Volume 13, Issue 6, June 2025 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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Examination of Limestone Deposits in Demsa Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria for Possible Formulation of Cement []


To assess the potential for cement manufacture, this study offers a thorough analysis of limestone deposits in Demsa Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. After field mapping and systematic sampling across important outcrop sites including Borrong, Demsa and Murgarang Communities, laboratory tests utilizing X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were done to ascertain major oxide concentrations and mineral components. The findings show high calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) content averaging above 85%, silica (SiO₂ (3.4801%)), alumina (Al₂O₃ (1.928%)), iron oxide (Fe₂O₃ (0.936%)), LOI (39.093%) with moderate lime (CaO (48.672%). All components fall within allowable ranges specified by industry standards for Portland cement production and compare favorably with Ashaka limestone. The XRF analysis confirms the dominance of calcite with small silicate inclusions. Furthermore, the p-value (0.996) produced from Kruskal-Walli's Test (α = 0.05) showed that the median of the samples from the three distinct places had no statistical significance difference; the p-values obtained from the numerous scenarios of comparisons between the samples with the Ashaka limestone and the National Industrial Standard (NIS) were all above the Bonferroni-adjusted alpha (0.0167) utilizing Mann-Whitney U test; suggesting no statistical significant difference. These results show that the limestone in Demsa LGA meets basic criteria for raw materials in cement production. Given its chemical composition, accessibility, and spatial extent, the deposit presents a viable resource for supporting regional cement manufacturing and assisting local economic growth. The study suggests (in the interim) modular cement-making companies should be set up to create cement from these deposits for comparison with currently present cement within the nation to provide practical knowledge of suitability of the limestone and identify the comparative advantage(s) therein. Keywords: Cement formulation, Limestone, Examination, Analysis, Chemical composition

The Impact of the soil erosion on the rural Hhs Livelihood ( Case Small scale farmers, in Gabiley Region Somaliland) []


This study focus on Impact of Soil Erosion on the Rural HHS Livelihood, conducted in Gabiley District Somalia. Sample size of the respondents consisted of 46 respondents operating in farm fields in the district Farms the sampling procedures fallowed by researcher was purposive sampling/convenience sampling process. The researcher was administered the questionnaire which he identified through KIIT University profiles and references. A questionnaire-based on method of data collect to verify the questions being asked to the respondents. The data analysis of this study was used for Microsoft-Excel, & RII (relative important index).The result of the excel analysis had founded a significant of Impact of Soil Erosion on the Rural HHS Livelihood in Gabiley Somalia. The study also suggesting that there is need to carry out more studies on this issue to establish whether there are other factors that influence the effectiveness of soil Erosion being used of the Somali farmers living in the Gabiley District. In Somalia local production is important for the whole Economic and social dimensions. The mostly the livelihood of the rural people some of the urban people are depends on the rural production. So it is rational to re-evaluate the soil & the the impact of the erosion on the normal life in the rural area, vendors and the keep trained the users/subscribers if the get enough training and kills to use it promote the level of production & maximize the output of the farmers.

Assessing the effect of Central Bank Information Shocks on Macroeconomic Variables: A Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) Approach with Application to U.S. Economic Data []


Abstract Using a Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) methodology, this study looks at how information shocks from the central bank affect important macroeconomic indicators in the United States across time. Using an SVAR method that uses high-frequency market data, the study separates exogenous information shocks from normal monetary policy shocks. The results show that information shocks have a big effect on interest rates, inflation, and output. This shows how important it is for central banks to communicate well to shape peoples expectations and outcomes in the economy. Impulse response functions show how these effects change over time and how big they are, while variance decompositions show how important information shocks are in causing changes in the economy. The results help us understand better how monetary policy works when there is information asymmetry, and they show how important it is for central banks to use clear and trustworthy communication tactics. This study gives policymakers useful information on how to make monetary interventions work better in an economy that is becoming more and more complicated

Assessing the Relationship Between Financial Inclusion Indicators and Economic Development Across Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya []


This study assessed the relationship between economic development proxied by the HDI and financial inclusion indicators such as mobile cellular subscriptions, interest rate spread, gross domestic savings, and domestic credit to the private sector across Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya throughout 1999 to 2023. Despite financial inclusion challenges, particularly in rural areas, these countries introduced financial initiatives to address these barriers, but their effectiveness in fostering broader economic development remains a key concern. The study adopted an explanatory design and a quantitative approach, employing panel data regression analysis to collect and analyze data. The data has been processed using E-Views software. To analyze the data, a series of econometric techniques were applied in a systematic manner. Panel unit root tests were conducted to examine the stationarity of the variables, a cross-sectional dependence tests to assess whether there were correlations across the countries studied, panel cointegration tests were performed to determine the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables. Once these preliminary checks were completed, the model coefficients were estimated using FMOLS and DOLS, both of which provide robust estimates in the presence of cointegration. Additionally, Variance Inflation Factors were calculated to check for multicollinearity among the independent variables. The empirical findings suggest a long-run equilibrium relationship between variables. The results reported the positive and significant impacts of MCS, GDS, and DCPS on HDI. Conversely, both models agree on the negative impacts of IRS and GCF on HDI. The study holds significant value to the community, the researcher, other researchers, Scholars, financial institutions, international organizations, and development agencies. Policymakers should focus on policies that enhance access to mobile technology, address high interest rate spreads, reduce borrowing costs, improve the quality of investments, and leverage financial access and savings to achieve sustainable human development in the region. Keywords: financial inclusion, economic development, causality, econometric techniques, policy implication.

THE PAST IN POWER: WHY IGNORING HISTORY RISKS GHANA’S FUTURE []


This study examines the relationship between historical consciousness and policy effectiveness in Ghana. The research investigates why technically sound policies mostly fail to achieve intended outcomes despite adequate design and implementation resources. Using qualitative analysis of policy reception patterns, the study finds that historical memory significantly influences public response to government interventions. Evidence from the Electronic Transfer Levy implementation, land administration programs, and structural adjustment experiences reveals that citizens evaluate contemporary policies against past experiences of state exploitation. The research identifies three key factors: colonial legacies shape institutional frameworks, collective memory influences policy legitimacy, and historical amnesia among policymakers perpetuates exclusionary practices. Urban planning policies continue colonial spatial arrangements, while land formalization efforts trigger resistance rooted in dispossession experiences. The study concludes that effective policy design requires integration of historical analysis into development planning. Ghana needs policymakers who understand how past experiences create present institutional challenges and citizen expectations.

THE COPING MECHANISMS OF STUDENTS-AT-RISK OF DROPPING OUT (SARDO): A CASE STUDY APPROACH []


Students-at-risk of dropping out represent a significant concern for educational institutions worldwide. These students frequently struggle with academic aspects, including peer pressure, family engagement, socioeconomic position, school involvement, and mental health, which hinders their capacity for survival in school. For an in-depth analysis of this current concern in our educational system, a case study approach was employed in order to determine the main reasons of their at-risk status. By using qualitative techniques, including interviews— and in-person observations, the research aims to learn more about the institutional and individual challenges that prevent students from succeeding in junior high school. The objective is to determine the coping mechanisms of at-risk students and suggest practical recommendations for enhancing at-risk student support and lowering dropout rates. It was found that the factors behind at-risk are financial struggles and work obligations, health issues, family responsibilities, and emotional and social challenges. Effectively addressing these problems requires establishing a culture of open communication with teachers, putting in place individualized bases of support that include regular check-ins, and encouraging active family participation in students’ learning journeys.

The Role of TVET Teachers and Management Roles on Cooperative Training: In the Case of Ethiopian Polytechnic Colleges []


This study investigates the critical roles played by Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) teachers and college management in the effective implementation of cooperative training (CoT) programs in Ethiopian polytechnic colleges. Cooperative training, a model that integrates academic instruction with practical industry experience, is vital for bridging the skills gap and enhancing the employability of graduates. Using a mixed-methods research design, data were collected through surveys, interviews, and document analysis from selected polytechnic colleges across Ethiopia. Findings reveal that TVET teachers are significantly engaged in instructional planning, student mentoring, and coordinating with industry partners. However, the study also identifies key challenges, including limited institutional support from college management, weak collaboration with industries, and insufficient training resources. These barriers hinder the full realization of cooperative training objectives. The study concludes that strengthening institutional frameworks, enhancing management commitment, and fostering strategic partnerships between colleges and industries are essential for improving CoT practices. Recommendations include targeted capacity-building initiatives, improved policy alignment, and mechanisms for sustained stakeholder engagement to ensure the successful integration of cooperative training within Ethiopia’s TVET system.

Assessing the Integration of Digital Tools in Ethiopia’s TVET Institutions: Opportunities and Barriers []


The integration of digital tools in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) plays a vital role in improving the effectiveness of teaching, learning, and skills development. This study investigates the current state of digital tool adoption within Ethiopia's TVET institutions, aiming to understand both the opportunities presented and the barriers faced. Adopting a mixed-methods research design, the study collected data through surveys and interviews involving teachers, students, and administrators across selected polytechnic and vocational training centers. The findings indicate a growing awareness and initial efforts toward adopting digital technologies; however, the process remains significantly hindered by challenges such as inadequate digital infrastructure, insufficient teacher training, and the absence of a comprehensive policy framework. These limitations restrict the full realization of digital integration in the TVET system. Based on the results, the study offers practical recommendations, including investment in infrastructure, targeted capacity-building programs, and the development of supportive policies to facilitate a sustainable digital transformation in Ethiopia’s TVET sector.

Soft Computing Optimization of Alkyd Resin Production from Cotton Seed Oil []


The application of machine learning techniques in predicting fractional conversion in bioprocessing is enhancing the widespread use of first-generation biomass, particularly vegetable oils, in alkyd resin production. This study concentrated on the soft computing optimization of process parameters for alkyd resin synthesis using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS). The procured oil was characterized and used to produce alkyd resin in a triple reaction of alcoholysis, esterification and copolymerization. The process was modeled using ANN and ANFIS and optimized with ANFIS. The produced alkyd resin at optimal conditions were characterized to determine some physio-chemical properties and evaluate drying characteristics and chemical resistance. The findings revealed that ANN outperformed ANFIS, achieving a high coefficient of determination of 0.999 and a low error of 0.051 in prediction accuracy. An optimal fractional conversion of 91.8% was attained under conditions of 90 minutes, 240°C, 0.3, and 0.06 wt%. The fractional conversion of the oil achieved under optimal conditions validated the predicted fractional conversion, and the quality of the alkyd resin was within acceptable standard limits. These results represent a significant advancement toward establishing sustainable and renewable bio-processing methods.

THE MODERATING EFFECT OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEACHERS’ INTEREST AND RESISTANCE TO PRINCIPALSHIP []


The Moderating Effect of Transformational Leadership on the Relationship Between Teachers’ Interest and Resistance to Principalship Zenith G. Ilandag Transformational leadership significantly impacts teachers' career aspirations by fostering their interest in and decreasing their resistance to taking on leadership roles. This study examined the moderating role of transformational leadership of school principals on the relationship between teachers’ interest and resistance to school principalship. Moreover, this utilized a descriptive-regression research design, employing a self-constructed survey questionnaire for data collection that was subjected to content validation by three experts. Data were gathered from 100 public elementary school teachers selected through a purposive sampling technique and analyzed using moderation regression analysis. Findings indicate that teachers were highly interested in becoming a school principal, with a mean score of 3.87, reflecting such a role as an opportunity to professionally grow and contribute to school improvement. In contrast, a mean score of 3.77 showed teachers’ reluctance, highlighting hesitations due to stress from increased demands of work and an unsupportive environment. On the other hand, teachers perceived their principal as highly transformative, with a mean score of 3.84, as a positive influence on teachers to aspire to be a school principal. Findings revealed that transformational leadership does not play a moderating role in the relationship between teachers’ interest in principalship and resistance to principalship. The study recommends that DepEd officials should analyze and institutionalize policy directions to lower the level of teachers’ resistance in pursuing leadership roles.

A Comprehensive Review of Image Steganography Techniques, Challenges, and Future Directions. []


Image steganography has been widely considered as an important component in the field of information security, since it can effectively support hidden and secret communication by embedding sensitive data inside images. With the growing field of digital communication, the methods and technologies used for steganography are getting updated. In this paper, a comprehensive survey on 30 significant contributions in the field were presented, encompassing spatial and frequency domain algorithms, Machine learning and deep learning based solutions, steganalysis techniques, as well as applications. Current findings, technical challenges and future perspectives from the application of steganography in robust and secure communication were also discussed. Keywords: data hiding, deep learning, frequency domain, image steganography, steganalysis, secure communication, spatial domain.

A Comprehensive Review on Segmenting, Classifying, and Diagnosing MRI Brain Tumor Images Using Hybrid Deep Learning and CNN []


The decision to choose the best course of therapy and the growth in patient survival rates have raised the significance of a brain tumor diagnosis. The suggested method evaluated some recent research on classifying and segmenting brain tumors using hybrid deep learning and CNN, and it also offered cutting-edge methods for doing so. Additional research has focused on using deep learning techniques to categorize brain tumors as healthy or unhealthy. It exclusively makes use of MRI scans of brain malignancies. The MRI pictures from the Kaggle dataset will be trained and tested. Enhanced convolutional neural networks are used to carry out the segmentation and diagnosis processes. The enriched convolutional neural network (E-CNN) comprises the following components such as feature extraction and segmentation. CNN uses a small 3 x 3 kernel matrix for accomplishing the segmentation task.

Teachers’ Knowledge on Digital Technology and Their Proficiency []


The rapid progression of digital technology profoundly influences the educational sector, offering improvements in teaching efficacy and student engagement. This study aimed to determine the level of Teachers’ Knowledge on Digital Technology and their Proficiency in the Division of Iligan City, School Year 2023-2024. Mainly, it delved into the respondents profile; the level of knowledge on digital technology; the level of technological proficiency; the significant relationship between teacher’s knowledge on digital technology and their proficiency; and significant difference in the teachers’ knowledge on digital technology and their proficiency when grouped according to their profile. This research employed a descriptive correlation method, focusing on teachers from Kindergarten to Grade 6 across selected public elementary schools in Iligan City. The instruments were patterned and modified, 300 teachers in the study were surveyed during School Year 2023-2024 using a universal sampling procedure. The analysis was conducted using statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, and Pearson's R correlation and ANOVA for the inferential statistics. Findings revealed that the level of teachers’ knowledge on digital technology is very high as well as their proficiency. It was found the effective integration of pedagogical strategies with technology use is critical for enhancing educational outcomes. Hence, there is a significant relationship between the teachers’ knowledge on digital technology and their proficiency. It is recommended to design comprehensive training modules on technology integration, implement mentorship and support systems for teachers. Keywords: Knowledge on digital technology, proficiency

DETERMINATION OF THE ACTIVITIES OF AST, ALT AND ALP IN JUVENILE HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS []


This study investigates the activities of plasma liver enzymes, Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) in juvenile hypertensive patients. Hypertension, a growing concern among young adults, has been linked to liver dysfunction, yet data on this relationship in Nigerian juveniles are scarce. Forty young adults (20 hypertensive and 20 normotensive) were recruited and grouped accordingly. Blood samples were collected and analyzed spectrophotometrically to determine enzyme activities. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. It is expected that the activities of AST, ALT, and ALP will differ significantly between hypertensive and normotensive groups, highlighting their potential as biomarkers in the diagnosis and management of juvenile hypertension.

Gene Therapy for Inherited Retinal Diseases: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions – A Comprehensive Review []


Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) have long been viewed as untreatable causes of vision loss. However, recent advances in gene therapy are transforming that outlook. This narrative review synthesizes findings from landmark studies, notably the success of voretigene neparvovec (Luxturna), explores current limitations including vector size constraints and immune responses, and outlines promising innovations such as CRISPR/Cas9 and non-viral delivery systems. The paper aims to provide clinicians, researchers, and patients with a concise yet thorough overview of the evolving field of retinal gene therapy.

Sujet : Analyse Lexico-Sémantique du Lingala Spécial parlé par les Jeunes à Kisangani. []


The reflections in this article focus on the lexico-semantic analysis of the special Lingala spoken by young people in Kisangani. Language adapts to the expressive needs of its speakers. Each social group, category or stratum is characterized by a linguistic note which distinguishes it from other social groups. The use of these sociolects constitutes a distinctive linguistic feature, because it allows not only to understand the unsaid of said sociolects, but also to form an idea about this social category. Lingala is becoming increasingly rich in new words and new expressions used by young people in Kisangani in school, professional, university, commercial, etc. environments. Indeed, to communicate, these young people use borrowings, idiomatic expressions, metaphors, metonymies, apheresis, apocopes, code alternations, calques and other language constructs. This way of interacting verbally means that the language of the aforementioned young people is misunderstood by other groups, because it takes on a coded and esoteric character. Thus, this research attempts to scrutinize the semantic content of said sociolects, which are, in fact, a hybrid form of the language used by young people, who form a social category. Keywords: sociolect, sematics, lexicology, linguistic feature

Sujet : Etude Contrastive du Français et Lingɔmbɛ. Aspects Phonologique et Morphologique : Catégorie Nominale. []


Contrastive analysis remains an eminently useful approach for the teaching of foreign languages, particularly French. The interest of this research is to respond to the need for generalization which characterizes linguistics; generalization in research and presentation of results on the functioning of languages. This research is part of the applied linguistics movement which, for the Africanist linguist, consists of the comparison of African and Indo-European languages. In this work, the business is very delicate; it opposes French and Lingɔmbɛ, two languages from different families, and theoretically distant in their structures. It is worth remembering that French is an isolating language while Lingɔmbɛ is an agglutinative language. The analysis shows that at the phonological and morphological levels (nominal category), the difficulties are real for the Lingɔmbɛphone speaker who has to learn French. The conclusion of this research poses the problem of the future of French, as a language of teaching, and proposes solutions to the specific difficulties that the school population of the mother tongue, lingɔmbɛ, may encounter in the study of French, a foreign language. Keywords : constratie analysis, european language, nominal category, applied linguistics

Sujet : Droit à l’intégration de la Technologie dans l’Evaluation au 3ème cycle de l’Enseignement Supérieur et Universitaire en République Démocratique du Congo. Défis et perspectives []


Nowadays, technology has facilitated the evaluation of scientific work in universities around the world. However, its objectivity and applicability are still very insufficient in the Democratic Republic of Congo for several reasons, including defects and abuses due to compliance with standards in the field. However, the different approaches taken in the field of legal and sociological dogmatism of law, based on surveys, interviews and documentary technique have allowed us to obtain necessary information in the Democratic Republic of Congo. We understood that the legal framework relating to compliance with the standard of objectivity and impartiality remains unsuited to realities. In this sense, 20 respondents, or 13.79%, reveal that plagiarism control is sometimes biased. The 72 respondents, or 49.65%, say that improvements are occurring now, thanks to certain educational institutions, even though the LMD system was introduced in the country five years ago. Keywords: Law-Integration-Technology-Evaluation, Legal Dogmatism, Plagiarism.

Max Stirner l’hégélien et nous : quelles leçons existentielles pour l’Afrique centrale ? []


Malgré les velléités dissidentes, sur fond parricide, de la philosophie contestataire de Max Stirner, son solde philosophique demeure tributaire, contre son gré, de l’expertise gnoséologique de George Wilhem Friedrich Hegel. Cette réflexion se donne pour ambition de démontrer que le stirnérisme a émargé dans le dispositif conceptuel de l’hégélianisme, toutes choses qui établissent Friedrich Hegel comme heureux devancier et créancier gnoséologique. À travers la présente analyse, nous voulons donner une lisibilité à l’expertise comptable menée sur le solde philosophique de Max Stirner, afin d’établir l’engagement de reconnaissance de dette du disciple dissident vis-à-vis du « maître » qui se drape, dans cette réflexion, des oripeaux de créancier conceptuel. Fort de ce qui précède, même si Max Stirner s’inscrit dans le sillage de la rupture idéologique, il y a néanmoins un fond hégélien qui demeure dans sa perception du réel et surtout dans son rapport au monde, dont peut s’inspirer l’Afrique centrale.