Peer-reviewed international research papers published open-access with EOI assignment and global indexing across engineering, computer science, environmental science, social sciences, and more.
High-risk zone relocation projects are important interventions for reducing disaster risks, improving community safety, and enhancing the living conditions of vulnerable populations in Rwanda. However, the success of such projects largely depends on the quality of project appraisal techniques applied during project planning and implementation. Despite the increasing implementation of relocation projects in Musanze District, limited empirical evidence exists regarding the influence of project appraisal techniques on project performance. This study examined the effect of project appraisal techniques—financial appraisal, technical appraisal, environmental impact assessment, and socioeconomic appraisal—on the performance of high-risk zone relocation projects in Musanze District, Rwanda. The study was guided by Project Appraisal Theory, Risk Management Theory, and Stakeholder Theory, and adopted descriptive and correlational research designs. The target population comprised 1,079 individuals, from which a sample of 320 respondents was selected using census and simple random sampling; 285 (89%) fully completed and returned questionnaires. Data were collected using questionnaires, interviews, document review, and observation. A pilot study involving 32 respondents confirmed instrument validity (CVI = 0.875) and reliability (Cronbach's Alpha above 0.70). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis in SPSS version 28 at a 0.05 level of significance. All four null hypotheses were rejected: financial appraisal (r = 0.862, R² = 0.744, β = 0.862, p = 0.000), technical appraisal (r = 0.838, R² = 0.702, β = 0.928, p = 0.000), environmental impact assessment (r = 0.594, R² = 0.352, β = 0.594, p = 0.000), and socioeconomic appraisal (r = 0.789, R² = 0.622, β = 0.750, p = 0.000) each significantly and positively influenced project performance. The combined model explained 80.4% of the variance in project performance (R² = 0.804, F = 286.339, p = 0.000), with financial appraisal as the strongest predictor (β = 0.456), followed by technical appraisal (β = 0.275), socioeconomic appraisal (β = 0.183), and environmental impact assessment (β = 0.060). The study concludes that financial appraisal, technical appraisal, environmental impact assessment, and socioeconomic appraisal are critical determinants of successful relocation project implementation, and recommends strengthening financial planning and monitoring systems, conducting comprehensive technical feasibility assessments, enhancing environmental monitoring and mitigation measures, and promoting community participation and socioeconomic assessments throughout the project cycle.
Keywords: Project Appraisal, Financial Appraisal, Technical Appraisal, Environmental Impact Assessment, Socioeconomic Appraisal, Project Performance, Relocation Projects, Musanze District.
Risk management practices are important for the successful implementation and sustainability of nutritional projects, especially in environments with uncertainty and limited resources. In Rwanda, malnutrition remains a challenge in some areas, such as Rubavu District, despite various interventions. Nutritional projects such as the Nutrition in City Ecosystems (NICE) Project face risks including unstable funding, supply delays, low community participation, and weak coordination among stakeholders, yet there is limited evidence on how risk management practices affect project performance in Rwanda. This study assessed the effect of risk management practices on the performance of nutritional projects, using the NICE Project in Rubavu District as a case study, examining risk identification, risk analysis and evaluation, risk mitigation and response, and risk monitoring and communication. Guided by the Project Management Triangle Theory, Risk Management Theory, and Systems Theory, the study adopted a descriptive-correlational design combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. The target population was 105 individuals directly involved in the NICE Project, and a census approach was used; 98 (93%) fully completed and returned questionnaires. Data were collected using questionnaires, interview guides, and document review. Validity was confirmed by a Content Validity Index (CVI) of 0.72, and reliability by an overall Cronbach's Alpha of 0.84. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression in SPSS version 28 at α = 0.05. The performance of the NICE Project was found to be generally high (composite mean = 4.15, SD = 0.99), particularly in improving maternal and child nutrition and increasing community awareness, although the sustainability of project outcomes was comparatively lower. All four null hypotheses were rejected: risk identification (r = 0.729, R² = 0.531, β = 0.627, p = 0.000), risk analysis and evaluation (r = 0.650, R² = 0.423, β = 0.665, p = 0.000), risk mitigation and response (r = 0.876, R² = 0.767, β = 0.789, p = 0.000), and risk monitoring and communication (r = 0.766, R² = 0.588, β = 0.644, p = 0.000) each significantly and positively influenced project performance. The combined model explained 81.9% of the variance (R² = 0.819, F = 105.207, p = 0.000), with risk mitigation and response strategies as the strongest predictor (B = 0.534, β = 0.593), followed by risk analysis and evaluation (B = 0.144), risk identification (B = 0.132), and risk monitoring and communication (B = 0.106). The study concludes that integrated risk management practices significantly enhance the performance of nutritional projects and recommends strengthening risk mitigation strategies, stakeholder involvement in risk identification, continuous monitoring and communication, and long-term sustainability planning.
Keywords: Risk Management, Risk Identification, Risk Analysis, Risk Mitigation, Risk Monitoring, Project Performance, Nutritional Projects, NICE Project, Rubavu District
Strategic planning practices are critical for the success and sustainability of agro-processing projects, ensuring improved efficiency, product quality, and market competitiveness. In Enterprise URWIBUTSO, Rwanda, challenges such as limited financial management, inadequate market insights, inefficient production planning, and inconsistent product quality affect project performance. This study examined the influence of strategic planning practices: financial planning, market analysis, production capacity planning, and quality planning on the performance of agro-processing projects. Guided by the Resource-Based View (RBV) Theory and Systems Theory, the study adopted descriptive and correlational research designs using a mixed-methods approach. The target population comprised 153 stakeholders, including financial officers, marketing and sales team members, raw material suppliers, customers/retailers, production managers and supervisors, and quality control inspectors; a census approach was used to include all respondents, and 122 (79.7%) fully completed and returned questionnaires. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, interviews, and document review. A pilot study with 15 respondents confirmed instrument reliability (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.77) and validity (CVI = 0.80). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis in SPSS version 28 at α = 0.05. All four null hypotheses were rejected: financial planning (r = 0.845, R² = 0.715, β = 0.723, p = 0.000), market analysis (r = 0.652, R² = 0.425, β = 0.581, p = 0.000), production capacity planning (r = 0.695, R² = 0.483, β = 0.658, p = 0.000), and quality planning (r = 0.857, R² = 0.735, β = 0.682, p = 0.000) each significantly and positively influenced project performance. The combined model explained 83.9% of the variation in project performance (R² = 0.839, F = 152.49, p = 0.000), with financial planning (β = 0.392) and quality planning (β = 0.389) as the strongest combined predictors, followed by production capacity planning (β = 0.173); market analysis was not statistically significant in the combined model (p = 0.110). The study concludes that integrated strategic planning practices significantly enhance the performance of agro-processing projects, and recommends strengthening financial and strategic planning, regularly conducting market analysis, aligning production capacity with demand, and maintaining high-quality standards.
Keywords: Strategic Planning, Financial Planning, Market Analysis, Production Capacity Planning, Quality Planning, Agro-Processing Projects, Enterprise URWIBUTSO, Rwanda.
The escalating crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) necessitates the exploration of alternative therapeutic agents. This study evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils (Eos) extracted from Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass), Eucalyptus globulus (blue gum), and Mentha piperita (peppermint) against medically important ATCC bacterial isolates, including Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, and Salmonella typhi ATCC 6539. Fresh leaves were steam distilled using a Clevenger-type apparatus to extract essential oil. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the disc diffusion method. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test on results showed clear differences in antibacterial activity among the tested essential oils. Mentha piperita exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity against most of the tested bacteria, particularly K. pneumoniae and S. aureus. Cymbopogon citratus demonstrated moderate broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and was particularly effective against P. aeruginosa, although it showed limited activity against S. typhi. In contrast, Eucalyptus globulus showed the weakest antibacterial activity, requiring higher concentrations to inhibit most of the bacterial strains tested. Notably, S. typhi was resistant to M. piperita and required the highest concentration of C. citratus for inhibition. Statistical analysis showed the antimicrobial effects were significant (p < 0.05) and increased as the concentration of the essential oils increased. In conclusion, peppermint, lemongrass, and eucalyptus essential oils exhibited significant antibacterial activity, with M. piperita demonstrating the strongest and broadest effect. These findings highlight the potential of essential oils, particularly peppermint, as promising natural antimicrobial agents for further development.
The study aims to evaluate the class struggle and ethical dilemma in Arvind Adiga’s ‘The White Tiger’ through a Marxist literary lens. The focus of the study is on the journey and class struggle of Balram Halwai, the protagonist of the novel. The strategic choice for the study is a qualitative research design. The objective is to access the relevant literature that offers key insights regarding the Marxist themes in the novel. The improvement of this study is based on the qualitative Marxist study, which is used to analyse the class conflict, class exploitation, and class ideological domination that is shown in The White Tiger. It reveals how capitalism exploits labour in a theme that deconstructs the relationship of capitalism to structural inequality and individual agency. These results suggest that Balram's social mobility perpetuates rather than ending capitalist oppression, and extends the continuation of class divisions and ideology of control in the Indian context.
En République démocratique du Congo, la décentralisation vise à rapprocher l’action publique des citoyens et à stimuler le développement local. Cependant, dans la province du Sankuru, cette réforme se heurte à de lourds blocages structurels qui freinent l'efficacité des services publics. S'appuyant sur une analyse stratégique fondée sur une enquête auprès de 80 acteurs locaux et une étude documentaire, cet article examine comment les contraintes matérielles, humaines, économiques et sociales entravent le travail des institutions territoriales.
Les résultats révèlent que le principal frein réside dans le manque d'infrastructures (27,50 %), suivi par la faiblesse des compétences humaines et techniques (23,75 %), la faible mobilisation fiscale (21,25 %), l'enclavement géographique (16,25 %) et le manque de participation citoyenne (11,25 %). Loin d'être de simples obstacles matériels, ces facteurs réduisent la marge de manœuvre des acteurs locaux, créent des relations de dépendance et entravent la réussite globale du processus de décentralisation.
Abstract
This study examined factors influencing the quality implementation and management of Primary Healthcare (PHC) services among patients attending health posts in Rutsiro District, Rwanda. Despite the critical role of PHC in promoting health, preventing disease, and providing basic curative care, limited local evidence exists on its implementation, accessibility, and service quality. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and utilization of PHC services, assess accessibility and socio-economic determinants affecting service quality, and evaluate healthcare staffing at health posts. A mixed-methods approach was employed using cross-sectional design, combining structured questionnaires and interviews, supported by cohort analysis and thematic triangulation. The study targeted outpatient and inpatient service users, with a sample size of 208 respondents determined using Yamane’s formula. Data were analyzed using SPSS to generate descriptive and inferential statistics. Ethical approval was obtained from Mount Kenya University (MKU) and Rutsiro District authorities. Findings showed strong utilization of PHC services: 61.5% (n=128) reported regular immunization coverage, 60.1% (n=125) indicated essential services were always available, and 53.8% (n=112) confirmed consistent medicine availability, though some shortages persisted. Accessibility was generally favorable, with 66% (n=138) living within 3 km of a health post, 63% (n=130) spending ≤500 RWF on transport, and 71% (n=148) experiencing waiting times of ≤60 minutes. Additionally, 82% (n=170) reported medicines as always or often available, while 75% (n=158) indicated medical equipment was functional and services were moderately to highly comprehensive.Socio-economic factors significantly influenced access and quality. A majority, 57%, earned less than 50,000 RWF per month, while only 14% earned above 100,000 RWF. Health insurance coverage through CBHI was 63%, leaving 24% uninsured. Income affected healthcare access for 58% of respondents, and financial difficulties impacted care for 39%. However, 80% reported good understanding of health information, and 82% noted that insurance improved perceived service quality. Healthcare staffing was generally adequate: nurses served 67% of patients, community health workers 24%. Staff training was rated very good or moderate by 81%, professionalism by 80%, and staffing levels were considered sufficient by 80%. Patient load was ≤10 patients per provider for 71%, though 29% reported higher workloads. Staff competence improved patient satisfaction for 87% of respondents. The study concludes that PHC services in Rutsiro District are relatively strong in availability, accessibility, and utilization. However, financial barriers, occasional medicine shortages, and workload imbalances remain key challenges. It is recommended that the Ministry of Health expand CBHI subsidies and improve equitable facility distribution, while Rwanda Biomedical Centre strengthens supply chain systems and staff capacity-building. Health posts should optimize staff allocation to reduce waiting times and enhance service delivery.
This research examines the management of diabetes mellitus and psychological distress among family-dependent diabetic patients in the rural commune of Aru, Democratic Republic of Congo. Through a mixed-method survey of 67 patients, combining standardized questionnaires (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Cohen Perceived Stress Scale, and Hamilton State-Anxiety Scale) with semi-structured interviews, the study shows that 62.7% perceive moderate family support, and 73.1% feel valued by their families. However, 38.8% report reduced autonomy, 43.3% note diminished family authority, and 22.4% perceive themselves as a burden. Scale analysis reveals elevated anxiety (70.1%), frequent stress (34.3%), and impaired self-esteem (32.8% consider themselves "failures"). These findings, discussed in light of Cassel (1976), Cobb (1976), and Lazarus and Folkman (1984), confirm a significant gap between perceived family support and actual psychological distress. The article discusses implications for patient quality of life and offers recommendations: strengthening psychosocial support, therapeutic education for families, integrating psychological care into rural diabetes management, and developing community awareness programs.
Keywords : Diabetes mellitus ; psychological distress ; family dependence ; social support ; anxiety ; self-esteem.
Diabetes mellitus is a major public health challenge, particularly in rural sub-Saharan Africa where family dependence becomes a survival strategy. This study aims to examine the effects of diabetes management on psychological distress (state anxiety, perceived stress, and self-esteem) among family-dependent diabetic patients in the rural commune of Aru (Ituri Province, DR Congo), comparing distress levels by sex, type of diabetes, education level, and marital status. A mixed-method cross-sectional survey was conducted with 67 diabetic patients (55.2% male, 44.8% female), recruited through snowball sampling. Instruments included the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-16), and Hamilton State-Anxiety Scale (HAM-A). Independent-samples t-tests compared means according to sex, diabetes type, education level, and marital status. Semi-structured interviews complemented the quantitative approach. Mean distress scores were: self-esteem = 24.4 (SD 4.5), perceived stress = 27.6 (SD 12.2), state anxiety = 60.3 (SD 14.8). Independent t-tests revealed statistically significant differences: women had lower self-esteem than men (t(65) = 2.31; p = 0.024); type 1 diabetic patients had higher stress than type 2 (t(65) = 2.09; p = 0.040); primary education level patients had higher anxiety than those with higher education (t(65) = 2.45; p = 0.017). No significant difference was observed according to marital status. Correlations were strong between distress dimensions (r = –0.42 to 0.72). Qualitative analysis identified five themes: worry about complications, loss of autonomy, feeling like a burden, family tensions, and paradoxical support. These results confirm that diabetes management in rural settings generates significant psychological distress. Women, type 1 patients, and less educated individuals are particularly vulnerable. Cassel and Cobb's social support theory, Lazarus and Folkman's transactional stress theory, and Bowen's family systems theory illuminate these observations. Psychological distress is a major effect of diabetes management in Aru. Targeted interventions are needed for the most vulnerable groups: strengthening psychosocial support for women, improving insulin access for type 1 patients, and providing adapted therapeutic education for less educated patients.
Keywords – Diabetes mellitus; psychological distress; family dependence; state anxiety; self-esteem
Dylan Chetty: Concept originator and human co-developer. Developed through a human–AI collaboration with ChatGPT AI system contribution disclosed transparently; ChatGPT is not presented as a legal or accountable author.
Generative artificial intelligence has introduced a distinctive epistemic problem into professional decision-making. Contemporary AI systems can generate propositions that are fluent, coherent, specific and apparently authoritative while nevertheless being incorrect, unsupported, incomplete or inappropriate to the context in which they are used. The resulting risk is not limited to model error. It also includes human over-reliance: the tendency to assign credibility to an AI-generated proposition because of the manner in which it is presented rather than because of the quality of evidence supporting it.
This paper proposes the Flavia Principle, a human–AI epistemic governance principle stating that the apparent fluency, confidence, specificity or coherence of an AI-generated proposition shall not constitute evidence of its truth; reliance upon an AI output should be proportionate to the consequence of accepting that output if it is wrong and should require evidence, competent judgement and verification commensurate with that consequence.
The paper distinguishes four epistemic states—AI-generated proposition, information, verified knowledge and authorised decision—and introduces three associated concepts: the Flavia Threshold, Flavia Failure and the Flavia Verification Loop. The proposed framework is examined in engineering, science and project, programme and portfolio management. It is positioned as a complementary layer to established AI-risk and professional-governance frameworks rather than as a replacement for them.
The paper argues that mature AI governance must address not only how AI systems are governed, but also how humans govern their reliance upon AI-generated propositions. The paper concludes with propositions for empirical research and a practical assurance model suitable for engineering and other consequential domains.
Traditionally, Buddhist education has been recognized as a well-developed tradition of intellectual cultivation that integrates elements of moral discipline, scriptural studies, and meditative practices. From its initial forms in monastic schools tracing back to the era of the historical Buddha to its more refined forms in the great monastic centers of South and Southeast Asia, it has evolved to become a holistic approach to intellectual cultivation. This article will discuss how this educational tradition evolved historically and its role in shaping intellectual traditions in Buddhism. It will particularly examine the monastic classroom setting in relation to the role of canonical languages in text preservation and teaching methodologies in Buddhist monastic settings. It will also discuss some of the famous centers of learning such as Nālandā and Vikramaśīla international centers of higher learning and their role in shaping Buddhist thought in general. The evolution of Buddhist education will reveal a unique tradition of mental cultivation that integrates elements of scriptural studies, moral discipline, and meditation. Finally, it will discuss how this tradition might inform contemporary debates about holistic education in relation to moral discipline, mindfulness, and critical thinking. It will reveal how Buddhist educational tradition has shaped intellectual cultivation.
Keywords: Buddhist education, monastic curriculum, Buddhist pedagogy, scriptural transmission, Buddhist universities, contemplative learning
In recent years, the industrial sectors of many countries have undergone profound changes, notably the proliferation of areas developed into industrial hubs. Industrial polarization has the merit of transforming a concentration of industry into a driver of socio-economic development for an entire territory. Over the past two decades, industrial activity has experienced remarkable growth, transforming Yaoundé into an industrial hub. The capital concentrates jobs, infrastructure, and a significant share of the country's industries. In 2023, the number of industrial enterprises stood at approximately 529, reinforcing its status as Cameroon's second-largest industrial city after Douala. Yaoundé’s industrial landscape is structured into hubs; this concentration is organized around the industrial zone and is gradually extending toward the southern periphery. This study aims to understand the mechanisms of industrial polarization and its socio-economic and spatial impacts on the city of Yaoundé. The methodology prioritized documentary research, fieldwork for data collection, and subsequent data processing. The main findings indicate that industrial location within Yaoundé’s urban area is fruitful but operates according two modes: dispersion and clustering. Finally, the effects of industrial polarization are ambivalent because while the city attracts activities and transforms the space, it also accentuates spatial and territorial inequalities. The results show that territorial development requires a forward Looking vision of industrialization and coordinated action from stakeholders.
Keywords: industrial polarization, localization, industry, territorial development, southern periphery, industrial district, cluster.
Sustainability practices are increasingly recognized as essential for improving productivity, ensuring ecological balance, and strengthening social inclusion within aquaculture systems. Despite favorable natural conditions and ongoing investments in Rubavu District, Rwanda, fish farming projects continue to experience sustainability-related challenges that limit their effectiveness and long-term impact. This study examined the influence of sustainability practices: environmental, economic, and social—on the performance of fish farming projects in Rubavu District. The study was guided by the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework and Systems Theory, and adopted a descriptive and correlational research design. The target population comprised 720 individuals directly or indirectly involved in fish farming activities, including fish farmers, cooperative leaders, NGO personnel, and government officials. Using Yamane's formula, a sample of 251 respondents was drawn through a combination of stratified, purposive, and simple random sampling; 196 (78%) fully completed and returned questionnaires. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and semi-structured interview guides. A pilot study involving 26 participants (10% of the sample) confirmed instrument validity (CVI = 0.76) and reliability (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.79). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis in SPSS version 28 at a 0.05 significance level. All three null hypotheses were rejected: environmental sustainability practices (r = 0.737, R² = 0.544, β = 0.803, p = 0.000), economic sustainability practices (r = 0.339, R² = 0.115, β = 0.413, p = 0.000), and social sustainability practices (r = 0.703, R² = 0.494, β = 0.776, p = 0.000) each significantly and positively influenced project performance. The combined model explained 65.2% of the variance in project performance (R² = 0.652, F = 120.005, p = 0.000), with environmental sustainability practices as the strongest predictor (β = 0.487), followed by social sustainability practices (β = 0.408); economic sustainability practices were not statistically significant in the combined model (p = 0.679). The study concludes that environmental, economic, and social sustainability practices significantly enhance the performance and long-term viability of fish farming projects in Rubavu District, and recommends strengthening waste management and water quality monitoring, improving farmers' access to affordable inputs and markets, and promoting community participation, training, and inclusive leadership.
Keywords: Sustainability Practices, Environmental Sustainability, Economic Sustainability, Social Sustainability, Project Performance, Fish Farming, Rubavu District.
Abstract
Background: Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) block is an alternative technique of multimodal analgesia very effective postoperatively. The objective of our study was to evaluate the analgesic impact of TAP block after laparoscopic surgery for inguinal hernia. Methods: 60 patients operated on for a laparoscopic inguinal hernia were included. Randomization was carried out in two parallel groups: a bilateral ultrasound-guided TAPB group with injection of 20 ml of ropivacaine 3.75mg/ml and a subcutaneous infiltration group with injection of 20 ml of ropivacaine 7.5mg/ml at the level of the trocar orifices, a standardized intravenous analgesic protocol for both groups postoperatively. Cumulative postoperative morphine consumption, pain scores at rest and on exertion were assessed 24 hours postoperatively. Results: demographic data, operative time and anesthetic duration were comparable between the two groups, VAS scores were significantly reduced at rest at H0, H2, H6, H12, H18, H24 (P < 0.05), consumption cumulative postoperative morphine was significantly reduced in the TAP block 4.28 mg group (95% CI (2.87-5.69) compared to the infiltration 14.68 mg group (95% CI (13.43- 15.93) p < 0.05.
Conclusion: as an interesting alternative multimodal analgesia, the TAP ultrasound-guided block Ensures effective postoperative analgesia.
Keywords: TAP block, ultrasound guided, postoperative analgesia, laparoscopic, inguinal hernia.
ABSTRACT: Background: Adequate knowledge of hypertension is essential for effective disease prevention and management. This study assessed knowledge regarding hypertension risk factors and management among hypertensive patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 245 hypertensive patients attending the Hypertension Clinic of Dhaka Medical College Hospital from September to December 2024. Participants were selected using purposive sampling, and data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were applied, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Most participants demonstrated good knowledge of hypertension risk factors and management, particularly regarding salt reduction, weight control, smoking cessation, and lifestyle modification. Knowledge was significantly associated with gender, education, income, living status, family history of hypertension, and duration of hypertension (p<0.05). Conclusion: Although overall knowledge was satisfactory, important gaps remained. Targeted health education is needed to improve hypertension awareness and management, particularly among socioeconomically disadvantaged and newly diagnosed patients.
Keywords: Hypertension, Knowledge, Risk factors, Complication, Management, Bangladesh, Cross-sectional study.
Purpose: The study aimed to systematically analyse the competitive strategies employed by Royal Air Charters to gain a competitive advantage in the aviation industry in Zambia, particularly in the post-COVID-19 era. Other objectives of the study included determining the challenges faced and the critical factors that could sustain Royal Air Charters' competitive ad-vantage.
Methodology: A qualitative approach was undertaken. A case study design was adopted for Royal Air Charters, and a pur-posive sampling technique was utilised. From a study population of 50 employees, we conducted in-depth interviews with 8 management-level employees using interview guides. An interview guide was utilised to direct the discussions, and short-hand notes were taken throughout. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify patterns or themes within qualitative data.
Findings: The strategies adopted to gain a competitive advantage were a combination of the following: cost leadership strat-egy, differentiation strategy, focus strategy and general/hybrid strategies. The challenges faced in implementing strategies included rising operational costs, intense regional competition, regulatory inefficiencies and managing unpredictable circum-stances. Critical Success Factors identified for sustaining a competitive advantage were: compliance with international regula-tions, prioritising safety and reliability, building trustworthiness, financial discipline and resilience. Royal Air Charter utilises Porter’s generic strategies to gain a competitive advantage over its rivals.
Practical implications: Competitive advantage is vital for business leaders seeking to survive, grow and thrive while navi-gating post-pandemic challenges in the aviation industry.
Originality/value: A unique research model to evaluate competitive strategies that affect the aviation industry in Zambia.
Postharvest losses threaten food security and smallholder welfare in sub-Saharan Africa, and maize, Rwanda's leading cereal staple, is no exception. Hermetic storage bags offer an effective, chemical-free means of suppressing insect activity and preserving grain quality, yet adoption among smallholder farmers in Nyagatare District remains incomplete and evidence on its determinants is limited. This study analyzed the socio-economic, institutional, and gender-disaggregated determinants of hermetic storage bag adoption using cross-sectional data from 400 farmers (200 adopters, 200 non-adopters) surveyed during the 2025/2026A season. Respondents were selected through multistage sampling, with sample size set by Cochran's (1977) formula at 95% confidence. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, chi-square tests, and a binary logit model with average marginal effects (AMEs) were used. The model fitted the data well (LR χ²(10) = 187.38, p < 0.0001; McFadden pseudo-R² = 0.338; 80.25% correctly classified). Credit access (AME = 0.170), perceived affordability (0.155), extension visits (0.108), cooperative membership (0.084), intended storage duration (0.083), farm size (0.077), and education (0.024) were positively and significantly associated with adoption, while age was negatively associated (−0.007). Gender of the household head was not significant (p = 0.516; Cramér's V = 0.046), suggesting gender operates indirectly through correlated institutional variables such as credit access and cooperative membership. Awareness was a necessary but not sufficient precondition. Findings support a coordinated policy package combining awareness campaigns, credit expansion, cooperative strengthening, extension scale-up, and gender-sensitive targeting to accelerate adoption and reduce postharvest maize losses.
Keywords: Hermetic storage bags; Postharvest loss; Technology adoption; Gender; Binary logit model; Rwanda
The rapid expansion of cloud computing, Internet of Things (IoT), distributed computing, and internet-based services has increased the attack surface of modern digital infrastructures. The sophistication of cyberattacks presents significant challenges to conventional intrusion detection systems (IDSs) based on predefined signatures, static rules, and manually engineered features. Although machine learning and deep learning offer promising capabilities for detecting malicious network activities, practical deployment remains challenged by false positives, imbalanced datasets, computational overhead, limited generalization, and real-time latency requirements. This study proposes a hybrid deep learning framework for real-time network intrusion detection that combines Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) layers for local feature extraction with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) layers for learning sequential dependencies in network traffic. A custom network-intrusion dataset containing legitimate and malicious traffic is processed through data cleaning, feature extraction, encoding, normalization, class balancing, and dataset partitioning. Hyperparameter optimization, regularization, validation monitoring, and early stopping are incorporated to improve model performance. Evaluation considers accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, false-positive rate, false-negative rate, detection latency, throughput, CPU/GPU utilization, memory consumption, and response time. Illustrative results report an accuracy of 96.8%, precision of 95.4%, recall of 94.7%, and F1-score of 95.0%, with a false-positive rate of 2.35% and false-negative rate of 1.18%. The findings indicate that hybrid deep learning can provide effective and responsive network intrusion detection. However, the illustrative results require experimental validation before being reported as empirical findings.
Introduction: Climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, with significant implications for mental health. However, the psychological impacts of localized climate-related disasters remain underexplored in rural Nigeria. This study investigated the mental health impacts of the April 2021 rainstorm in Oforola Ancient Kingdom, Imo State, Nigeria.
Methods: A qualitative descriptive study was conducted among 68 purposively selected residents from the three most affected villages. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and documentary review and analyzed using Braun and Clarke's six-phase thematic analysis. The WHO Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) Framework guided the interpretation of findings.
Results: Three major themes emerged: (1) psychological shock, trauma, and emotional distress; (2) fear, anxiety, and uncertainty regarding recovery; and (3) coping mechanisms and community support. Participants reported trauma, sadness, helplessness, fear, and financial insecurity following the destruction of homes and livelihoods. In the absence of formal psychosocial services, family support, neighbors, religious faith, and community solidarity were the primary coping mechanisms.
Conclusion: The April 2021 rainstorm had substantial psychological impacts on affected residents, highlighting the need to integrate mental health and psychosocial support into disaster preparedness, response, and recovery programs. Strengthening early warning systems and community-based psychosocial interventions will improve resilience to future climate-related disasters in rural Nigeria.
Keywords: Climate change; Rainstorm; Mental health; Psychological distress; Disaster mental health; Psychosocial support; Qualitative research; Nigeria.
Background: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic oral diseases worldwide and remains a major public health concern. It causes pain, tooth loss, impaired function, and reduced quality of life, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In Zambia, evidence on dental caries among adults is limited. This study assessed the prevalence and associated factors of dental caries among adults attending the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) Adult Dental Clinic in Lusaka, Zambia.
Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 124 adults aged 18–59 years selected using stratified random sampling. Data were collected through structured interviewer-administered questionnaires and clinical oral examinations. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, oral hygiene, dietary habits, and behavioral factors was obtained. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Associations were tested using Pearson’s Chi-square test at p < 0.05.
Results: Of the 124 participants, 76 had dental caries, giving a prevalence of 61.3%. Age was significantly associated with dental caries (χ² = 9.44, p = 0.009), as was frequency of sugar consumption (χ² = 17.96, p < 0.001). Gender, education level, income, and tooth-brushing frequency were not significantly associated with dental caries.
Conclusions: Dental caries was highly prevalent among adults attending the UTH Adult Dental Clinic. Older age and frequent sugar consumption were significant risk factors. Strengthening preventive oral health services, promoting healthy dietary practices, and integrating oral health into primary healthcare are essential to reduce the burden of dental caries in Zambia.
Keywords: Dental caries; Oral health; Adults; Sugar consumption; Zambia; Cross-sectional study
This paper examines the impact of automobile and railway infrastructure on economic growth and social outcomes in Uzbekistan from 2015 to 2023. Using panel data from all 13 administrative regions, the study applies descriptive and exploratory data analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression, VIF-based model selection, and GIS. The dependent variables are gross regional domestic product (GRDP) and road accidents, while independent variables include road and railway length, population, unemployment, car ownership, income, foreign trade, freight and passenger transport, and transport services.
The results show that local roads were negatively associated with GRDP, while international roads had a positive effect, suggesting ineffi-ciencies or underutilization of local road investments. However, roads had a positive overall effect on the economy when analyzed as in-frastructure variables, indicating that their benefits depend on effective integration with other sectors. Road safety analysis revealed that infrastructure expansion was associated with higher accident rates, particularly in highly urbanized and motorized regions such as Tash-kent. In contrast, railway infrastructure was negatively associated with accident rates, highlighting its potential as a safer transport alter-native.
Overall, the findings indicate that road infrastructure remains an important driver of economic growth, while railway modernization and comprehensive road-safety policies are essential for sustainable and inclusive development. The study provides evidence-based recom-mendations for improving Uzbekistan’s transport policy and regional development planning.
Study explored the perspectives of marketing professionals and banking consumers regarding the integration of Buy Now, Pay Later (BNPL) services in the Philippine banking sector, with particular emphasis on the financial management considerations of traditional banks. As BNPL continues to gain popularity among Filipino consumers, traditional banks face increasing pressure to adapt their credit offerings while maintaining responsible lending practices and financial sustainability. Guided by Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Theory and Prospect Theory, the study employed a qualitative phenomenological approach to capture the lived experiences, perceptions, and insights of marketing professionals from traditional banks and consumers familiar with BNPL services.
Findings revealed that marketing professionals view BNPL as a significant growth opportunity capable of attracting younger consumers, increasing customer acquisition, enhancing digital transformation, and generating additional revenue streams. However, concerns were raised regarding profitability, credit risk, consumer over-indebtedness, regulatory compliance, and the need for robust risk management frameworks. Participants emphasized the importance of fintech partnerships in accelerating innovation and operational efficiency. From the consumer perspective, BNPL was perceived as a convenient, accessible, and flexible financing option that supports budgeting and purchasing power. Nevertheless, consumers expressed concerns regarding transparency, hidden fees, repayment obligations, and responsible lending practices. Trust, affordability, convenience, and financial literacy emerged as key factors influencing willingness to use BNPL services.
The study concludes that successful BNPL integration requires traditional banks to balance innovation, profitability, consumer protection, and financial sustainability. Strategic implementation, transparent communication, and responsible lending are essential to maximizing the benefits of BNPL while minimizing associated risks.
Kəmbaúshə, one of the variants of the Sákátá language spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the Maï-Ndombe province (Kutu territory), uses the free allophones /l/ and /r/.
Correlatively, the influence of these allophones is observed when speakers of this variant speak French, so much so that this phenomenon particularly impacts second language learning. Teachers are thus called upon to address this issue.
This study examined the FTIR characteristics of biodiesel produced from pure and mixed Jatropha curcas and Azadirachta indica oils. Five feedstock formulations were used: 100% Jatropha (100J), 75% Jatropha–25% Neem (75J:25N), 50% Jatropha–50% Neem (50J:50N), 25% Jatropha–75% Neem (25J:75N) and 100% Neem (100N). The oils were extracted with n-hexane and converted to biodiesel through alkali-catalysed transesterification using a 6:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio and sodium hydroxide at 1.0% of the oil mass. FTIR analysis was used to identify and compare the main functional groups in the five biodiesel samples. All five spectra showed the characteristic ester carbonyl (C=O) band within 1737–1744 cm⁻¹, together with C–O stretching bands around 1237, 1163 and 1088 cm⁻¹. Aliphatic C–H stretching was observed around 2915–2922 cm⁻¹, while an additional band at 2855 cm⁻¹ was identified in BD-2 to BD-5. Bands associated with CH₂ and CH₃ bending were also observed around 1461 and 1372 cm⁻¹, respectively. The five spectra followed a similar overall pattern, although small differences were observed in the carbonyl and some C–O bands. These findings show that changing the proportions of Jatropha and Neem oils had little effect on the main FTIR characteristics of the biodiesel. Taken together, the characteristic absorption bands showed that all five biodiesel samples had the ester-related functional groups expected in fatty acid methyl esters.
This study examines the relationship between income inequality and economic growth using a systematic review of theoretical and empirical literature. The study focuses on the main channels through which inequality affects economic performance, including human capital accumulation, education, productivity, private investment, taxation and redistribution, socio-political stability, social capital, the informal economy, and small-business development. The reviewed evidence indicates that high income inequality can restrict access to education and skill development, widen productivity differences, discourage private investment, and increase political and social instability. Inequality may also weaken social capital, expand informal economic activities, and limit access to finance for small businesses. Although redistribution can improve equality and social welfare, higher taxation may reduce savings and investment under certain conditions, while increased consumption among lower-income households may stimulate economic activity. Overall, the findings suggest that income inequality is generally associated with weaker long-term economic growth through multiple interconnected mechanisms. Policies that promote equitable access to education, strengthen institutions and social cohesion, support productive investment, and improve financial inclusion can contribute to both reduced inequality and sustainable economic growth.
M Health supports services of healthcare workers (HCWs) and improves communication between healthcare services and patients such as appointments, and monitoring. mHealth also reduces worker load, improves health delivery and improves efficiency in service delivery. However, the uptake of mHealth by hospitals has been low in Kenya. This study sought to establish the hospital related factors associated with uptake of m-health among HCWs at Chuka County Referral Hospital in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey design with a mixed methods approach. A total of 190 HCWs were selected using stratified random sampling. Four Key informants-the medical superintendent, Hospital administrator, information and communication technology officer, and information communication technology maintenance officer (ICT) were also purposively selected. Data was collected using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Quantitative data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and regression analysis. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The results of the study show that there was low uptake of mHealth by the HCWs. Almost all the hospital factors investigated were significantly associated with HCWs uptake of mHealth (P<0.05). Themes derived from the study were poor infrastructure, limited training for the health care workers, and policy gaps. The study concluded that poor infrastructure and limited awareness were cause of low uptake of m Health. The study recommends that the hospital management should improve infrastructure, technical support and digital literacy especially among older healthcare workers. Policy should be formulated to increase financial resource allocation to improve on mHealth infrastructure in Hospitals.
This paper examines the impact of automobile and railway infrastructure on economic growth and social outcomes in Uzbekistan from 2015 to 2023. Using panel data from all 13 administrative regions, the study applies descriptive and exploratory data analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression, VIF-based model selection, and GIS. The dependent variables are gross regional domestic product (GRDP) and road accidents, while independent variables include road and railway length, population, unemployment, car ownership, income, foreign trade, freight and passenger transport, and transport services.
The results show that local roads were negatively associated with GRDP, while international roads had a positive effect, suggesting ineffi-ciencies or underutilization of local road investments. However, roads had a positive overall effect on the economy when analyzed as in-frastructure variables, indicating that their benefits depend on effective integration with other sectors. Road safety analysis revealed that infrastructure expansion was associated with higher accident rates, particularly in highly urbanized and motorized regions such as Tash-kent. In contrast, railway infrastructure was negatively associated with accident rates, highlighting its potential as a safer transport alter-native.
Overall, the findings indicate that road infrastructure remains an important driver of economic growth, while railway modernization and comprehensive road-safety policies are essential for sustainable and inclusive development. The study provides evidence-based recom-mendations for improving Uzbekistan’s transport policy and regional development planning.
The Sangam era of ancient Tamil literature (c. 300 BCE – 300 CE) offers a unique gender perspective through the voices of its female poets, such as Avvaiyar, Okkur Masathiyar, and Kakkaipatinithiyar. While classic Sangam poetry is traditionally bifurcated into Akam (interior/love) and Puram (exterior/warfare and societal ethics), the works of female poets bridge and redefine these domains by constructing a framework of "Outer Ethics." This paper examines how Sangam women poets transformed private maternal devotion into a public, socio-political imperative—a paradigm defined here as "Maternal Heroism" (Thaai Veeram). Unlike the conventional male-centric heroic ethos focused on martial conquest and individual glory, maternal heroism frames the mother as the foundational architect of a warrior’s ethical duty (Dharma). Through close readings of select Puram poems, this study demonstrates how these poetesses celebrated the sacrifice of mothers who urged their sons toward honorable duty on the battlefield, prioritizing heroic integrity over personal loss. Ultimately, the paper argues that Sangam women poets did not merely reflect patriarchal heroic standards; rather, they actively sculpted the communal code of outer ethics, elevating maternal nurture into the ultimate civic virtue.
Ass. Joseph-Patient BEPI Asilinjwa, Ass. Don de Dieu MBALASANI Bokota, Ass. Gilbert LOFO OTEKO-LOOLA, CPP Médard LUMBI Akoba, CPP Antoine GIOMBA Kendele, Ass. Emmanuel BALENGA Molalo
This study examines the ability of Terminalia superba seeds to germinate without complex artificial pretreatment under the natural climatic conditions of Opala, aiming to establish simple and efficient technical protocols. The research evaluates the germinative capacity of Terminalia superba (Limba) to address insufficient natural regeneration and analyzes the impact of local environmental factors on germination percentage and speed-parameters critical for the artificial propagation of this forest species.
Understanding seed behavior in natural settings is essential for silviculture and reforestation, as T. superba is known for germinative variability across provenances. Conducted to enhance climate change mitigation (carbon sequestration), combat desertification, and support sustainable timber production and ecological restoration, the experiment employed a sowing method using polyethylene bags. The results
showed a latent period of 12 days post-sowing, a germination percentage of 62.6%, and low germinative energy (31%). Furthermore, the germination speed was found to be low (20.8%). In the context of climate change, local efforts to mitigate forest species loss through seedling production can have global implications for carbon sequestration. To optimize results, pre-sowing treatments are recommended to stimulate emergence and achieve significantly higher germination rates, speed, and energy. In addition to seedling production, reforestation, afforestation, and assisted natural regeneration remain vital tools for forest establishment.
Keywords: Terminalia superba, Germination, Forest seeds, Opala, Natural conditions, DR Congo
Ass. Joseph-Patient BEPI Asilinjwa, Ass. Don de Dieu MBALASANI Bokota, Ass. Gilbert LOFO OTEKO-LOOLA, CPP Antoine GIOMBA Kendele, Ass. Emmanuel BALENGA Molalo
In the periphery of Kisangani (DRC), rainforests are undergoing severe anthropogenic pressure driven by shifting cultivation and fuelwood harvesting. This ecosystem degradation threatens the sustainability of medicinal Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs), which support primary healthcare for over 80% of local households. This study aims to evaluate the direct impact of forest fragmentation on the availability, population structure, and conservation status of three key medicinal plants (Garcinia kola, Milicia excelsa, and Alstonia boonei) in the Bengamisa area. The methodology combines quantitative ethnobotanical surveys among 45 key informants with structured floristic inventories and dendrometric sampling across 30 ecological transects established along a disturbance gradient (mature dense forest, secondary forest, and agricultural complex). Results reveal a sharp decline in regeneration and adult density for shade-tolerant primary species (Garcinia kola), which are highly vulnerable to microclimatic shifts and forest core reduction. Milicia excelsa exhibits moderate resilience but faces severe pressure from debarking and habitat loss. Conversely, the pioneer lightdemanding species Alstonia boonei displays strong ecological plasticity, thriving along forest edges and secondary fallows. In response, actionable conservationmeasures including in site protection, agroforestry integration, and community management are proposed to sustain local medicinal resources across the Tshopo Province.
Keywords: Forest fragmentation, Medicinal NTFPs, Plant ecology, Ethnobotany, Bengamisa, Kisangani,
Tshopo.
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