Peer-reviewed international research papers published open-access with EOI assignment and global indexing across engineering, computer science, environmental science, social sciences, and more.
In the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, almost all educational institutions had to engage students online. The change from offline to online teaching though not pre-conceived, had to be effectively managed. This qualitative study sought to explore educators’ concerns and perspectives related to how the rapid unplanned transition from in-person teaching to online teaching was managed. It focused on educators in urban areas of Ghana. Results indicated that educators made use of institutionally supported as well as open-access technologies to engage students despite the fact that prior to the pandemic; most educators were reluctant to use such technologies for teaching. Challenges such as expensive cost of data, unstable internet connectivity and limited interaction between students and educators were proven not to be just perceived challenges but real and can be addressed through strategic partnerships between educational institutions and telecommunication companies as well as intensive training for both educators and students.
It is unarguably a fact that the health institution that was intended to save lives has invariably become a transit route to the irrecoverable journey to death & disability by reason of the occurrences of medical errors in hospitals. This study was carried out to find out the common medical errors, patients awareness and their willingness/unwillingness to report medical errors in Hospitals in Lafia LGA. The study employed the survey design using questionnaires and key informant interviews to elicit data from patients and hospital workers, thereafter, the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to input data and subsequently analyzed using descriptive statistics and manual content analysis to analyze data. Results indicated that the commonest medical errors was the one related to drug and dosage errors or drug timing (76.7%), followed by wrong diagnosis (70.3%) and surgical errors (66.8%). Almost 90% of patients heard of medical errors while over 70 percent were aware and almost fifty present experienced medical errors but only 26.7% have ever reported medical errors. It was obvious from data that while a majority of patients are aware and have experienced medical errors only a very negligible number have reported. There is an urgent need to educate patients on the need to report medical errors in order to prevent the occurrence and save their lives and lives of others.
In this paper we proposed a multiplayer number picker game using brain computer interface (BCI). This game will be controlled by at least two or more people using NeuroSky MindWave Mobile 2. The users will advance through the game by choosing numbers through their brain. Our assumption is the game can be played by both able body or people with disability or both. This will be a simple game which may determine people’s impression and maybe helpful to other Electroencephalography (EEG) based brain computer interface devices to perform multi computational task from multiple users. In our paper we have examined different paper on BCI process using EEG devices that enabled us to learn more about multiplayer gaming advantages in the field of brain computer interface (BCI).
The study aimed to analyze the role of internal auditing in ensuring organizational effectiveness with focus to regulatory bodies in The Gambia. There is currently considerable interest in the topic of internal audit and its contribution to the organization goals. Internal auditing could be used as mechanisms of risk management, corporate governance and internal control. The paper aims at examining the relation between internal audit and organization goals. In this paper, at first, the conceptual approach of internal audit, which could be used as a mechanism of risk management, corporate governance and internal control, is analyzed. The study area was stratified into the greater Banjul area where there is larger concentration of companies. The study employed stratified sampling technique in coming up with a sample size of 25 respondents. The primary data collection method was used in collecting information through use of a questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using regression analysis and descriptive statistics using SPSS version 20 and presented through percentages, means, standards deviations and frequencies. The findings were presented in form of frequency tables and figures. Multiple regression analysis was also used to establish the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Data collected were reported and summarized in form of tables and figures. The results point out that internal audit is not only vital in the efficient risk management, internal control and corporate governance but also play a crucial role in the business survival and success
—Peoples looking for unconventional therapies such as herbal medicine when conventional medicine fails to cure chronic diseases. Therefore, herbal drugs gained popularity in the treatment of several diseases. Since there is no phytochemical, pharmacological study and a limited scientific data available on the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects on Libyan Globularia alypum (G alypum) species, the aim of this study intended to investigate the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the extracts of aerial part of G alypum. A modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to study the antimicrobial effect of the prepared samples and the Antioxidant activity was examined according to scavenging effects using stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Our results showed significant antibacterial activity against gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and showed a moderate effect against gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans. In addition it had strong scavenging effects on the DPPH radical that possessed a high antioxidant activity compared to gallic acid. Globularia alypum can be consider as a significant source of compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and thus further studies should be performed.
The Prone Position must be integrated into the arsenal of care of patients in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) especially after a thoracic traumatism associated or not to a brain injury. In this situation the refractory hypoxemia can involve the life – threatening of the patient
This study aims to test and analyze the analysis of the effect of hotel taxes, restaurant taxes and advertisement taxes on the economic growth of North Toraja Regency. This research is a causal research. This study uses a quantitative data analysis approach to a number of variables which will be determined later using descriptive statistics. This study uses secondary data from the annual time series for the 2009-2018 period. The data used are obtained from several sources. Economic growth data were obtained from BPS North Toraja Regency. Hotel tax, restaurant tax and advertisement tax data were obtained from the North Toraja Regency Regional Revenue Agency and the North Toraja Regency Regional Financial and Asset Management Agency. In observing the effect of hotel tax, restaurant tax and advertisement tax on the economic growth of North Toraja Regency, this study uses the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimation method. The variables in this study are hotel tax, restaurant tax, advertisement tax, and economic growth. The results in this study concluded that hotel tax revenue, restaurant tax and advertisement tax have an influence on economic growth in North Toraja Regency.
Threat of insecurity has instilled fears into Nigerians, particularly those of the Niger Delta region. Outside the country’s civil war of 1967-1970, there has not been any threat as disturbing as the threat of insecurity on the socio-econmic development of tourism in the Niger Delta from 2003 to 2006. Succinctly, the Niger Delta region of Southern Nigeria has had more than a fair share of the implications of the threat of insecurity on socio-economic development of the tourism and hospitality industry in particular. It is on this premise that this study sets out to examine the threat of insecurity on the socio-economic development of tourism and hospitality industry in the three states of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria from 2003 to 2006. Three research questions were formulated to assist to achieve the objectives of the study. Literatures related to the variables were reviewed and a survey research design was adopted and a total of 345 respondents were selected through purposive sampling technique. Data from the field were analyzed using bar chart illustrations to succinctly elucidate findings. Amongst the findings, the study demonstrated that the threat of insecurity in the Niger Delta region constituted threat to lives and properties, hindered business activities, and discouraged local investors and most importantly, foreign diret investments from foreign investors, all of which stifled and retarded socio-economic development of the tourism and hospitality industries in the three Niger delta states of Cross River, Delta and Rivers from 2003 to 2006. Secondly, the massive loss of lives amounts to a huge loss of manpower and generally reduced labour productivity. Based on these findings the study concluded that the threat of insecurity on the development of tourism and hospitality industry in the three states under review declined. Sequel to this, the study recommends amongst others, that government and other security agencies most provide sound measures that guarantee the safety and growth of tourism to ensure the socio-econmic development of the Niger delta region, particularly the three states under study. Secondly, government should also design substantive solutions such as job creation, poverty alleviation and development in the region. In the same vein, increase human capital development-training and skill acquisition as well as address the root cause of militancy in the region in order to avoid firture resurgence. Keywords: Niger Delta States, Tourism; Threat of insecurity; Foreign Direct Investment (FDI); Nigeria Tourism Development Corporation (NTDC); Socio-Economic Development
This paper presents a prototyping system based on the deposition of material at room temperature. First, it describes the extruder device and its operation coupled to a CNC machine. After, is described the system parameters that are: extrusion speed and the displacement table speed. At least, it describes the functional parameters that are: the uniformity of the filaments, their spacing and cohesion. The practical results obtained suggest that the built system is viable for building rapid prototypes and products. The novelty in this article is the fact that we use an inexpensive material that can be produced and applied at room temperature to without additional care.
Zal U’yun Wan Mahmood, Rahman Yaccup, Yii Mei Wo, Norfaizal Mohamed, Nooradilah Abdullah, Dainee Norfadzila Ahmad Tugi, Mohd Tarmizi Ishak, Mohamad Noh Sawon, Muhammad Izzat Muammar and Salahuddin Mohamad
Naturally occurring radionuclides 238U, 232Th, 226Ra and 210Po present in the marine surface sediments collected in the east coast of Peninsular were measured using HPGe gamma-ray spectrometer and alpha spectrometer. The objectives of this work are to quantify the level of those radionuclides, to study their trend and distribution in studied area and to evaluate the radiological health hazard effect due to natural radioactivity associated with sediments at studied area. The results found the level of 238U, 232Th, 226Ra and 210Po in surface sediment were ranged of 3.81 ± 0.29 – 32.58 ± 7.63 Bq/kg dw., 12.51 ± 1.65 – 63.29 ± 8.24 Bq/kg dw., 7.21 ± 0.59 – 64.93 ± 7.63 Bq/kg dw. and 22.28 ± 0.99 – 69.14 ± 3.09 Bq/kg dw., respectively. Meanwhile, their radioactivity trends and distribution observed to be higher toward the coastal area. This result due to terrestrial play an important role as the main sources for supplying these radionuclides to studied area. The mean radium equivalent activity concentration index and other radiological hazard parameter were less than their maximum permissible limits and the world averages. Therefore, the occurrence of those radionuclides in surface sediment were not posed radiological health hazard to anyone presence in the surrounding area, rather these sediments are suitable and safe to use as a road or building construction materials.
In the past ten years, water quality testing system has been widely used in almost every country which are known to have problems connected to ecological contamination. Which can be regarded to have problems related to ecological infection. The old structures of water satisfactory checking out contain the bodily series of samples from numerous places. These samples are verified in the research laboratory using diagnostic technologies. Such techniques are time taking and cannot be considered powerful. Furthermore, modern practices encompass an examination of numerous sorts of parameters of water first-rate inclusive of bodily and chemical. Vintage- style methods of water best size have drawbacks like a complex process, long time for effects, low measurement of accuracy, and uneconomical. Accordingly, there's a need of regular tracking of water quality constraints in actual-time. WST is a device used to measure the range of salts found in water. It works at the fundamental postulate of Total Dissolved Salts (TDS). The reason for developing this sort of tool is to provide equipment which can help the users to stumble on the salinity of water so that it could be handled if salinity is improved up to a certain restriction. The tool can be used each domestically and industrially.
There is a growing demand of food and fiber in the world due to the increase in population and urbanization. United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 2 also aims to double the agricultural productivity to feed the growing population by 2030. Agriculture is the highest consumer of fresh water resources so there is a need to decrease the consumption, improve irrigation management techniques and determine the water requirement of major crops. In this research paper, Food and Agriculture organization (FAO)CROPWAT 8.0 simulation software is used to find the crop water requirements (CWRs) and Irrigation Schedules for some major crops which are cultivated in the study area. The study area is Kankai Irrigation System (KIS), a major irrigation project in the eastern terai (plain) of Nepal located between the latitudes of 26 to 27 degree North and longitude of 87 to 88 degree East in the district of Jhapa of State Number 1. This research study reveals that crop water requirement and irrigation schedules are specific to the local study area owing to the seasonal and ecological features of the area. It enhances our understanding of the water requirement of some major crops in KIS, which will ultimately help to improve the management of water resources and productivity. Water resource planners can use the result of the study for proper planning and management of water resources in the country.
In the present work synthesis of undoped and Mn- doped ZnO nanoparticles by simple co precipitation method is reported. X-ray diffraction data revealed the formation of hexagonal wurtzite phase for both undoped and Mn-doped nanoparticles. The ac conductivity and the dielectric constant of Mn-doped ZnO were investigated at temperatures from 320 to 515K in the frequency range from 102 to 106 Hz. The temperature dependence of frequency exponent s is investigated to understand the conduction mechanism in the Mn doped ZnO samples of different concentrations .The non-overlapping small polaron tunneling model can explain the temperature dependence of the frequency exponent in the temperature range (320-410K), while the correlated barrier hopping model is the predominant conduction mechanism in the temperature range (410-515K).
The provision of quality education to all citizens of a country is the foundation for social equality, the path to the economic and political stability of a nation. This study aimed to establish the influence of in-service training on the administration of Human Resource management in public secondary schools in Borabu sub-County. The study used a descriptive survey design, and data analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The target population was 21 public secondary schools, 21, principals, 21 deputy principals, 84 class teachers, and 1 Sub-county Quality Assurance and Standards Officer. The sample size was 121, comprising: 20 principals, 20 deputy principals, 80 class teachers, and 1 Sub-county Quality Assurance and Standards Officer. It used the Census method to select principals and deputy principals, while a simple random sampling technique to choose the 4 class teachers from each of the selected schools. The population comprises principals, deputy principals, class teachers, and sub-county Quality Assurance and standards officers. The data collection tools were questionnaires and semi-structured interview schedules. The validity and reliability of the instruments were obtained after piloting was done in one school that did not participate. Data analyzed quantitatively using frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviation, and chi-square. While qualitative data were analyzed using themes derived from the data. From the chi-square findings, there was a positive correlation between in-service training of public school administrators and effective administration and human resources management. The administration and management of public secondary schools are likely to be more productive and efficient. The study recommended the training on Kenya Education Management Institute skills is made compulsory; the Ministry of Education should hold workshops to disseminate the skills to all stakeholders involved in the management of secondary schools.
Withaniacoagulans is commonly referred to solanaceafamily, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Malaysia. Withania is known to have several pharmacological effects such as antiseptic, and in treating rheumatism, hypocholestrolemic, Hyperthyroidism, venomous bites and other conditions. Extraction of withania was done in Analytical lab of University of Engineering and Technology Lahore. After extraction the extract was subjected to physiochemical analysis. The goal is to determine the physiochemical association in extract and the therarapeutic effects. Withaniacoagulans oil extracted from seed kernels showed first-rate anti-bacterial interest and least antifungal pastime. It turned into also useful within the remedy of skin illnesses and within the purification of contaminated water. Composition of fatty acids of withania extract become analyzed by using fuel Liquid Chromatography (GLC). The presence of different practical companies in oil changed into detected through the use of Infrared Spectroscopy (IR). The hexane extract of leaves and plant life were additionally determined to be effective against one-of-a-kind pathogens..
One adapted variety in the upland ecosystem Nerica 4 were evaluated using randomized complete block design with different plant population (spacing, 20, 30 and 40 cm) between rows and three seed rates (50, 60 and 70 kg-ha1) which is factorial combined along with one control treatment (80kg/ha broadcasting) will be used as comparison for grain yield and yield contributing parameters. Increase in spacing contributes to vigorous plant growth as well as increased the number of panicles per hill, grain yield per hill, filled grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight. As the seed rate increased there was a proportional increment on the number of tillers per plant. Seed rate and row spacing significantly affected grain yield and plant height. The grain yield obtained from the seed rate of 60 kg /ha at spacing of 20cm gives an average two years yield of (6.523 t ha-1) higher by 20.41% compared to the seed rate of 80 kg ha-1 (5.2643 t ha-1) and in the year 2015 (3.1 t ha-1 higher by 44.23%) than the standard check.
The problem that often encountered in the transportation of the fish included low survival levels. The addition of clove oil in transportation media might suppress the metabolism rate of the fish; so that, the fish mortality during transportation could be minimized. This research aims to determine the concentration of clove oil that was effective for anesthesia of Giant gourami fingerling transported during the treatment time and to analyze the effects of induction time and recovery time and analyze the survival rate of Giant Gourami fingerling. This research was conducted in January-February 2020. The method of this research used an experimental method factorial randomized group design (FRGD) consists of two factors are the four-factor concentration factor (0,010, 0,015, 0,020 ml/L and control) and the three-stage transport duration factor (3, 5 and 7 hours). The transportation system in this study was a closed system. The parameters observed in the transportation period are the time of induction and recovery time of the test fish, survival rate post transportation, survival rate post maintenance 7 days and water quality including temperature, DO, pH, and ammonia. Based on the results of research, the effective concentration for transportation of giant gourami fingerling was 0,010 ml/L with a duration of trans-portation for 7 hours has an induction time during 14.71- 15.54 minutes, recovery time during 9.95-10.20 minutes and the survival rate post-transportation was 98.33% and post-maintenance 7 days was 77.97%. The parameters of water quality can be concluded that they were still within the tolerance limits of giant gourami had been specified.
Under the influence of Covid-19, the education system of post-independence Bangladesh is going through an extreme crisis. According to the government announcement to keep the students safe from the corona epidemic, all the educational institutions of the country have been closed since March 16, 2020. The classroom is locked as no significant improvement in the situation is yet visible. The government is working hard to keep the education system in a state of crisis. The study is mainly based on descriptive approach and secondary data have been used. This paper is particular focus on understandings of education, lockdown, Covid-19 and its impact on education in Bangladesh. The paper shown, possible steps during lockdown for continue the educational activities and Corona subsequent possible steps taken to overcome present crises.
This study aims to test and analyze the optimization of local tax revenue in the Tana Toraja Regency. This type of research used in this research is descriptive. In conducting the research, a qualitative approach was used in order to obtain a comprehensive and in-depth picture of the efforts made by the local government of Tana Toraja Regency in increasing local tax revenue. This research was conducted in Tana Toraja Regency, especially in the Regional Financial and Asset Management Agency (BPKAD), Regional Revenue Agency and regional taxpayers in Tana Toraja Regency. This research was conducted for 1 (one) month. The sample used in this study were 45 people consisting of 30 employees and 15 taxpayers. This number fulfills the central limited theory which states that the number of observations is normally distributed when it is greater than 30 samples. The sample or informants consisted of 45 people (30 employees and 15 taxpayers). The type of data used in this research is qualitative data and quantitative data. This study will use a combination of SWOT analysis (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat) with Improtance Performance Analysis (IPA) Analysis Techniques.
This study aims to examine and analyze the factors that affect the absorption of the budget of the North Toraja district government. This research is a descriptive quantitative study with a survey method. The place of this research is in North Toraja Regency. This research was conducted starting in February 2020. The population in this study was the Regional Government of North Toraja Regency. The sampling technique used in this study was saturated samples. the entire 52 supervisory apparatus of the North Toraja Regency Government will be the respondents. The sample in this study was the treasurer of the Regional Apparatus Organization (OPD) of the North Toraja Regency Government. This research uses quantitative data. Data collection in this study was carried out by making a list of questions in a questionnaire that will be filled out by respondents. The questionnaire was submitted to 36 respondents consisting of OPD treasurers of the North Toraja Regency Government. The variables in this study are budget absorption, planning documents, regulations, HR competencies, procurement documents and money supply.
The study delineated in this article analyzed the impact of YouTube on the development of students’ speaking skills in the department of English at Moroccan universities. This qualitative correlational research investigated the role of students’ use of YouTube in the progress of their speaking capacities. The data was collected online using a questionnaire on Google forms since this study coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic lock-down. The results revealed a determining role that YouTube plays, as the most effective and reliable platform for self-instruction, in developing the English speaking skills of Moroccan EFL students. It also demonstrated the type of use that students prefer to access YouTube for, the big influence of using YouTube on the development of the speaking capacity, and an agreed upon assumption that it is a platform, which has more positive features than negative ones. The findings of this study came up with implications for different actors in the domain of language education in Morocco and the world.
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to give some remarkable guidance on the safety precautions when using radioactive sources hazards of nuclear radiations.Objective: The main objectives of this project is to measure how much medical workers specifically done on Pawi General Hospital laboratory workers have the knowledge of application of physics in medicine and to improve the cooperation of physicists, physicians and radiologists on using radioactive sources. Therefore, the project leads the readers to get some information about uses of radioactive substances in different fields including education, industry, agriculture, medicine, etc… and some techniques of using radioactive isotopes.Methods: During the study all seven doctors (two of them are the hospital manager and emergency room director) and four laboratory technicians were interviewed using structured and pre-tested questionnaires in their home and all their response is recorded by the data collectors. Before the interview clear orientation was given to them by me about what they will be asked. After the data collection has been completed analysis has been made according to the objective of the study. Finally, elementary statistical analysis were used to improve the understanding among of physicists, physicians and radiologists on the development of nuclear diagnostic techniques, and to explains the peaceful use of nuclear facilities in Ethiopia. Result, conclusion and recommendations: The result obtained from the study show that almost all of the doctors have positive attitude to work with physicists. There is lack of available radioactive sources for laboratory room. Majority of the laboratory workers did not use the safety precaution of radioisotopes. The doctors know the application of nuclear physics in medicine. Based on the result obtained I recommended that the lab technicians must care that safety measures need when handling and using radio isotopes as well as they must keep them in sealed container. When using radioactive source it should be handled with tongs or forceps, never with the body kept at arms length pointing away from the body
Malnutrition remains one of the most persistent public health and welfare challenges in developing countries like Ethiopia. It is attributed to lack of adequate food consumption and poor balance diet. This study assesses the rural household food consumption behavior and the socioeconomic, demographic and institutional factors of food consumption behaviors of the household in Bambasi districts, Ethiopia. Data was collected from 260 sample households using a semi structured interview schedule. The food consumption pattern data was collected from the respondents by using a seven days recall period. Out of the total respondents about 12.69, 42.69 and 46.62% of sample households fell into poor, borderline and acceptable food group consumption behaviors, respectively. The food consumption behaviors of the households were affected by sex and age of the household, change in annual farm income, farm size, livestock ownership, access to extension services, access to irrigation and crop production diversity of the household. Therefore, concerned bodies' food and nutrition security intervention plan should pay due attention to household awareness creation, asset building, and resource mobilization.
Traffic congestion is considered as an escalating problem in Muscat governorate which has resulted from the increase of vehicles on the road and growth of population and other reasons which have negative impacts on people, environment, and business. Subsequently, this research study includes the analysis of the current traffic status where the researcher study mainly the causes of traffic congestion in Muscat, find and know the real role of the internet of things technology in reducing traffic congestion by having comprehensive details and infor-mation about the IoT technology with its related technologies and devices which can be used in traffic man-agement. And based on analysis, the researcher set a group of recommendations in regard to the utilization of the IoT to know its real role in reducing this issue and to enhance the road infrastructure. The prompt and mag-nificent development of implementing the advanced technologies in information and communication technolo-gies domain has become the main interest for many researchers nowadays that promotes to present many mod-ern chances to retain the business continuity. The internet of things mainly aims to assemble the necessary in-formation from many IoT devices and technologies. IoT is mainly dependent on the internet, wireless, and the technologies of detecting and sensing which utilized to understand any smart recognition of the tagged things by observing, tracking, processing, controlling all data in an automatic way. In addition, the research was conducted using explanatory/descriptive analysis through the random sample size which been selected for the purpose of the study. The results of the analysis revealed that the main causes of traffic congestion in Muscat were because of the increasing number of cars, secondly due to population growth. The rest of the reasons were between the centralization of institutions and shopping centers in Muscat, road re-pairing and construction, and the behaviors of drivers who driving reckless and their unobligation to traffic rules. The recommendations decreed that, to take advantage of using the internet of things technologies, placing the smart traffic lights, deploying the smart signs. In addition, one of the recommendations is to link all of these suggested solutions with the traffic application of Royal Oman Police.
The objective of this study is to map of the cancer cases rate in the in the Region of Greater Casablanca using the Standardized Morbidity Ratio (SMR) Method and identify the high-risk districts. The data are obtained from the Greater Casablanca Cancer Registry (GCCR)[1]. 4957 cancer cases have been mapped (2245 in men and 2712 in women). Cancer mapping allowed to represent the relative risk at the level of 32 communes in the greater Casablanca region. The high-risk areas are: Oulad salah, Ain Harrouda, Tit Melli and Anfa. Analysis of the spatial distribution of cancer shows significant differences between different areas. However, a clear spatial autocorrelation is observed, which can be of great interest and importance to researchers for future epidemiological studies, and to policymakers for applying preventive measures.
Reaction of 3-acetyl-2-amino-1, 4-naphthoquinone, and chloroacetic acid in the presence of ethanol/NaHCO3 achieved 2-acetyl-3-glycenyl-1, 4 –naphtho quinone 52. On triturating of 52 under thermal piperidine, afforded 1-H-3-methyl pyrolo [2,3-b]-naphth-4, 9-dione-2-carboxylic acid 53. Selective quaternization of 53 and phenacyl heterocyclic quaternary salts, achieved 2-carboxy-3-methyl pyrrolo [2, 3] naphth-4, 9-dione- 1[4(1)] α-substituted-3-monoazo- phytopigment like 54a-e The specific characterization of Heterocyclic pyrrolo [2, 3-b] naphth-4, 9-dione quinone amino acids precursors in phytopigment Like in colour are highly coloured compounds ranging from reddish brown to dark violet. The spectral behaviour of ethanolic solution of phytopigment Like in the visible region in order to permit a criterion for their use as photosensitizers. The solvatochromic behavior of phytopigment Like is observed here. The absorption spectra of phytopigment Like in different pure were examined in the visible region showing solvatochromism. This permits a selection of optimal solvent when such phytopigment Like is applied as photosensitizers. The spectral behavior of phytopigment Like in aqueous universal buffer solution and dissociation (protonation) constants (pka values) is described as a criteria for their use as photo-sensitizers and to permit their acido-baso chromic behaviour when is applied as photosensitizers
Some new key reaction intermediates were used as main entities in the synthesis of N-Bridge Head Heterocyclic indolizino(benzindolizino)[2,3-b] benzpiperidin- Imidazolo [4, 5-b][2, 3, 4-b, j] indolizino- [2, 3-b] benzpiperidin- & Indolizino (benzindolizino)[3, 2-b]-benzpyrimidin-5-one, 2-methyl pyrazolo[3, 2-a] quinolino[1, 5-a] benzpyrimidin-zero-[mono]-methine. Indolizino (benzindolizino) [2,3-b] benz piperidin-benz-piperidino [2,3-d] pyrido [2,1-a] pyridazin-11-one, meso-substituted tri–2[2(4)]-methine cyanine dyes (9a-e, 12).. The new synthesised heterocycles key reaction intermediates & related cyanines were identified by elemental & spectral data. The UV-visible absorption spectra of selected dyes were investigated in pure & mixed organic solvents to verify molecular complex formation. The UV-visible absorption spectra of such dyes were investigated in aqueous universal buffer solutions.
Urban sprawl is a multidimensional process involves multiple factors of socio economic and population dynamics in which urban areas are expanding un-monitored leads to haphazard & uncontrolled development. This urban sprawl is usually managed through urban growth strategies & master plans. Lahore has experienced many of master plans for the future urban growth but their fully implementation re-mained unanswered and there seems lot of haphazardness and unplanned development in the city. In this research, spatio temporal urban growth of Lahore is examined using Landsat Imageries for the years 1996, 2001, 2008, 2015. Regression analysis is also performed using the dependent and independent variables (built up areas & population) to predict the future expansion of growth areas. It is revealed that land use growth is relatively low which is 21.6% during year 1996 to 2001, but in the last 15 years from 2001-2015 it is exponentially in-creased to 94.5% due to weak enforcement and implementation of master plan. The results depicts that urbanization rate of Lahore is alarming and is expanding unidirectional in southwards and growth will become double in the next 15-20 years. The results of this mixed method approach proved to be effective in demonstrating urban growth studies.
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