biblical doctrines and principles thereof.
Keywords; Pentecostalism, Hero worship, Ideology, Pulpits, Believers
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