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Glaciers in the Karakoram have stayed close to balance while glaciers in most other mountain ranges lost mass, a behavior known as the Karakoram Anomaly, but whether this behavior is now coming to an end remains an open question. Using the complete Sentinel-2 archive, we present Glacial Sentinel, a fully reproducible Google Earth Engine framework that monitors late-summer snow and ice conditions within Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI 7.0) outlines, updatable for any number of years. From 2,326 cloud-masked scenes (2016–2025) over 13,386 km² of glacierized terrain in the central Karakoram, three indicators are derived: late-summer snow/ice area from the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI), mean on-glacier NDSI, and the end-of-summer snowline altitude from 100 m elevation-band snow-cover profiles. Late-summer snow/ice area shows no significant trend (−19 km² yr⁻¹, p = 0.80), consistent with a persistent Anomaly. However, mean on-glacier NDSI declined significantly (−0.006 yr⁻¹, p = 0.026), and the end-of-summer snowline rose by +18.1 m yr⁻¹ (95% CI +8.5 to +27.8; R² = 0.70; ordinary-least-squares p = 0.002; Mann–Kendall p = 0.004), robust to exclusion of either or both endpoint years (+12.1 to +19.4 m yr⁻¹, all p ≤ 0.035). The 2025 snowline (4,579 m) stood 179 m above the 2016–2023 mean. Independent geodetic elevation-change data (2000–2019) over the same mask average −0.03 m yr⁻¹, confirming near-neutral mass balance with thinning below ∼4,500 m. Although glacier-wide snow-cover extent remains stable, the snowline is starting to register a warming signal, with 2024–2025 the most negative surface conditions on record.
Although terracing is actively encouraged across Rwanda as a means of conserving soil and water, its uptake among smallholder farmers in Gakenke District remains limited, and challenges around food output and household food security persist. This research examined how terrace construction influences agricultural productivity in the district, focusing on three aims: cataloguing the terrace types present, contrasting farm output before and after terraces were introduced, and testing the statistical link between terracing and productivity. The study followed a descriptive design that blended quantitative and qualitative methods. Applying Slovin's formula to a population of 85,808, researchers selected 398 household heads as respondents and supplemented this with three purposefully chosen key informants; 350 usable questionnaires were returned, yielding an 87.9% response rate. Quantitative data were examined through descriptive and correlational statistics in SPSS, and interview responses underwent thematic analysis. Results indicate that bench (radical) terraces (97.1%), progressive terraces (88.2%), and contour bunds (84.8%) dominate erosion-control efforts on the district's steep landscape. Roughly 68.8% of farmers had adopted terracing, and 94.0% of those surveyed noted marked yield improvements afterward, particularly for maize, Irish potatoes, beans, and passion fruit, alongside better food security at the household level. Statistical analysis revealed a strong positive relationship between terracing and productivity (r = 0.891, p < 0.01), meaning terrace construction accounts for roughly 89.1% of the variance in productivity outcomes. The study concludes that terracing underpins sustainable agriculture on Rwanda's steep terrain and calls for greater government funding, farmer education, and supporting conservation practices.
Lahore, Pakistan, is regularly ranked among the world's most polluted cities, and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a major driver of its urban health burden. We measured PM2.5 concentrations monthly at four sites in Lahore – Town Hall, Township, the Pak-Green industrial zone, and Punjab University – between May 2024 and April 2025 using a beta attenuation monitor, and used the World Health Organization's AirQ+ model to estimate the number of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), stroke and ischemic heart disease (IHD) cases attributable to PM2.5 exposure. Annual average concentrations ranged from 82.5 to 99.2 µg/m3 across sites, several times the WHO annual guideline value, and peaked in winter at all locations. PM2.5 exposure was estimated to account for 5,066 cases across the four outcomes over the study period, with ALRI contributing the largest share (2,137 cases; attributable proportion 47.5%), concentrated among children aged 0–5 years, followed by IHD, COPD and stroke. These findings indicate that a substantial proportion of Lahore's respiratory and cardiovascular disease burden is attributable to ambient PM2.5, and support the use of AirQ+ as a practical tool for quantifying air pollution health impacts and informing air quality policy in similarly data-limited cities.
KeyWords: PM2.5; AirQ+; air pollution; health risk assessment; attributable disease burden; cardiovascular and respiratory diseases; Lahore
This study aims to analyze the factors that influence students' attitudes and motivation in learning French as a Foreign Language. These factors include various elements that influence students' desire and interest in learning French, such as internal and external motivation, perception of the usefulness of French, and previous language learning experience. The method to be used is quantitative research using descriptive design. The population is all students of the French Department at Savannakhet University (SKU). The population of this study was about 196 students, and the researcher randomly selected a sample of 132 students from the total population for this study. Based on the results of the study, 69.7% of students have the motivation to learn French because they want to have a profession related to the language later. This shows that most students have a strong motivation to learn French because they see a direct relevance between French language skills and future career opportunities.
Keywords: Attitude, Foreign language, French learning, Motivation.
NKO?GO Nkongo Josué est natif de Mweka en republique democratique du Congo. Congolais d'origine, il est Medecin, chercheur independant, orthopediste-traumatologue de son état
Les pathologies ostéo-articulaires constituent actuellement une cause majeure de douleur chronique, de limitation fonctionnelle et de handicap dans le monde. Les données issues des études de charge mondiale des maladies montrent que les troubles musculosquelettiques figurent parmi les principales causes d’années vécues avec incapacité, avec un impact particulièrement important dans les systèmes de santé à ressources limitées (Vos et al., 2020 ; Cieza et al., 2021 ; GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators, 2024).
Malgré les progrès considérables réalisés en chirurgie orthopédique, en traumatologie et en médecine régénérative, la récupération complète des patients demeure variable. Les connaissances actuelles montrent que la réparation osseuse est un processus biologique complexe impliquant une interaction dynamique entre inflammation contrôlée, angiogenèse, cellules souches mésenchymateuses, facteurs de croissance, matrice extracellulaire et contraintes mécaniques (Einhorn, 1998 ; Marsell & Einhorn, 2011 ; Gerstenfeld et al., 2007).
Dans ce contexte, le présent article propose un nouveau cadre conceptuel dénommé Médecine Ostéorégénérative Intégrée (MORI). Cette approche vise à réunir les apports de la biologie osseuse, de l’orthopédie, de la traumatologie, de la médecine régénérative, de la réadaptation fonctionnelle, de la nutrition clinique et de la santé publique autour d’un modèle centré sur le patient.
La MORI ne constitue pas une nouvelle intervention thérapeutique, mais une architecture intégrative destinée à organiser les connaissances scientifiques existantes et à structurer un parcours coordonné de soins. Elle repose sur cinq dimensions complémentaires : biologique, clinique, fonctionnelle, organisationnelle et scientifique.
La pandémie de COVID-19 a mis en évidence les faiblesses structurelles des systèmes de surveillance sanitaire, en particulier dans les pays à ressources limitées tels que la République Démocratique du Congo. Dans ce contexte, la présente étude propose une approche innovante fondée sur l’intégration systématique de l’éducation en santé publique à tous les niveaux du système éducatif, avec pour ambition de transformer chaque citoyen en acteur de prévention.
L’objectif principal est d’évaluer le potentiel de l’éducation en santé publique en tant que levier stratégique de renforcement de la résilience communautaire face aux épidémies. Une approche méthodologique mixte a été adoptée, combinant une enquête quantitative (n = 1200) et des entretiens qualitatifs réalisés dans la ville de Kinshasa.
Les résultats indiquent que 78 % des répondants présentent un faible niveau de connaissances en matière de prévention sanitaire, tandis que 92 % se déclarent favorables à l’intégration de modules obligatoires de santé publique dans les programmes scolaires. L’analyse statistique met en évidence une corrélation significative (p < 0,05) entre le niveau d’éducation sanitaire et l’adoption de comportements préventifs.
Cette étude conclut que l’institutionnalisation de l’éducation en santé publique dans le système éducatif constitue une stratégie durable et complémentaire aux dispositifs classiques de surveillance, susceptible d’améliorer significativement la préparation et la réponse aux crises sanitaires.
Mots-clés : santé publique, éducation sanitaire, résilience, pandémie, prévention, RDC
This study assessed the response of two local sorrel varieties (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) to cow dung application under the agroecological conditions of Kikwit, Democratic Republic of Congo. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Two varieties, one with entire leaves (V1) and the other with dentate leaves (V2), were grown with and without cow dung at 3 kg/m², equivalent to 30 t/ha. The parameters evaluated included emergence rate, plant height, stem diameter, number of branches and leaves, number of harvested plants, and fresh biomass yield. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and the least significant difference test at the 5% probability level. The results showed that cow dung significantly improved plant growth and yield in both varieties. The highest yield was recorded for fertilized V1 (3.143 kg/m²). Therefore, the rational use of organic manure is recommended to improve sorrel production under local farming conditions.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this work is to analyze the implementation of the 2030 Agenda – the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), signed on January 1, 2016, following the Post-2015 Agenda, by the 193 member states of the United Nations (UN), with a deadline of December 31, 2030. Beyond the central analytical question, this study seeks to identify the historical social ills transformed into Global Goals and Targets, to point out the challenges facing nations in fulfilling this historical commitment, to identify the responsibilities of Public Administration, represented by Political Agents and Public Agents, the Private Sector, and Society, and to corroborate, through the realization of this global challenge, the future of the planet. This Global Agenda comprises 17 Goals and 169 Targets, in addition to the 18th Goal, proposed by the Brazilian Government in September 2023, and its purposes are centered on three pillars of sustainable development: economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection, encompassing fundamental themes such as poverty eradication, public health, education, gender equality, ethnic-racial equality, combating climate change, responsible consumption, and strengthening democratic institutions. For the thematic discussion, qualitative research was conducted, which, through the historical-deductive method, used bibliographic research to analyze the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and the future of the Planet.
We know, Only the State that recognizes or better yet grants rights to the Catholic Church and guarantees the exercise of these rights. Through this framework agreement, the Catholic Church acquires legal personality under public law just like state institutions. Relations between the Holy See and the Congolese State date back a long time.
MOTS CLES : Etat, Saint-Siège, Diplomatie, Eglise, Accord.
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