Volume 10, Issue 8, August 2022 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

[1]  [2]  [3]  [4]  [5]  [6]

Mapping of the Lateritic Formations of Butuhe, DRC []


This work is a contribution to the cartographic study of the lateritic formations of Butuhe, in the territory of Beni. Indeed, laterites or lateritic soils are a large family of soils that form in humid tropical regions. They result from a process of weathering of a source rock in humid tropical climates. The object of this study is to describe the lateritic formations of Butuhe, to determine the typical weather-ing profile and to map these formations. To achieve these objectives, we proceeded by reviewing the literature, collecting data in the field, processing field data with software: EXCEL (for data entry), QGIS version 3.16 and SURFER version 15 for map making; and finally the interpretation of the results. At the end of this research, the source rock whose alteration gave Butuhe laterite is diorite. It is one of the rocks of the basic complex of Luhule-Mobisio formed of metabasalts, dolerites, diorites and islands of quartzites. The typical weathering profile of Butuhe laterite is characterized from top to bottom: an armored horizon, followed by that of mottled clay, sap-rolite and dioritic source rock. This is quite similar to that of Kalenda (2014) made in Katanga in the DRC. From the cartographic point of view, the lateritic formations occupy the northwestern part of our study area, and extend beyond the limit of the latter.

John Rawls à l'assaut de l'utilitarisme : pour une politique et une économie juste []


La critique rawlsienne de l’utilitarisme fait état de ce qu’au plan politique, celui-ci s’intéresse au bonheur de la majorité au mépris du bien-être de la minorité. Elle établit également qu’au plan économique, l’utilitarisme introduit une arithmétique de l’hypertrophie du profit qui pousse les économistes à des pratiques frénétiques et inhumaines sur la minorité financièrement exsangue. En s’appuyant alors sur la « justice comme équité », la démocratie défendra, pense John Rawls, non seulement les droits, les libertés et le bonheur de tous dans l’espace social, mais révolutionnera aussi le domaine économique en apportant aux acteurs de cet univers humainement affreux, le surcroît de moralité et d’humanisme qui leur manque. Toutes choses qui, selon nous, sont bien pensées et font de John Rawls un véritable justicier dans la mesure où il agit en redresseur des torts, vengeant ainsi les pauvres et punissant les coupables. Mais, c’est sans compter, pensons-nous, avec la difficulté, d’une part, de trouver une équipe dirigeante digne de la révolution démocratique envisagée et, d’autre part, de briser la résilience des nantis et des profiteurs de l’ancien régime sous l’égide de l’utilitarisme. Mots clés : démocratie, économie, équité, justice, utilitarisme.

Comparative study of the concentration of some selected fruits in our environment. []


Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a naturally occurring beneficial organic acid found in fruits. The concentration of vitamin C in five fruits (Guava, Orange, Banana and Cucumber) obtained from fruits garden market in Port Harcourt were determined by using Redox titration method. The results showed that the concentration of ascorbic acid in guava, orange, water melon, banana and cucumber were found to be 0.20, 0.05, 0.01 and 0.0125mg/L respectively. From the values obtained, guava has the highest concentration of ascorbic acid, hence can be used as a better source of vitamin C for humans. Ascorbic acid is an essential vitamin which helps in our immune system and collagen synthesis that give strength to our connective tissues. The vitamin also facilitates healing of wounds in humans. Keyword. Ascorbic Acid, orange, guava, cucumber etc

EXPLORATION OF VIRTUAL INCUBATORS AND DEVELOPMENT OF INCUBATOR SERVICES FOR DIGITAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: RECEIVING ENTREPRENEURIAL SUPPORT FROM ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD. []


ABSTRACT Entrepreneurship is frequently linked together with aspects of economic growth and development. In the last 40 years, an increasing number of incubators and service providers have been created to stimulate entrepreneurship and innovation. However, in the increasingly globalized and digitalized world, few virtual and digital initiatives have successfully been studied to encourage and facilitate entrepreneurship. This study aims to understand further how digital and virtual products and services can aid entrepreneurs in venture creation and potentially add to an updated and broader understanding of the potential in a virtual incubator program. By looking at three categories of entrepreneurial support actors, traditional public incubators, private incubators, and digital service providers. 14 semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain more in-depth knowledge of how they operate. More specifically, this study is conducted with actors that share the vision to assist startup in their initial phase and create a deeper understanding of what the incubator offers to startups and the possibility to adapt and improve their process using digital tools and external partnerships. Results indicate that the use of digital tools is varied. Incubators are leaning towards relying more on social media for reaching potential entrepreneurs and ideas, and further that a factor of validating every aspect of the startup is essential to promote success. The incubator mainly acts as a mediator of network, funding, coaching, and finding talents has during the COVID-19 pandemic moved most of their activities from physical to online. The issue of trust-building is, however, still prominent, and the incubators are looking for ways and tools to improve on this issue. Implications of this study have the potential to lower barriers to entrepreneurship, where entrepreneurial support becomes less dependent on their local ecosystem and geographical factors. Future research is encouraged to classify virtual incubators and a further look at specific cases and pursuit more longitudinal studies to fully understand the potential effects and implications. This study contributes to the field of incubators and entrepreneurial support and the ongoing digital paradigm shift. Keywords: Business Incubator, Virtual Incubator, Entrepreneurial Support, Digital Entrepreneurship, Startup

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ENHANCED TIME-BASED RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID) AND FACE-RECOGNITION BIOMETRIC ATTENDANCE CONTROL SYSTEM []


Abstract As a result of the challenges of the COVID-19 virus and the discrepancies encountered in the manual method of taking attendance in schools and institutions in Nigeria, an automated attendance system needs to be integrated. Some of these challenges in taking attendance include wasting time during signing attendance, improper documentation of records, the spread of the Covid-19 virus as a result of body contact, students signing attendance for absentee friends, and writing of wrong time in the attendance sheet. This study aimed to implement Face-Recognition and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) time-based attendance control system to provide the functionalities of registering students, recording attendance, and sending an email notification to parents with the present picture of the student. The email notification helps the parents or guardians to have a picture of their child in school to be aware of their status in case of bullying among fellow students and teachers. This work curbs the deficiencies associated with body contact and manual method of attendance with an automated approach deployed through Radio frequency identification (RFID) and biometric (face-recognition) technology. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the attendance system will use face recognition instead of Fingerprint to avoid body contact.

Factors Affecting the Teaching of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Secondary Schools: a case of secondary school in Chasefu district found in Eastern province of Zambia []


The study investigated into factors affecting the teaching of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in secondary schools found in Chasefu District Eastern Province of Zambia. It was guided by the following research objective; To investigate the availability of trained ICT subject teachers in secondary schools in the Chasefu district, to assess availability of the text books for teaching ICT subject in secondary schools of Chasefu District and to investigate the availability of adequate infrastructure and technical support for teaching ICT in Secondary schools in Chasefu District. Descriptive research design guided this study that had an estimated population of 300 school administrators and teachers and out of which 30 respondents were selected by use of simple random sampling method. The Data was coded and analysed using Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences version twenty-five (SPSS V25). This study revealed the following findings; the respondents did not own a personal computer; the respondent further had no basic Computer operation skill except a few that indicated that they had and that Chasefu district had no trained ICT teachers to teach the subject.

Challenges of Hybrid Record Management through the Life-Cycle of Record Keeping: a case of Primary Schools in Livingstone District, Southern Province. []


The study investigated the challenges of Hybrid Record Management through the life-cycle of record keeping in primary schools found in Livingston district in Southern Province. It was guided by the following research objective; to establish the human resource professional capacity in Hybrid Record Management through the life-cycle of record keeping primary Schools, to examine the availability of support Infrastructure, to examine the administrative will-power towards Hybrid Record Management, and to investigate cost-effective strategies in Hybrid Record Management. Descriptive research design guided this study that had an estimated population of two thousand two hundred (2200) people comprising of school managers, teachers and the support staff. Out of the estimated population, two hundred and twenty (220) people were sampled by use Simple random sampling technique. There was a 100% return rate of the questionnaires from all the 220 respondents that had been sampled. The Data was coded and analyzed using Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences version twenty-five (SPSS V25). The findings were that; primary schools in Livingstone district had record keepers that lack the basic computer skills and competences for handling hybrid records through the life cycle of record keeping. The findings were that; Clerical staff had insufficient training to make optimum use of hybrid record management support features on their computer systems, primary schools lack records management policies and procedures that affected greatly to hybrid record management through the life cycle of record keeping and that primary schools in Livingstone district had not adopted an easily identifiable regulatory frame-work to strengthening hybrid records management practices. Additionally, the respondents were not aware that Hybrid records management involves establishing systematic controls at every stage of the record’s life cycle and that this was one of the challenges affecting hybrid record management through the life cycle of record keeping, there was no support infrastructure for record keeping and that affected the implementation of Hybrid record management through the life cycle of record keeping and that Interconnectivity problems were a major obstacle to the wide adoption of hybrid record management through the life cycle of record keeping. Further, there was insufficient quantity of hardware to use the hybrid record management, that include phone lines, computers and internet connections. The following recommendations were made; Train record keepers in basic computer skills and competences for handling hybrid records through the life cycle of record keeping to be deployed in all primary schools, Capacity-build the exiting record keepers through workshop to enable them make optimum use of hybrid record management support features on their computer systems, Headteachers and other stakeholders to develop and adopted an easily identifiable regulatory frame-work that shall have systematic controls at every stage of the record’s life cycle to strengthening hybrid records management practices at school level and establish support infrastructure such as record office, computers, shelves/cupboards, computer interconnectivity, security system and phone lines for implementation of Hybrid record management through the life cycle of record keeping. Key words: Hybrid records, Record keeping, life-cycle, management, computers, infrastructure, interconnectivity, implementation, cost-effective.

Marketing Plan for enhance ‘Non-Communicable Disease Screening’ at Healthy Lifestyle Clinics in Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka []


Introduction Health seeking behaviour plays an important role in healthcare demand and utilization. An individual’s decision to seek medical care depends on access to healthcare, socio-cultural background, literacy, age, gender, type of the illness, economic status, perceived quality of the service. Healthy Life Style Clinic (HLC) is the fundamental instrument designed for Non-Communicable Disease screening of people between 40-60 years at Primary Healthcare level. The major challenge in HLC is the underutilization specially by men. Aim Utilizing marketing strategies to increase volume of patients is less focused in non-profit oriented public sector due to high demand and the marketing is felt expensive and costly. Utilizing marketing strategies in public sector may overcome underutilization and inefficiencies in public sector and increase in return on investment of public money. Method Market analysis with Situational and Porter’s five forces and market research on conveniently selected 30 males and 30 females visiting HLCs and 30 males not attending HLCs to develop objectives for next 3 years. Market segmentation, identifying target markets, current & future positioning and developing future marketing strategies with space matrix, action plan and marketing budget followed. Results The majority of the males (65%) were in 50 000 – 100 000 income range and only 33% were aware about the HLCs. The main medium of awareness was the word of mouth (48%). Attending public sector was preferred by 82% due to financial security. The women clinic participants (28%) thought the less male participation is due to difficulty in taking leave from work. Conclusions The future marketing strategies proposed to be conservative with market penetration, development, product development and related diversification. The marketing mix of diversifying the clinics combining with other clinics, improving packaging by introducing new investigations, aggressive promotion campaign through mass media advertising, internet, web, email and social media were included replacing the current policy of word of mouth as new strategies. Public-private partnership recommended to change the current premises of conducting clinics only at government hospitals and value addition through improving referral system to gain customer satisfaction.

TEACHERS TEACHING STYLES AND STUDENTS MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES OF KAPINGKONG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL []


The study assessed the teachers teaching styles and the multiple intelligences of students. The study utilized descriptive correlational design using a survey questionnaire. It was conducted among sixty three (63) students and sixteen (16) teachers from grades 8 to 12. It was found out in the study that teachers used varied teaching styles such as Visual, Auditory and Kinesthetic in teaching their lesson. Furthermore, it was revealed that students agreed that they belong to Linguistic, Spatial, Kinesthetic, and Musical intelligences. Moreover, it was revealed that there was a significant relationship between the teachers teaching styles and the multiple intelligences of the students of Kapingkong National High School. Lastly, further research was recommended on the larger scope on the relationship between teachers teaching styles and the multiple intelligences of students

Political Stability, Money Remittance Factors and the Growth of the Financial Sector in Kenya []


The aim of the study was to establish the moderating effect of political stability on the relationship between money remittance factors and the growth of the financial sector in Kenya, this study adopted a descriptive research design. The population of this study consisted of all the 18 money remittance companies operating in Nairobi as of 31st December 2019. SPSS software version 21 was used for the process of data analysis and report processing. Quantitative data were presented through statistical techniques such as tables and bar charts while descriptive data was be presented descriptively. The results showed that there is a need of ensuring political stability to ensure growth in the financial sector.

Harnessing feminist programming methods for peace-building: A researcher's reflections []


Women’s involvement in peace processes is a poorly realised component in implementation of the women, peace and security (WPS) agenda worldwide. Between 1990 and 2017, women represented 2 per cent of mediators, 8 per cent of negotiators and 5 per cent of witnesses and signatories to peace agreements (UNSG, 2018). 4.9 per cent of USD 19.5 billion bilateral aid for gender equality in conflict-affected contexts per-annum for 2016-2017 supported projects dedicated to improve gender equality and women’s empowerment, while only 0.2 percent supported women’s organizations (GENDERNET, 2020). Under-funded women’s projects may not achieve much for women’s empowerment when policy and decision making on women’s participation are gender blind. Women’s exclusion from critical decision-making forums where power, wealth-sharing patterns, social development priorities and approaches to justice are determined has devastating consequences for achieving the sustainable development goals. Based on a qualitative reflection of the author’s experiences in facilitating a women-led peace and mediation community project, this article demonstrates how utilisation of gender sensitive process design and feminist research methodologies enhanced gender sensitive peace education programming in rural communities, further increasing women’s participation in peace processes. The study provides a model of practical means for promoting implementation of UNSCR 1325 on WPS in peace, security and recovery processes.

THE IMPACT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ON CUSTOMER LOYALTY OF THE BANKING SERVICES []


This study aims to examine the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Customer loyalty; specially, the banking sector’s corporate social responsibility activities and its effectiveness will be focused on during this research. The objective of the study is to examine the level of customer awareness of CSR activities and also to ascertain the impact of CSR on the loyalty of customers. Here, the customer-view of CSR initiatives is will be evaluated. The literature review focuses on the evolution of CSR and customer loyalty concepts up to modern era. With the help of this study, Banks would be able to redefine their stakeholder’s view by placing customers at the center of a network of stakeholders. Moreover, this gives the ability to evaluate and consider further improvements of CSR practices towards customers and it will allow reducing customer moves and hence, it increases market share and profits. This research is based on the quantitative data obtained through a question survey, using a manageable sample size of thirty customers on random basis and other secondary sources. The variables used to measure the impact of CSR on customer loyalty were taken from the theoretical framework of CSR and customer loyalty. The findings from the survey indicated that customers were aware of the CSR activities that their bank engages in. However, the findings showed CSR has an effect on their loyalty to a bank though the respondents did not deal with a particular bank because of its engagement in CSR. Key recommendations such as developing well-structured CSR and communicating CSR activities via an annual report were given to increase customer loyalty and brand equity. The conclusion drawn from the study affirmed that CSR has an impact on customer loyalty

CLINICAL CASE TREATED WITH CLEAR ALIGNERS IN AN ADULT PATIENT []


Patients are increasingly requesting esthetic and comfortable alternatives to conventional orthodontic treatment with brackets and archwires. To meet this demand, orthodontic manufacturers have introduced (or reintroduced) clear plastic brackets, tooth-colored ceramic brackets and archwires, lingual brackets, and clear aligners. Esthetic improvements in orthodontic appliances are often associated with reduced efficiency.

IMPACT OF EARNINGS QUALITY ON LIQUIDITY RISK OF MANUFACTURING SECTOR OF NIGERIA ECONOMY []


Purpose: To examine the impact of earnings quality on liquidity risk in the manufacturing sector of the economy in Nigeria. The amount of cash that an organization can collect after making sales is very crucial at this critical period in the Nigerian economy. The study aimed at investigating how earnings quality impacts the liquidity risk of the manufacturing sector in Nigeria. The primary objective was then decomposed into three secondary objectives that have bearing on liquidity risks such as operating cash flow ratio, cash ratio, and cash debt coverage ratio. Method: Purposive sampling technique was employed to select ten manufacturing companies that are quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange based on their annual turnover for ten year period(2012-2020. Descriptive statistics were employed to assess whether the data are evenly distributed and asymmetrical while inferential statistics were used to test the hypotheses. Result: Multicollinearity test based on Tolerance and VIF values showed that tolerance is above 0.10 and VIF value is below 10 which was an indication of the absence of multicollinearity. This is also supported by ANOVA where the p-value was 0.00 which is less than the conventional p-value of 0.05. Implication: The regression analysis showed that the effect of OCFC and CADC on EARQ is statistically significant because the p-value is less than 0.05 while the effect of CASR on EARQ is not statistically significant because the p-value is greater than 0.05. The null hypotheses are that all the coefficients are equal to zero. That is, H0: β1 = β2 = β3. Therefore, hypotheses 1 and 3 were rejected while hypothesis 2 was accepted.  Key words: earnings, liquidity risk, cash ratio, multicollinearity, asymmetrical

EFFECT OF CBK REGULATIONS ON MONEY REMITTANCE COMPANIES IN THE GROWTH OF KENYA'S FINANCIAL SECTOR []


The aim of the study was to establish the effect of CBK regulations of money remittance companies on the growth of the financial sector in Kenya, this study adopted a descriptive research design. The population of this study consisted of all the 18 money remittance companies operating in Nairobi as of 31st December 2019. SPSS software version 21 was used for the process of data analysis and report processing. Quantitative data were presented through statistical techniques such as tables and bar charts while descriptive data was be presented descriptively. The results showed that CBK regulations of money remittance companies affected the growth of the financial sector in Kenya (β = 0.549; P-value < 0.05). It was recommended that CBK should put in place regulations regarding limits on and requirements for the amount of money transferred in protecting against fraud and capital flight. CBK may choose to limit the amount of money a person (physical or juridical) can bring into or take out of a country.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BALANCED SCORECARD AS A TOOL TO EXECUTE BUSINESS STRATEGY: The Case of Civil Aviation Authority of Zimbabwe (CAAZ) []


This research paper focused on assessing the effectiveness of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as a tool to execute business strategy. The integral research question was to establish whether the Balanced Scorecard is a solution to strategy implementation at Civil Aviation Authority of Zimbabwe (CAAZ). As such, the parameters important to the execution of strategy and BSC implementation were analyzed. The findings showed that CAAZ has partially managed to implement strategy. Some of the parameters that are paramount to operationalize the strategic plan for 2009-2013 using the BSC still needs to be attended to at CAAZ. The paper recommended that CAAZ should ensure that training and development takes cognizance of the individual training needs. It also recommended the appointment of a BSC implementation team, aligning of business processes to strategy as well as ensuring effective communication systems are in place at all levels.

Marketing Plan for enhance ‘Non-Communicable Disease Screening’ at Healthy Lifestyle Clinics in Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka []


Introduction Health seeking behaviour plays an important role in healthcare demand and utilization. An individual’s decision to seek medical care depends on access to healthcare, socio-cultural background, literacy, age, gender, type of the illness, economic status, perceived quality of the service. Healthy Life Style Clinic (HLC) is the fundamental instrument designed for Non-Communicable Disease screening of people between 40-60 years at Primary Healthcare level. The major challenge in HLC is the underutilization specially by men. Aim Utilizing marketing strategies to increase volume of patients is less focused in non-profit oriented public sector due to high demand and the marketing is felt expensive and costly. Utilizing marketing strategies in public sector may overcome underutilization and inefficiencies in public sector and increase in return on investment of public money. Method Market analysis with Situational and Porter’s five forces and market research on conveniently selected 30 males and 30 females visiting HLCs and 30 males not attending HLCs to develop objectives for next 3 years. Market segmentation, identifying target markets, current & future positioning and developing future marketing strategies with space matrix, action plan and marketing budget followed. Results The majority of the males (65%) were in 50 000 – 100 000 income range and only 33% were aware about the HLCs. The main medium of awareness was the word of mouth (48%). Attending public sector was preferred by 82% due to financial security. The women clinic participants (28%) thought the less male participation is due to difficulty in taking leave from work. Conclusions The future marketing strategies proposed to be conservative with market penetration, development, product development and related diversification. The marketing mix of diversifying the clinics combining with other clinics, improving packaging by introducing new investigations, aggressive promotion campaign through mass media advertising, internet, web, email and social media were included replacing the current policy of word of mouth as new strategies. Public-private partnership recommended to change the current premises of conducting clinics only at government hospitals and value addition through improving referral system to gain customer satisfaction.

TRANSLANGUAGING AS A PEDAGOGICAL ASSET TO TEFL IN D. R. CONGO []


In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a multilingual country, the teaching of EFL is based on a monolingual pedagogy, i.e. exclusive use of the target language. This strategy does not fit the sociolinguistic status of the country. Translanguaging is among strategies nowadays mostly used in multilingual education. In this article, I militate for the implementation of this relatively new strategy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. I described the theory of translanguaging, its origins, its purpose, and its principles as given by many tenets of this strategy. I also showed that translanguaging is not part of translation and code-switching. Theoretically, the primary objectives of TEFL in DRC do not consider the teacher’ and learner’s full linguistic repertoires, yet the latter is a powerful asset that can favour and enhance the teaching-learning process of EFL in DRC. In conclusion, I propose the DRC government and teachers to accept to use this strategy, which, to my opinion, is an asset that will fit many gaps in the teaching of EFL in my country and take learners one step forward to like the English class. Key words: code-switching, translanguaging, languaging, translation, bi/multilingual(ism)

ARTICLE SUE L'IMPACT DE LA FLUCTUATION DU TAUX DE CHANGE SUR LE POUVOIR D’ACHAT DES MÉNAGES DE LA VILLE D’ISIRO : « CAS DE LA COMMUNE MAMBAYA DE 2017 À 2020 ». []


Le présent article porte sur l’impact de la fluctuation du taux de change sur le pouvoir d’achat des ménages de la ville d’Isiro : « cas de la commune Mambaya de 2017 à 2020 ». Les résultats obtenus après investigation démontrent qu’il y a eu fluctuation au cours de la période examinée.

Evaluation of regional climate models performance in simulating rainfall of Lower Awash River Sub-Basin, Gabi Rasu zone of Afar region, Ethiopia []


This study evaluated the performance of five RCMs and their skill in simulating daily and monthly precipitation over Lower Awash River Sub-Basin using statistical parameters such as Standard Deviation, BIAS, RMSE and Correlation Coefficient. Reference data was obtained from two selected rain gauges namely Gewane and Awash meteorological stations from the rain gauge network operated by the National Meteorological Institute of Ethiopia. The name of RCMs was Rossby Centre Regional Atmospheric Model (RCA4), Climate Limited-Area Modeling Community (CCLM4-8) High-Resolution Hamburg Climate Model 5 (HIRAM5), Regional model (REMO2009) and the Regional Atmospheric Climate Model (RACMO22T) simulations from Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) Africa program. The simulation period 1981–2005 was evaluated considering how each RCM were simulated the observed daily and monthly rainfall pattern. The results revealed that all RCMs were attained positive correlation with observed daily rainfall at both stations except HIRHAM5 which indicated negative correlation at Gewane station. The findings also indicated that nearly all models were underestimated the daily rainfall amounts of the basin. In addition, each of the models was found best at capturing certain aspects of statistical parameters simulating gauged rainfall. For example, CCLM4 performed best in all performance measures at Gewane station, whereas RACMO22T is best when evaluated in terms of correlation, Bias and SD at Awash station. However, the bias correction algorithm is well improved the systematic errors in all RCMs showing significant improvement between performance of the bias corrected and uncorrected. Overall, these results suggest the need to correct the systematic error of the rainfall extracted from RCMs outputs and choosing an appropriate bias correction algorithm is fundamentally necessary to quantitatively examine climate change impact studies.