Peer-reviewed international research papers published open-access with EOI assignment and global indexing across engineering, computer science, environmental science, social sciences, and more.
Vol. 14 · Issue 3 · Mar 2026 · ISSN 2320-9186 · 16 Papers
Cet article propose une analyse du secteur monétaire en RDC en s’appuyant sur une approche basée sur les compétences (rôles des acteurs), les situations (crises) et les objectifs (stabilité des prix, emploi).
Cette étude analyse les causes profondes de la dollarisation de l'économie congolaise depuis 1999, exacerbée par une hyperinflation de 9,996% et une instabilité politique, menant à une substitution du franc congolais (FC) par le dollar américain.
Cet article propose une analyse sur les réformes des finances publiques en République Démocratique du Congo (RDC), visent à moderniser la gestion budgétaire en passant d’un budget traditionnel axé sur les intrants à une approche programmatique orientée vers la performance, s’inspirant de l’expérience pionnière du Cameroun depuis 2013. Cette étude analyse également les mécanismes existants (cadres budgétaires sectoriels, plans d’exécution à moyen terme), les enjeux (efficacité des dépenses, transparence), les défis (manque d’adhésion politique, défauts de coordination institutionnelle, corruption) et les perspectives d’une migration complète prévue entre 2024 et 2026. Dans ce contexte, à partir d’une analyse comparative qualitative de documents officiels, de lois et de rapports de performance, les résultats montrent que si la RDC dispose d’outils réglementaires (notamment la loi n° 11/011 de 2011), elle accuse un retard par rapport au Cameroun en termes de résultats économiques et de qualité de la dépense, en raison de faiblesses persistantes dans l’exécution et de contraintes de ressources. L’hypothèse selon laquelle la capacité institutionnelle (scores PEFA) constitue le principal facteur du succès du budget-programme en RDC, au-delà des facteurs macroéconomiques, est testée et confirmée par une analyse multivariée (ACP, régression) montrant que cette capacité explique 52 % de la variance de performance (R² = 0,87). Le Cameroun surpasse la RDC (+1,38 sur le premier composant principal) grâce à une meilleure coordination et digitalisation, tandis que la RDC stagne autour de 40 % d’exécution budgétaire. Un plan PEFA+ d’un montant estimé à 25 millions de dollars est recommandé. Le Cameroun illustre une allocation et un suivi des dépenses plus orientés résultats, offrant des stratégies transférables telles que le renforcement du contrôle et du renforcement des capacités. Ces enseignements appellent à poursuivre les réformes institutionnelles et à renforcer l’engagement politique en RDC afin d’améliorer la gouvernance fiscale et de promouvoir un développement durable.
Loan default is one of the most persistent challenges facing microfinance institutions (MFIs) in developing economies. Elevated default rates reduce liquidity, weaken profitability, and undermine financial inclusion objectives. This study examined the causes of loan default and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies at Mofin Finance Limited using a descriptive case study design. Quantitative data were collected via structured questionnaires administered to 40 loan processing and recovery staff, and qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 20 management and operational personnel. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis; qualitative data were analysed using thematic content analysis. The regression model was statistically significant (F=12.45, p=0.000, R²=0.68), indicating that the five predictor variables explained 68% of the variance in loan default. Income instability was the strongest positive predictor of default (B=0.41, p=0.000), followed by low financial literacy (B=0.36, p=0.001) and high interest rates (B=0.22, p=0.008). Monitoring (B=−0.29, p=0.011) and inter-departmental communication (B=−0.33, p=0.001) were significant negative predictors, confirming that stronger institutional controls reduce default risk. Qualitative findings reinforced these results, identifying borrower unwillingness to repay, weak enforcement systems, and macroeconomic shocks as additional contributing factors. Based on these findings, a three-stage Integrated Loan Management Model is proposed, comprising pre-disbursement risk control, post-disbursement monitoring and borrower support, and structured recovery and portfolio management. The study recommends that Mofin Finance Limited strengthen credit assessment procedures, formalise monitoring protocols, and improve inter-departmental coordination. Keywords: Microfinance, Loan Default, Credit Risk Management, Repayment Performance, Financial Inclusion
The project is an alive being, acts and reacts with people around, surrounding environment, economic situation,development,quality of life and others in a way to change some or many life manifestations , people life conditions and increase development, then it must be evaluated, tested and assessed periodically for all items,components,contents and configure clearly for whom it concerns, getting realistic results and data acquisitions, also the evaluation methods have to present the strengths and the weakness points to achieve the main objectives from this process which aims to recover the situation and take the necessary corrective actions against failure modes. Project management was coined in 1950s, initially with emphasis on activity scheduling, budgeting and control and remained so even with the advent of computers in management. Now project management is redefined by wide ranges of fields and knowledge of areas such as stakeholder management and integration management and others when the iron triangle time, cost and quality still the main goal to achieve and reach the project objectives properly. Nowadays projects are more complex and larger than before, also it affects many domains and parties , it take more much money to be achieved more than we expect, specially with the high rates of inflations and the banking interests. Even quality approach is different from before and customer satisfaction became a necessary process in the project handover and with the continuous progress in scientific and luxury domains, the projects have to represent a new concept where monitoring and evaluation methods must keep pace with current development. Evaluation models take place during the project life cycle periodically (biweekly or monthly) with a numerical approach which can configure about the case, discovering the errors and points out the responsibility of humans or others, then a recovery plan or even a corrective action can take place rapidly preventing the great deviation from the right way and repose the project in its right direction. Check lists can provide a realistic assessment and evaluation for many project activities especially with iterative events and regular work.
The effect of factors on the utilization of credit by small scale vegetable farmers in Delta State, Nigeria was investigated. The respondents selected for the study were 100. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the socio-economic characteristics of the small-scale farmers, identify the modes of credit utilization by the small- scale farmers, and to determine the factors that influence farmers’ decision to utilize credit. Primary data was used for the study. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Socio-economic characteristics were analyzed using frequency and percentage while the factors that influence farmers’ decision to utilize credit were analyzed using OLS regression. The study found that majority of the farms in the study area were operated by males of the age range of 31-40, had average household size of 4-6 persons, and with no formal education. Majority of the respondents used the credit obtained for Climate change, Adaptation Technologies and farm business expansion. Further result shows that utilization of credit to finance climate change adaptation technologies significantly and negatively affected (P≥0.05) by household size, age, level of education and frequency of extension visit. Sex of farmers and area of agriculture had a positive effect on credit utilization. We recommended that development institutions with the agenda of climate change management and agricultural expansion plan should build in credit programme into their operational strategies.
The study aims at creating a scale for the evaluation tool, testing the proposed categories and content validity of its domains. The construct is based on a theoretical framework that integrates early mathematics skill development in early childhood education and is applied in public elementary schools located in Congressional District 5 of Quezon City. The content validity was evaluated by five experts in the related area or field. Researchers used Lawshe’s test called Content validity ratio (CVR), Kappa statistics, and Content validity index (CVI) to ascertain content validity. These were developed by the researchers into three categories with fifty items each which are Numeracy skills, Spatial thinking ability, Mathematical thinking and reasoning skills. The I-CVI of this instrument ranged from 0.2 to 1 while at end S-CVI/Ave ranged from 0.824 to 0.932 meaning it had high content validity. This research can be of great significance as it bridges the theory-practice gap in early childhood education through grounded instrument development encompassing well-defined content domains, thus improving future investigations towards enhancing reliability and validity of the scales used.
This work intended to analyze the impact of photovoltaic water pumping systems on Rwanda rural communities. Different technologies used in SISs are assessed and it has found that the result of using this technology depend on the choice of pump Motor, pump unit, solar module and solar irrigation method used for a particular region. For small to medium size irrigation, Brushless DC motor is chosen and AC motor is good for higher power requirement irrigations. A surface pump is chosen for water deepness less than 15m, otherwise a submersible type should be used. A floating pump is used when the water source is a large dam or other open source like a lake or wide open well. The respective efficiencies of drip, sprinkler and flood irrigation are 90%, 75% and 60%. Surface irrigation is the cheapest but, once used, there is no uniformity of water distribution. A SIS can either pump directly water from the source to the crops or use battery or water tank for storage. It has shown that the use of water tanks is more effective and less expensive than that of batteries and the automatic SIS reduces wastage of water and human intervention for farmers. The system can also be a stand alone or grid connected depending on electrical connectivity network of concerned area. For a quick diffusion of solar water pumps, Rwanda can learn a lesson from India which is among the reference countries that have promoted the solar irrigation systems by applying appropriate technologies with the help of the central government policy. This study has shown that in India, multiple solar irrigation schemes have been implemented with the support of capital subsidies from MNRE which has increased the number of solar pumps installed in the country and the improved the rural community livelihoods.
The use of gadgets in early childhood education has become increasingly popular. However, its impact on academic performance is still unclear. This study investigates the impact of gadgets on early childhood education and their academic performance in Mathematics among 17 kindergarten learners. A quasi-experimental design was used, with tablets as an intervention and traditional methods as the control. Results showed no significant difference between the two groups, suggesting a need for a balance between gadget use and traditional learning methods.
Cultural context plays a significant role in shaping creative thinking and innovative practice in any society. The people of the Toro Kingdom cherish their traditions and actively participate in cultural practices because of their strong attachment to their kingdom. This paper investigates the influence of cultural context on creative thinking and innovative practice among the Batooro people of the Toro Kingdom in western Uganda. The study explores how cultural values, traditions, social structures, and indigenous knowledge systems contribute to the development and expression of creative capacity within social settings. Using a literature review methodology, data were collected and analysed from secondary sources, including journal articles, books, and scholarly papers related to cultural context, creative capacity, and the Toro cultural setting. The findings reveal that the Toro cultural context significantly influences how individuals generate ideas, solve problems, and engage in innovative practices. Cultural activities such as storytelling, indigenous music, dance, crafts, and community ceremonies provide a platform for families to transmit cultural knowledge across generations. The study concludes that creative thinking in Toro society is deeply embedded in cultural contexts and collective social processes. Promoting cultural competence and integrating indigenous knowledge with modern innovations can support sustainable development and foster creative thinking within the Toro social setting.
Abstract The United States National Airspace System (NAS) represents one of the most complex and operationally demanding aviation environments worldwide. Despite its exceptional safety record, the increasing density of air traffic, integration of emerging technologies, and persistent human performance limitations continue to pose significant challenges to both safety and operational efficiency. This study examines the role of advanced pilot training methodologies and structured risk management systems in enhancing aviation safety outcomes within the NAS. Drawing on regulatory frameworks, industry practices, and contemporary safety models, the research analyzes the impact of Safety Management Systems (SMS), Crew Resource Management (CRM), scenario-based training, and data-driven reporting programs. The findings indicate that integrating advanced training with proactive risk management frameworks significantly improves situational awareness, decision-making capabilities, and hazard mitigation. Furthermore, the adoption of predictive safety models and continuous training mechanisms contributes to increased operational efficiency by reducing disruptions and optimizing resource allocation. The study concludes that a systemic, data-driven safety culture—supported by continuous professional development and integrated risk management—is essential for sustaining and advancing aviation safety in increasingly complex airspace environments. Keywords: aviation safety; safety management system; risk management; pilot training; human factors; operational efficiency; NAS
Background: Zambia continues to experience a significant HIV epidemic, with an estimated adult HIV prevalence of approximately 9.8% in 2023. Lusaka province which is among the densely populated provinces in Zambia has notably higher rates of approximately 15.4%). The HIV epidemic has a high burden in women, particularly young women, who exhibit higher prevalence rates compared to men. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of recent HIV infections among pregnant women in Lusaka Province, Zambia. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study used secondary data from the Zambia HIV Recency Surveillance Programme collected in 2023. The study analyzed a total of 4515 pregnant women in Lusaka Province. The study investigated distinct categories of individuals based on their recent test results (recent, long-term, inconclusive, invalid, or negative) and contrasted these categories based on the HIV testing modality. Results: The overall prevalence of recent HIV infections among enrolled 4515 pregnant women in Lusaka Province 10.21%. This finding indicates the potential of active HIV transmission within the pregnant population, highlighting challenge of emerging new infections despite eMTCT National efforts. Further granular analysis by testing modality revealed that ‘Index Testing Modality’ as the highest prevalent entry point for recent HIV infections among pregnant women, at 11.00%. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the burden of HIV transmission among the pregnant population in Lusaka Province and highlighted ‘index testing,’ as a high yield modality. The overall prevalence of 10.21% and the 11.0% yield through index demonstrates the need to intensify targeted prevention strategies this cluster.
Dans la République Démocratique du Congo, l'agriculture joue un rôle central dans l'économie nationale et représente un secteur essentiel pour le commerce et la création de richesse. Il est donc essentiel de favoriser l'utilisation des technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) pour optimiser la productivité dans le secteur agricole, encourager les pratiques agricoles durables et promouvoir les produits alimentaires, dans le but d'impulser le développement de l'industrie agricole. L'utilisation des technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) est au cœur de l'innovation visant à combattre le changement climatique dans le secteur agricole africain. Cette note politique met en évidence les éléments essentiels qui conditionnent l'utilisation des TIC dans le secteur agricole, en mettant particulièrement l'accent sur la question du coût abordable, de la viabilité économique (accès au crédit) et des bénéfices associés. Pour assurer l'inclusivité en matière d'accès à la technologie, il est essentiel de prendre en compte des facteurs évidents économiques, socioculturels (comme les valeurs communautaires et l'influence des pairs) ou individuels (tels que le niveau d'éducation et la tolérance au risque), la couverture réseau insuffisante, le coût prohibitif des données, la carence en culture numérique ainsi que les disparités numériques basées sur le genre. Elle juxtapose plusieurs modèles théoriques, y compris la théorie de la diffusion des innovations et la théorie du comportement planifié, tout en mettant en parallèle les approches néoclassiques et évolutionnistes. Notre recherche met l'accent sur l'importance de politiques publiques contextualisées, qui prennent en compte les aspects sociaux, technologiques et environnementaux, afin de promouvoir une transition agricole inclusive, durable et résiliente. Étant donné que cet accès favorise la diffusion rapide des solutions agricoles numériques et des outils TIC à travers le continent, notamment en offrant aux producteurs agricoles des renseignements clés sur la météo, un accès au marché et des méthodes agricoles optimales. En dépit de ces progrès encourageants, des défis majeurs demeurent tels que. De plus, le produit du savoir met en évidence l'importance fondamentale des variétés de cultures résistantes au changement climatique et des races de bétail capables de s'adapter à l'évolution technologique dans le domaine agricole. Par conséquent, notre étude fournit une explication du rôle que jouent les éléments technologiques, individuels, organisationnels et environnementaux dans la décision d'adopter et d'utiliser les TIC dans les fermes du Territoire de Tshilenge, qui se trouve au Kasai Oriental en République Démocratique du Congo. Dans le cadre de notre recherche, nous avons pour but de déterminer les éléments qui influencent l'intégration des TIC dans les fermes du Territoire de Tshilenge, Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons adopté une approche méthodologique. Nous avons eu recours à la méthode d'investigation accompagnée des techniques suivantes : Observation participative, Dialogue, Entretien, analyse documentaire et statistique grâce au logiciel SPSS.
Mental health disorders, especially depression and psychosis, are significant public health challenges in urban areas of low- and middle-income countries. In conflict-affected settings like Bamenda municipality in Cameroon, factors such as socioeconomic instability, unemployment, low income, and poor community safety may exacerbate these conditions. However, empirical evidence linking these factors to mental health outcomes remains limited. This study investigates the association between socioeconomic factors and mental health outcomes among adults in Bamenda. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 350 participants (161 males and 189 females) aged 15 years and above. Data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire, while depression and psychosis were assessed using simplified mental health guidelines from the Regional Hospital Bamenda. Key socioeconomic variables included income, employment status, education, marital status, and perceived community safety. Findings revealed a high prevalence of mental health disorders, with 65.7% of respondents reporting symptoms of depression and 73.1% reporting symptoms of psychosis. Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) analysis showed that earning above 200,000 FCFA and being employed significantly reduced symptoms of both depression and psychosis. In contrast, being married was associated with increased symptoms of both conditions. Perceived neighborhood safety and social engagement were found to have protective effects. Overall, the study highlights the critical role of socioeconomic stability, community safety, and social support in reducing mental health disorders, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions in conflict-affected areas.
This study explores the relationship between parental support, socio-emotional learning (SEL), and academic performance among Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSED) Filipino majors at a community college in Misamis Oriental. Utilizing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the study aimed to determine the direct and indirect influences of parental support on academic outcomes, with a focus on the mediating role of SEL. Data were collected through a survey assessing the perceived level of parental support, socio-emotional competencies, and academic performance. Results indicated that students perceived both father’s and mother’s support as moderately high. The socio-emotional competencies, particularly in self-management, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making, were also rated as moderately high. Academic performance was found to be satisfactory. SEM analysis revealed a significant direct effect of parental support on both SEL (β = 0.947, p < .001) and academic performance (β = 0.435, p = .002). Furthermore, the study confirmed a partial mediating effect of SEL on the relationship between parental support and academic performance (R² increase from 0.896 to 0.969). These findings suggest that parental support not only influences academic achievement directly but also plays a crucial role in enhancing socio-emotional competencies, which, in turn, positively affect academic performance. This study underscores the importance of integrated support systems in fostering both cognitive and emotional development among students.
The current international monetary system relies on a limited number of national currencies to perform both domestic and global functions, particularly in international trade settlement. This structure has created systemic imbalances, including exchange rate volatility, imported inflation, and the transmission of domestic monetary policies of reserve currency-issuing countries to the global economy. These dynamics raise concerns regarding neutrality, efficiency, and fairness in the global economic system. This study introduces the Rehab Dual Monetary System (RDMS), a novel dual-layer monetary framework designed to enhance the efficiency, neutrality, and stability of global trade. The RDMS proposes the coexistence of two distinct monetary layers: (1) domestic fiat currencies used for internal economic activities, and (2) a neutral, points-based international trade currency (GTC) used exclusively for cross-border transactions. Under the RDMS framework, countries engage in cross-border trade using the GTC, which is issued and regulated by a neutral global monetary authority under international institutional oversight. Countries acquire GTC to finance imports and accumulate it as a trade reserve, replacing reliance on specific national reserve currencies. This mechanism enables countries to participate in global trade on a more balanced basis, independent of the monetary policies of any single economy. By separating domestic monetary systems from international trade settlement, the RDMS aims to enhance exchange rate stability, mitigate inflationary transmission across borders, and establish a more balanced global economic environment. This study contributes to the literature by proposing a framework that preserves national monetary sovereignty while redefining global trade transactions.
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