Volume 11, Issue 2, February 2023 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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Does Digital Content Marketing Affect Ride-Hailing Consumer Behavior In Karachi? An Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model []


Ride-hailing companies must implement cutting-edge marketing strategies and tactics due to the radically changing environment and intense competition. Digital content marketing (DCM) is one of those important marketing strategies that has recently emerged with significant advantages and influences across a range of contexts and industries. For this purpose, it is critical to comprehend how DCM affects customer behaviour in the context of the ride-hailing industry. The impact of DCM on ride-hailing consumer behaviour in Karachi, Pakistan, is therefore investigated and contrasted using an expanded technology acceptance model (TAM) model in this study. By obtaining surveys from a convenience sample of 250 people drawn from different districts of Karachi, a mix of quantitative and qualitative techniques was used. According to the findings of PLS-SEM, the TAM primary variables were successful at highlighting attitudes and behaviours pertaining to utilising DCM for ride-booking reasons. Additionally, it has been discovered that customers' attitudes are influenced by their perceptions of risk and convenience, which in turn affect their decision to use Digital Content Marketing to book or choose a certain ride-booking app. The scope of potential research and analysis may be increased to examine how various targeted groups perceive regional variations.

Mechanical Stabilization of a Pegmatite Derived Lateritic Soil from Ikire, Southwestern Nigeria []


Stabilization of lateritic soil developed over pegmatite by compacting it with soil developed over granite around Ikire and its environs was executed with the aim of determining the optimum combination of percentage by volume of the soil and the energy of compaction that will give adequate strength for construction purpose. Preliminary tests were carried out to determine the better set of soil prior to stabilization. Laboratory tests included petrographic study, grain size distribution analyses, consistency limits tests and specific gravity determination, prior to stabilization with 15% and 30% respectively by volume of stabilizer and varying compactive energy before being subjected to unconfined compression test. The major minerals in the pegmatite were quartz and feldspars with 25% and 51% respectively while the amounts in granite were 46% and 25% respectively. The pegmatite-derived soil possessed higher amount of fines than the soil developed over granite with average values of 42% and 25% respectively, due to the amounts of feldspars. This showed that the granite-derived soil is better than the soil developed over pegmatite. The values of the plasticity index ranged from 19.1% to 22.4% for pegmatite-derived samples and 10.0% to 15.2% for granite-derived samples. High energy of compaction gave values of Maximum Dry Density (MDD) higher than the recommended value of 1810Kg/m3 for bungalow bricks. The peak values of suncured unconfined compressive strength (UCS) obtained were higher than the minimum acceptable figure of 1034KPa for bungalow bricks. Strong positive correlations (0.95, 0.96 and 0.82) were established between UCS and compactive energy. Stabilization of pegmatite-derived soil with granite-derived soil using 30% by volume of stabilizer at higher compactive energy was quite effective and it generated MDD and UCS which make it suitable for use as bungalow bricks and good sub-base material for building and road construction respectively.

EFFECTS OF CADMIUM CONTAMINATION ON YIELD AND CADMIUM CONCENTRATION IN DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF BORO RICE []


A pot experiment was conducted in the net- house of the Department of Agriculture of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalgonj to evaluate the effects of cadmium contamination on the growth, yield and nutrient concentrations of six varieties of rice. Cadmium(Cd) was added at three rates viz. 0, 10 and 20 ppm (on soil basis) from cadmium chloride (CdCl2.H2O). The varieties tested were BINA dhan8, BINA dhan10, BINA dhan14, BRRI dhan50, BRRI dhan58 and Kheyali boro. The experiment was carried out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with three replicaions. Nine kg soil was taken into each pot measuring 40 cm in diameter and 35 cm in height. Every pot received 100 ppm N, 25 ppm P, 40 ppm K and 25 ppm S from urea, triple superphosphate, muriate of potash and gypsum, respectively. Soils were treated with Cd as per treatments before transplanting. Cadmium contamination significantly decreased plant height, tillering, panicle length, grains pot-1, 100-seed weight, grain yield and straw yield. However, the effect was quite varied with the rice varieties. The Cd concentration in both grain and straw of all rice varieties increased with increasing rate of Cd addition. BINA dhan8 had the lowest grain Cd concentration and Kheyali boro showed the highest Cd concentration in rice grown with 20 ppm Cd. Application of Cd had reduced the concentrations of N, P, K and S in grain, showing negative interaction between them. The yield of BRRI dhan58 demonstrated the highest yield of grains pot-1 followed by BRRI dhan50 and BINA dhan8 under 20 ppm Cd applied to soil.

FERTILIZER REQUIREMENT OF BINADHAN-10 IN SALINE SOIL AT SATKHIRA []


An experiment was conducted in saline soils at Debhata Upazila of Satkhira district during the boro season of 2019 to investigate the fertilizer requirement of Binadhan 10. There were six treatment combinations such as T1: Control (No fertilizers), T2: N100P15K30S12Zn2B1, T3: N120P20K40S14Zn2B1, T4: N140P25K50S16Zn2B1, T5 : N160P30K60S18Zn2B1 and T6 : N180P35K70S20Zn2B1. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Nitrogen, P, K, S, Zn and B were supplied through urea, TSP, MoP, gypsum, zinc sulphate and boric acid, respectively. The full doses of TSP, MoP, gypsum, zinc sulphate and boric acid were applied as basal dose during final land preparation while urea was applied in three equal splits. The grain and straw yields of Binadhan-10 were significantly affected due to different treatments. The highest grain yield (5.86 t ha-1 ) and straw yield (7.00 t ha-1 ) were obtained in the treatments T4 (N140P25K50S16Zn2B1) and T6 (N180P35K70S20Zn2B1), respectively. The lowest grain yield (2.73 t ha- 1 ) and straw yield (3.56 t ha-1 ) were obtained in the treatment T1 (control). Plant height and 1000-grain weight were higher in the treatment T4 (N140P25K50S16Zn2B1). On the other hand, panicle length and filled grains panicle-1 were higher in the treatment T6 (N180P35K70S20Zn2B1) and number of tillers hill-1 were higher in treatment T2 (N100P15K30S12Zn2B1). Nitrogen, P, K and S contents and uptake by Binadhan-10 were profoundly influenced due to application of different rates of fertilizers. The highest N, P and K content was found in treatment T4 (N140P25K50S16Zn2B1) while the lowest content was obtained in treatment T1 (control). The highest N, P and K uptake was found in treatment T4 (N140P25K50S16Zn2B1) while the highest sulphur uptake was obtained in treatment T6 (N180P35K70S20Zn2B1). Considering the yield and benefit-cost ratio, the application of 140 kg N, 25 kg P, 50 kg K, 16 kg S, 2 kg Zn and 1 kg B ha-1 might be recommended for Binadhan-10 cultivation in saline areas.

FERTILIZER REQUIREMENT OF BINADHAN-10 IN SALINE SOIL AT SATKHIRA []


An experiment was conducted in saline soils at Debhata Upazila of Satkhira district during the boro season of 2019 to investigate the fertilizer requirement of Binadhan 10. There were six treatment combinations such as T1: Control (No fertilizers), T2: N100P15K30S12Zn2B1, T3: N120P20K40S14Zn2B1, T4: N140P25K50S16Zn2B1, T5 : N160P30K60S18Zn2B1 and T6 : N180P35K70S20Zn2B1. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Nitrogen, P, K, S, Zn and B were supplied through urea, TSP, MoP, gypsum, zinc sulphate and boric acid, respectively. The full doses of TSP, MoP, gypsum, zinc sulphate and boric acid were applied as basal dose during final land preparation while urea was applied in three equal splits. The grain and straw yields of Binadhan-10 were significantly affected due to different treatments. The highest grain yield (5.86 t ha-1 ) and straw yield (7.00 t ha-1 ) were obtained in the treatments T4 (N140P25K50S16Zn2B1) and T6 (N180P35K70S20Zn2B1), respectively. The lowest grain yield (2.73 t ha- 1 ) and straw yield (3.56 t ha-1 ) were obtained in the treatment T1 (control). Plant height and 1000-grain weight were higher in the treatment T4 (N140P25K50S16Zn2B1). On the other hand, panicle length and filled grains panicle-1 were higher in the treatment T6 (N180P35K70S20Zn2B1) and number of tillers hill-1 were higher in treatment T2 (N100P15K30S12Zn2B1). Nitrogen, P, K and S contents and uptake by Binadhan-10 were profoundly influenced due to application of different rates of fertilizers. The highest N, P and K content was found in treatment T4 (N140P25K50S16Zn2B1) while the lowest content was obtained in treatment T1 (control). The highest N, P and K uptake was found in treatment T4 (N140P25K50S16Zn2B1) while the highest sulphur uptake was obtained in treatment T6 (N180P35K70S20Zn2B1). Considering the yield and benefit-cost ratio, the application of 140 kg N, 25 kg P, 50 kg K, 16 kg S, 2 kg Zn and 1 kg B ha-1 might be recommended for Binadhan-10 cultivation in saline areas.

EFFECTS OF BIOFERTILIZER AND PLANT SPACING ON THE YIELD OF Binamoog- 4 []


The experiment was conducted at Office farm of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Gopalgonj from November 2018 to January 2019 to study the effects of biofertilizer and plant spacing on the yield of mungbean. The treatments comprised of five levels of biofertilizer: T1= no biofertilizer control, T 2 = 0.5, T 3 = 1.0, T 4 = 1.5 and T 5 = 2.0 kg ha-1 biofertilizer and three plant spacing: 10, 20 and 30 cm within rows at 30 cm apart. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. The results indicated that highest level of biofertilizer (2.0 kg ha-1) performed better than other lower levels in respect of plant height (53.41 cm), dry matter plant-1 at 40 days after sowing (DAS) (0.89 g) and 65 DAS (2.79 g), and number of nodules plant-1 at both 40 DAS (11.27) and 65 DAS (16.39). On the other hand, plant population m-2 (25.33), and dry matter plant-1 at both 40 DAS (0.886 g) and 65 DAS (2.87 g) were found highest for the plant spacing of 10 cm. However, plant height (54.06 cm), number of nodules plant-1 at 40 DAS (11.00) and 65 DAS (16.56) were found to be highest only in 30 cm plant spacing. Yield and yield contributing characters like number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, pod length, seed weight plant-1, seed yield, stover yield, biological yield and harvest index were significantly influenced by 2.0 kg ha-1 biofertilizer. A plant spacing of 20 cm performed better for seed yield (1419.3 kg ha- 1 ). The interaction effect of 2.0 kg ha-1 biofertilizer with a plant spacing of 20 cm showed better performance for yield and yield contributing characters.

EFFECTS OF MANURES AND FERTILIZERS FOR MAXIMIZING THE YIELD OF BRRI DHAN49 []


A field experiment was conducted at the Soil Science Field Laboratory Khulna University (KU), Khulna during aman season of 2018 to evaluate the effects of manures and fertilizers for maximizing the yield of BBRI dhan49. The soil of the experimental field belongs to 'Sonatala' Soil Series having silt loam texture, pH 6.18, organic matter content 2.15%, total N 0.124%, available P 6.51 ppm, exchangeable K 0.074 me/100 g soil, available S 14.85 ppm and CEC 12.5 me/100 g soil. The experiment containing six treatments was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The treatments were T0= Control, T = STB-CF (HYG), T2= CD + STB-CF (HYG), T3= PM + STB-CF (HYG), T4= COM + STB-CF (HYG) and T5= Farmers’ practice (FP). Organic manures including cowdung, poultry manure and compost were applied to the experimental plots @ 5, 3 and 5 t ha-1, respectively. The recommended dozes of N, P, K and S supplied from urea, TSP, MoP and gypsum were 90, 15, 60 and 15 kg ha-1, respectively. Yield contributing characters like plant height, effective tillers hill-1, panicle length, grains panicle-1 and filled grains panicle-1 and grain and straw yields of BRRI dhan49 were significantly influenced by the application of manures and fertilizers. The highest grain yield of 4.87 t ha-1 was observed in the treatment T3 [PM + STB-CF (HYG)] and the lowest value of 3.61 t ha-1 was found in T0 (control). The straw yield ranged from 4.10 to 5.51 t ha-1 in different treatments. The NPKS contents and uptake by BRRI dhan49 were markedly influenced by manures and fertilizers. The treatment T3 [PM + STB-CF (HYG)] was found to be the best combination of manures and fertilizers for obtaining the maximum yield of rice.

EFFECTS OF ORGANIC AND INORGANI C AMENDMENTS ON BORO RICE (Bina dhan-8) IN SALINE SOILS []


A field experiment was conducted with Boro rice (cv Binadhan-8) from January 2019 to April 2019 at Char Alahi, Companigonj, Noakhali to investigate the effects of organic and inorganic amendments on growth and yield of Boro rice (Binadhan-8) in saline soils. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications, where main plots comprised of four levels of organic amendments viz. A 0: no soil amendment, A1: farm yard manure (5.0 t ha-1), A2: crop residue (5.0 t ha-1), A3: rice husk (4.0 t ha-1) and sub-plots had four gypsum doses viz. G1: control, G2: 160 kg ha-1, G3: 200 kg ha-1, G4: 240 kg ha-1. Each treatment was also received recommended dose of chemical fertilizers such as using in control treatment. Organic amendment had significant effect on the yield and yield components of Boro rice (Binadhan-8). The results indicated that the highest plant height (100.9 cm), panicle length (27.23 cm), number of plants hill-1 (9.616) and harvest index (47.98%) were recorded in crop residue A2 (5.0 t ha-1) while the highest 1000-grain weight (24.41 g), grain yield (6.210 t ha-1), straw yield (7.123 t ha-1) and biological yield (13.32 t ha-1) were obtained from farm yard manure A 1 (5.0 t ha-1). The impact of different organic sources over control was statistically similar. Rates of gypsum significantly influenced all of the parameters except biological yield and harvest index. The highest plant height (100.6 cm) and harvest index (47.63%) were obtained from (G 4) 240 kg ha-1; the highest panicle length (27.39 cm), number of plants hill-1 (9.868), 1000-grain weight (24.38 g), grain yield (6.165 t ha-1), straw yield (6.858 t ha-1) and biological yield (13.02 t ha-1) were obtained from (G2) 160 kg ha-1. The impact of different rates of gypsum was statistically similar in almost all cases. The interaction of organic amendments and gypsum significantly manipulated the yield and yield attributes. Due to interaction of organic amendments and gypsum, the highest growth and yield was observed in farm yard manure with 160 kg ha-1 soil (A1G2). The S uptake by plants was significantly influenced by the both types of treatments. The results indicated that Boro rice can be grown successfully in a saline area by applying the farm yard manure as organic amendments and 160 kg ha-1 of gypsum as an inorganic amendment.

Effect of castor capsules (Ricinus communis) and neem leaves (Azadiracta indica) on soil properties and fungi infection on tomato (Lycopesicum esculentum) []


Abstract The effect of castor capsules (Ricinus communis) and neem leaves (Azadiracta indica) on soil properties and fungi disease on tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) in southern Nigeria was studied as a potted experiment. The study was established in a complete randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and four replications. The treatment studied were; castor capsules (CACS); Neem leaves (NELS); castor capsules + neem leaves (CACNELS) and control that received no application (COS). The result findings showed that incorporated castor capsules and neem leaves as treatments significantly improved the soil physico-chemical properties and agronomic parameters tested. Soil pH, OC%, OM%, TN%, total exchangeable bases (TEB), available P and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) showed significant higher values in amended pots and lesser values in total acid (TA) and total exchangeable acidity (TEA) were recorded in amended pots relative to the control pots. The treatments were observed to have reduced the soil bulk density (BD) gcm-3, increased total porosity (TP) % and gravimetric moisture content (GMC) %. The recorded values of OC% (0.61) and OM% (1.12) follow the order CACS > CACNELS > NELS > COS. The effect on tomato yield (number of fruits and fruit weight) showed that CACNELS gave the highest fruit yield of 25 fruits with a total weight of 15.0g whereas CACS gave 22 fruits with a total weight of 12.76g, NELS gave 19 fruits with a total weight of 11.61g and the control gave zero yield (no yield). From the findings of the study it shows that castor capsules and neem leaves treatments are very efficient in improving soil nutrient status and in reducing fungal infections in tomato.

Factor of R&D in Colombia []


Colombia has historically been a country with economic difficulties, having seen the concepts that led China to become the industrial and economic power that it is today, it is convenient to ask what are the ways and what factors are important when talking about a change in R&D for Colombia? It could be an increase in state spending on education, perhaps on infrastructure, or perhaps the truth is that it is not a single factor that determines the generation of R&D in a country, and on the contrary, the solution is more like a group of solutions, comprising a strategy, holistically focused on the development of trained professionals or skilled labor, as well as capital for investment in R&D projects, and a legal basis that allows the protection and generation of patents, finally the implementation of proposals that expand trade with other technological countries. Keywords Latin America, Research, Development,

INFLUENCE OF PROJECT PLANNING ON PERFORMANCE OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROJECT A CASE OF ZINDIRO-BIREMBO-GASANZE ROAD PROJECT IN GASABO DISTRICT, RWANDA []


The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of Project planning on performance of road construction project performance in Gasabo District. The study specifically seeks to handle the following: to examine the influence of project time planning on the performance of the Zindiro-Birembo-Gasanze road construction projects in Gasabo District, to assess the influence of project cost planning on the performance of the Zindiro-Birembo-Gasanze road construction projects in Gasabo District and to determine the influence of project scope planning on the performance of the Zindiro-Birembo-Gasanze road construction projects in Gasabo District. The study used descriptive and correlational research design with a mixed quantitative and qualitative method. The participants was 647 respondents including 12 project managers, 30 Project officer, 20 committee members and 18 Contractors and 567 Clients and all above participants was taken with the respect of research purpose . The number respondents were calculated by using the Yamane formula. This formula involves in calculating the sample size from target population: when the population is 647, the possible sample size is 247 respondents. The section below discussed on Data Collection instruments including questionnaire and interview. Quantitative data was obtained from the closed ended questions and was coded to facilitate quantitative analysis. The coded data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics comprising of frequency tables. Data analysis done by use of SPSS 20.0. the regression analysis results which indicate the effect of Project scope planning, Project cost planning and Project time planning on Project performance. The results as measured by R-square of 0.687 show that 68.7 % of total variation on performance of the Zindiro-Birembo-Gasanze road construction projects in Gasabo District can be explained by project planning. Table 4.10 indicates p value 0.00<0.05 and Pearson Correlation of 0.813 which show that there is a positive strong correlation between Project time planning and performance of the Zindiro-Birembo-Gasanze road construction projects in Gasabo District. The findings indicate p value 0.00<0.05 and correlation Pearson Correlation cost planning and performance of the Zindiro-Birembo-Gasanze road construction projects in Gasabo District. Pallant (2013) and Tabachnick and Fidell (2018) explained the correlation between the independent variable, cost estimation and the dependent variable, project performance, is statistically insignificant as the cost estimation p > .05.Table indicates p value 0.00<0.05 and Pearson Correlation of 0.655 which show that there is project scope planning correlation between project monitoring and performance of the Zindiro-Birembo-Gasanze road construction projects in Gasabo District. All research objectives of the study were achieved and null hypothesis were rejected. Project staff should strengthen the involvement of direct beneficiaries and local authorities in project planning process.

Fabrication and laboratory testing of an intelligent sequencing batch reactor []


well as to a severe saline tongue. That is why we must treat the wastewater before it is discharged into nature, leading to surface water and groundwater pollution and endangering human resources and fish wealth. And from here, the idea of sewage treatment in Basrah city before being dumped in the Shatt al-Arab by sequencing batch reactor (SBR) instead of the conventional activated sludge process. This research aimed to manufacture a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system that operates in one tank for all the necessary removal processes instead of the conventional activated sludge processes (ASP) that works to accomplish the removal operations by separate tanks for each function. The tests were carried out for the influent and effluent from the manufactured wastewater treatment system through varying hydraulic retention times for seven different cycles and controlled by the Arduino board, where the removal efficiency was 95, 95, 92 and 95 for COD, NH4, TN and PO4, respectively.

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF AIR QUALITY ACROSS OKRIKA ISLAND, RIVERS STATE, Nigeria. []


The study examined the spatial distribution of air quality across Okrika Island and the effect on our environment, survey research design was adopted for this study. The gas contaminant monitor used was Aeroqual Series 500 Gas Monitoring meter and the particulate matter monitor employed was MET One Aerocet 531 Particle Counter. The key findings in this study includes the determination of the ambient air quality in Okrika, Rivers State. Despite most of the pollutants not exceeding the guideline values set out by the World Health Organization and National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency, the pollutants were substantially present in the environs across the study area. Although, the concentrations of SO2 and H2S were relatively low, ranging from 0.00-0.05mg/m³. Air Quality Index revealed that the air quality across all nine (9) stations in the study area descriptively ranged from 262.5 - 459.2 % unhealthy to hazardous, especially for sensitive groups of residents. The situation of air quality in the study area is significant to the health and environment of the residents. Actions need to be taken to curb activities that impair the air quality of the study area.

ASSESSMENT ON THE CAUSES AND FREQUENCY OF FIRE HAZARD AMONG THE STATE CAPITALS IN SOUTH-SOUTH NIGERIA. []


Fire outbreaks have risen to a worldwide attention in recent years as both an environmental and economic issue. Despite the fact that nothing could be sustainably done to completely stop the occurrence of fire disaster, something can be done to mitigate the spread. This study adopted the cross sectional and checklist research designs, and is carried out in three (3) south-south state of the Niger Delta. The state capitals selected for the study include Port Harcourt, Calabar and Uyo representing Rivers, Cross River and Akwa Ibom states within the South-South region of Nigeria. The study adopted the use of questionnaire for data collection and analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequency count, percentage, and analysis of variance respectively. The findings from the study revealed that respondents are aware of various fire hazard events in recent time (53.8%) and such events commonly take place with industrial (43%) and commercial building (29.4%). The outcome revealed limited emergency preparedness, response, and recovery practices among the respondents while those practices available are less effective. There were no statistically significant differences in the preparedness and response practices across the study area (where p-value >0.05). KEYWORDS: Fire Disaster, Fire Incident, Fire Outbreak

The effect of assets management on cost reduction []


ABSTRACT: Despite the advantages associated with movable assets management, many institutions in Rwanda specifically governments projects have not fully achieved their desired cost reduction levels due to assets mismanagements where most of institution do not do assets forecasting, assets physical verification before purchasing new assets which at the end of the day they find ghost assets on the assets register and unnecessary assets that decreases revenue of the company and increase cost of company. The purpose of the study is to examine influence of movable assets on the cost reduction practices in Rwanda with a focus on government institution. The study will be undertaken by the following objectives to examine affect of asset maintenance on cost reduction, to examine effect of assets recording on cost reduction, to examine effect of assets inventory on cost reduction and to examine effect of asset disposal on cost reduction in Rwanda Energy Group Kigali Branch. The study was to rely on the as theory contingency theory, general systems theory. The study was utilized document review, questionnaires, key informant interviews, and observations for data collection. Regression and correlation analysis were used to perform inferential data analysis. The relationships between the independent and dependent variables were established using the regression analysis and sample size was 91 respondents in this study. The study recommend REG Kigali Branch should strengthen and Sensitize employees through guidance programs the need for effective coordination to improve the asset management, should provide trainings to employees to improve their knowledge on movable asset management and should Exercise long-term financial planning for better asset management hence, a good financial plan in place, the REG can then assess which objectives are feasible thus leading to cost reduction.

Après 50 ans d'aide au développement en Afrique, la pauvreté a-t-elle baissé? []


L'article avait pour but de faire l'analyse critique de l'efficacité de l'aide au développement en Afrique. Pour parvenir aux résultats, nous avons usé de l'analyse synthétique des travaux ayant précédemment porté sur l'aide aux développement. Les résultats ont prouvé que certains pays (la Côte d'ivoire, la culture du coton en Afrique de l'ouest, …) ont pu se développé grâce à l'aide au développement et d'autres n'ont pas pu se développé (La RDC, …). La différence majeure réside en matière de gouvernance, raison pour laquelle il faut une classe dirigeante ayant l'esprit de bonne gouvernance dans la classe dirigeante du pays receveurs d'aide au développement.

Jeunesse responsable pour l'avenir meilleur de la nation []


La jeunesse actuelle étant souffrante de beaucoup d'antivaleurs ( Ivrogneries, Adultères, Réussite scolaire ou académique par la corruption, points sexuellement transmissible, Vols, banditisme,...), nous avons été inspiré de rédiger cette article en vue d'inciter mes confreres jeunes à la citoyennété responsable ( à leurs devoirs envers leurs nations respectives) car dit-on :"Si tu veux changer le monde, c'est toi qui doit débuter le changement".

Government expenditures and economic growth in Rwanda. A disaggregated analysis. []


Over the past years, Rwanda has experienced sound economic development and an improvement in living standards. Differently, several researches argue that government expenditures in its sectors of government affect positively and negatively, in the long-run and in the short-run, the growth in the economy. The Keynesian theory states that public expenditure determines economic growth. This study assessed the effects of government expenditures on economic growth in Rwanda, using a disaggregated analysis specifically agriculture, health, defense, education, general public services and transport and communication, social protection and environmental protection using quarterly data from the year 2007 quarter three up to the year 2021 quarter four from Rwanda national budget execution reports, updated macro-economic framework public dataset from the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, and the World Development Indicators. The estimation technique employed is the ARDL together with ECM. This study resulted into both short run and long run, positive and negative effects of government expenditures to the economic growth in Rwanda. R2 was tested to test the goodness of data fit, T-test was made to test the individual significance, F-test was used to test joint significance, the lag selection and unit root test were conducted to detect the stationarity, BG-test for autocorrelation was used to test if there is no serial or auto-correlation between the residual (u), Breusch-Pegan-Godfrey Test was made to test if the variance of the residual (u) is constant (Homoscedasticity), Skewness/Kurtosis tests for Normality, was applied to detect residual normality. We hope that this study will contribute to the expansion of knowledge and skills that will help policymakers and stakeholders to orient the government expenditures in different economic sectors and sub-sectors in Rwanda and worldwide.

Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab and Ipilimumab is associated with Anterior Segment, Posterior Segment and Neuro-Ophthalmic Complications: A Systematic Review. []


Abstract: Introduction: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are monoclonal antibodies that deactivate inhibitory receptors of immune system and restore the antitumor immunity.2 ICIs provides novel alternative treatment for high prevalence cancers like, melanoma, lung cancer, lymphoma, metastatic prostate carcinoma and renal tumors. Methodology: Systemic review was conducted according to the Cochrane handbook of systemic reviews and ophthalmology book of systemic reviews and reported based on PRISMA. Articles from August 2017-August 2022.Total 57 articles were obtained. Out of which only 25 were selected discussing Ophthalmic ICIs related adverse effects in previously normal patients. Results: Ipilimumab is commonly observed in inducing optic neuropathy, anterior uveitis, and graves ophthalmopathy in previously normal patient. Anterior uveitis and pan uveitis, ocular hypotony and complete visual loss were most commonly reported with pembrolizumab. Most common ocular complications associated with Nivolumab is uveitis. Degree of uveitis and its presentation varied in different cases Conclusion: ICI’s are frequently associated with neuro-ophthalmic complications, though reversibility of complications is observed upon ICI’s stoppage. If ICI’s are given in monitored doses and multidisciplinary approach is made, rate of incidence of such complications can be minimized.

TOURISM Title; FLUX DES VOYAGEURS, SEGMENTATION PAR : ÂGES, MOTIFS DE VOYAGES ET MODES D’HÉBERGEMENT DES TOURISTES ENTRANT AU MALI PAR L’AÉROPORT INTERNATIONAL PRESIDENT MODIBO KEITA BAMAKO SÉNOU, DE 2005 À 2020 []


TRAVELLER FLOWS, SEGMENTATION BY: AGES, REASONS FOR TRAVEL AND ACCOMMODATION OF TOURISTS ENTERING MALI THROUGH PRESIDENT MODIBO KEITA BAMAKO SENOU INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, 2005 TO 2020 Abstract Air transport, through its speed and development of airport infrastructures, contributes to the opening up of all continents, countries and cities. All this encourages Mali, as a continental country, to promote air transport. More and more, the movement of tourists is facilitated by the air. The aim of this study in the field of tourism is to determine the weight of the tourist population in the flows of air passengers entering Mali from 2005 to 2020, in order to specify the dominant age groups, the hierarchy of reasons for travel and the preferred modes of accommodation. Thanks to a methodology of documentary research, exploitation of the database of tourist statistics of the National Directorate of Tourism and the Hotel Industry (DNTH) and the National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC), the following results were obtained. The flow of air travellers has increased over the last three decades, rising from 305,3417 from 1990 to 1999 and then to 4,980,871 from 2000 to 2009, a growth of 63.12%. The number of air passengers is still growing by 46.17% between the decade 2000 to 2009 and finally the decade of 2010 to 2020 where 7280502 passengers are recorded. From 2005 to 2020, tourists numbering 2294992 represent 55.14% of the 4162098 air passenger arrivals. The average age of tourists is 40 years. The main reason for tourists to come to Mali is to visit family and friends (33.19%). The first mode of accommodation chosen by tourists is non-market accommodation with relatives and friends for 44%. Finally, the strongest correlation (0.89) is between the reason "holidays/leisure" and the mode of commercial accommodation in hotels. Keywords: Air transport, Passenger flows, Proportions of tourists, Ages, Travel motives, accommodation choices.

Impact of plant density on growth and yield performance of mechanically transplanted rice []


The mechanically transplanted rice (MTR) is well known agriculture equipment for the precise transplantation of rice crop in the world. The plant × plant and row × row distance is manually adjustable having unique tines to transplant the rice nursery through trays in Rice-Wheat cropping pattern in Punjab-Pakistan. The present study was planned to evaluate the impact of population density through MRT compared to farmers practice transplanted in the area of Adaptive Research Farm, Gujranwala, Punjab-Pakistan. The results of our experiment showed highly significant (P < 0.05) fertile tillers recorded in T-1(442 m-2) having PP × RR (6 × 10 inches) with 270,000 hills per hectare compared to farmers practices during kharif-2019. The number of tillers per hill found maximum in T-3 having PP × RR/9 × 9 inches with 200,000 hills hectare-1. Maximum number of trays was cultivated in T-1 (315) followed by T-2 (300) and T-3 (285) compared to conventionally transplanted farmer’s practice. The comparison regarding thousand grain weights (g) recorded similar trend in all the treatments. The results found that thousand grain weights did not depend upon the method of transplantation. Significant (P < 0.05) yield tha-1 was recorded in T-1 (4.403) followed by T-2 (4.257) and T-3 (4.17), however low yield was found in T-4 (4.064). The overall yield performance was found maximum in T-1 (339 kg ha-1) with mechanically transplanted rice compared to conventional method of transplantation (FP), however similar trend in term of yield was found in T-1 (4323 kg ha-1) which was 443 kg ha-1 more than that of farmers practice (FP). At the end it is concluded that PP × RR (6 × 10 inches) recorded maximum yield compared to farmers practice. The difference in yield was recorded in range between 339-443 kg hectare-1 with MTR compared to farmers practice.

Realtime Odors Transducer []


Realtime Odors Transducer Abstract Problem Statement In this we will explaine about the realtime odors trabsducer reasearch. This research perform at USK in Indonesia. This odors Transducer would be produce as a new part of electronics component. This new part could be apply for a new mobile device or as stand alone odors transducer device. Methods The methos that use in this research is by design a new chemical material that can absord the odor around it. This odor would be some materials such as cloth, plastic, rubber or paper. Using the chemistry theory to made a polymer, then we designed the new polymer material that we call polymer gel disk. This new polymer then design for application that have a size in diameter about 2 cm and thickness of 1 mm. Results In order to know about the characteristics of this new part then we do some experiment in laboratorium. We then accomplised the transducer design by connected 6 wire of USB port to the thin disk. Right now we have 4 input data to processor system. This 4 bit data then combine to get 16 bit digital data of odor that “smell” by the transducer. This data then process by the computer program for real life applicatios. Conclusions From this research we could make some conclusion, that the odors in our everyday like the odors of the foods or the smell of the fragrances could be reccorded such as video or song.

DETERMINANTS OF YOUTH EMPLOYMENT STATUS IN ETHIOPIA []


Youth is undeniably among the most important formidable force and resource a country can have in order to boost its economy. However, youth unemployment in the cities, urban and towns of Ethiopia is a problem that has received increased attention. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to examine the determinants of youth unemployment in Gedo town, West shoa Zone,Oromia regional governmental state. Some of the specific objectives set were to analyze urban youth’s perceptions towards youth’s unemployment, to identify the determinants of youth employment status and to assess the role of government to addressing youth unemployment in the study area. Both primary and secondary data sources were utilized. A cross sectional survey design was employed for this study. The sample respondents were selected from sample frame by using simple random sampling. 136 sample youths from the two kebele of Gedo town were determined by using Kothari formula for questionnaire, and 7 key informant interviews and 2 Focus group discussions were conducted. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics like binary logistic regression were employed for quantitative data analysis and Narrative analysis was done for qualitative data to meet the stated objectives.The descriptive analysis found that 61 percent of the respondents were unemployed while 39 percent of them were employed. Binary logit model analysis indicated that sex and educational level affected urban youth unemployment positively and significantly whereas the variable Migration status, family size, Workplace, Participating in training program, Access to job information and having a habit of Saving money affected urban youth unemployment negatively and significantly.The study suggests that local government and other stakeholders should consider these predictor variables when they discuss the issue of urban youth unemployment and also create conducive investment areas. The administration of the town should provide special consideration for non-migrants and male youths. Youth development package should be well implemented by those urban sectors. Moreover, to alleviate the problem in the future, the government should take preventive measures so that the economy of the country can easily accommodate the job seeking youths. Key words: Youth,Gedo town, youth unemployment

THE PERFORMANCE ON EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT OFFICE (DRRMO) OF BULAN []


Too often communities that experience disasters are linked to unpreparedness, causing the destruction of properties and even loss of lives. This paper attempts to evaluate the performance of MDRRMO by the employees along its four pillars: Prevention and Mitigation, Preparedness, Response and Recovery, and Rehabilitation and Recovery. It also deals with the personnel’s profile, factors affecting MDRRMO while performing the mentioned pillars, and challenges encountered. A survey questionnaire was used to gather data distributed to the 50 employees as respondents. Results revealed that MDRRM Office performed Very Satisfactory in Risk Reduction Management which infers that the office functions efficiently in terms of reducing the risk of incidence (disasters or catastrophe) to save lives in the community. Keywords- prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, rehabilitation, recovery

STAKEHOLDER PERCEPTIONS OF MOBILE FAST FOOD TRUCK VENDING IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY []


This study aimed to examine the stakeholder views on introducing a mobile fast food vending business model in Harare, Zimbabwe. A quantitative study was conducted using two different pre-developed questionnaires for quantitative analysis. Samples were drawn from two main stakeholders mainly: registered fast food operators, and fast food consumers. The quantitative data was analysed using SPSS 20 through descriptive statistics. The result shows that the city is socially and economically ready for a mobile fast food vending model but lacks a legal and regulatory framework to operationalise mobile fast food vending without causing health concerns. This study contributes to knowledge on perceptions of mobile fast food vending in a developing country context and adds to the theory on the mobile fast foods truck vending business model. The study gives suggestions for researchers, policymakers and management necessary before intro-ducing this innovation within fast food businesses.

EFFECT OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON PROFITABILITY OF LISTED COMPANIES IN RWANDA: A CASE OF BRALIRWA LTD (2011-2021) []


ABSTRACT This study aimed at assessing the effect of WCM practices on the profitability of listed companies in Rwanda. Specifically, the study wanted to establish the influence of Average Collection Period (ACP), Average Payables Period (APP), Inventory Conversion Period (ICP), Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) on the profitability of BRALIRWA LTD. Data were collected from audited financial statements of BRALIRWA LTD over 10 years (2011-2021). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed a negative (β=-.258) and statistically insignificant (p-value =.102 >.05) relationship between ACP and the profitability of BRALIRWA LTD. Moreover, a unit increase in ACP will result in a proportional reduction in the ROA of BRALIRWA LTD. Findings also showed that there is a positive (β =.367) and statistically significant relationship (p-value =.001<.05) between the APP and the profitability of BRALIRWA LTD. Furthermore, there was a negative (β =-.237) and statistically insignificant (p-value =.001<.05) relationship between ICP and the Profitability of BRALIRWA LTD and, holding other factors to a constant zero, an increase in ICP by one day would result in a decrease of.237 percentage in the profitability of BRALIRWA LTD. Findings also demonstrated the presence of a negative (β =.256) and statistically significant relationship (p-value =.002.05) between the Cash Conversion Cycle and profitability of BRALIRWA LTD at a 5% level of significance. The study concluded that since it is anticipated that the method in which working capital is handled would have a substantial influence on those organizations' profitability, companies can achieve optimum WCM by keeping a healthy balance between liquidity and profitability. WCM practices are significant determinants of the profitability of listed companies and one of a company's most important financial decisions. The profitability of BRALIRWA LTD was therefore strongly impacted by WCM procedures as determined by Average Collection Period (ACP), Average Payables Period (APP), Inventory Conversion Period (ICP), and Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC). It was recommended that BRALIRWA LTD should implement an efficient monitoring system that flags any payments made in advance of the deadline stipulated by the suppliers. A just-in-time purchasing strategy for necessary goods and materials should be used by BRALIRWA LTD. By purchasing goods as late as feasible and having products delivered in tiny amounts when required, this should be planned to reduce on-hand inventories.

Investigating Teachers' Views and Perceptions about the learning needs for designing an ESP Training Course for Sudanese Military Staff []


This study aims to suggest a learner-centered approach to developing an ESP courses for Sudanese Military Staff .The study adopted the descriptive analytical method, the researcher collected data by using a questionnaire for (30) Sudanese University teachers. To analyze the data, the researcher used the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The findings of the study revealed that EFL Sudanese Military Staff lack sufficient training in English that they need at the work place. In the light of the findings of the study, the researcher recommends that teachers should use a learner-centered approach to developing an ESP course for Sudanese Military Staff , needs analysis process should be conducted before starting any English course to find out the actual needs of the Sudanese military staff, furthermore, the study recommends using authentic materials to help trainees use and master real and live language. . Key words: learner-centered approach - Sudanese Military Staff-ESP

Determination of some Inorganic Constituents of Ground Water in Afif Area- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia []


Abstract: Groundwater quality for three samples of well water collected from Afif area (Al-batin, Battahah, Khalidiya has been studied to the presence of several water quality parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, total hardness, bicarbonates, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, sodium and potassium.. Results obtained for Al-batin sample found to be in the permissible range reported by the WHO for pH, electrical conductivity, chloride, total alkalinity, Mg+2, and K+ while TDS value and Ca+2 below the level permitted by the WHO, Al-batin sample classified as moderately hard. Battahah and Khalidiya samples show that pH., TDS value, total alkalinity, chloride , and K+ were in agreement with WHO standards while electrical conductivity for Battahah sample above the maximum permissible limit and Khalidiya sample within the permissible range reported by the WHO, the tow samples were classified as hard, Ca+2 and Mg+2 for Battahah sample within the permissible range reported by the WHO, while Khalidiya sample shown Ca+2 below the level permitted by the WHO and Mg+2 above the permissible range.. Na+ and sulphate of all water samples shows values above the permissible range reported by the WHO, it might be due to Sedimentary rocks that contain a high percentage of Sodium sulphate in the study area. It is inferred from the study that these water sources can be used for potable purpose only after prior treatment to reduce the concentrations of sulfate ion and sodium ion in order to be suitable for human and animal consumptions.

Rising issues of Operation Management under Covid-19 crises []


Mr Shahid Awan and the CFO of Flying Cement were standing in his workplace on a Monday evening in April 2020, debating how to handle disputes regarding the monetary and economic crisis that had arisen as a result of the pandemic in the firm. There has been more attention placed on the company secretary's (Mr. Shahid Awan) position in handling specific circumstances and maintaining the seamless running operations of the firm. Operating a plant that relied on floor employees recruited from many places was not simple. Clogged and transportation supply problems led to disturbances that frequently destroyed corporate resources. The much more severe threat of devastating labor unrest and lockdowns frustrated the willingness of the operational and financial activities to take the practical step. Therefore, it leaded to a difficult situation for Mr. Shahid Awan to take everyone on board and on one page, causing operational issues in terms of sustainability, support and communication barriers. In addition, the buying power of individuals was negatively impacted throughout the first part of FY20 because of high rising prices, increasing electricity costs, and strict fiscal austerity. In contrast, the second phase was negatively impacted by the epidemic. These commercial and trade practices seemed to move the company's finances and administration regarding meeting corporate obligations and facilitating crucial discussions and approvals that were developed and completed without difficulty, as is the case with Mr Shahid.

QUALITY OF WORK-LIFE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS IN THE COMMUNITY PHARMACY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN KORONADAL CITY, SOUTH COTABATO []


The COVID 19 pandemic has posed a severe threat to healthcare organizations and their personnel worldwide[1]. The objective of this study is to determine the quality of work-life and to evaluate the psychological distress in the community pharmacy during COVID-19 pandemic in Koronadal City, South Cotabato. Descriptive quantitative cross-sectional type of research design was used in this study. The researchers utilized purposive sampling. The respondents of the study were the one hundred eight (108) selected community pharmacy personnel (pharmacist, pharmacy assistant, pharmacy technician, pharmacy aide) of Koronadal City, South Cotabato, following the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. A validated survey questionnaire was used as an instrument and distributed to the community pharmacy. The results showed that respondents did, in fact, suffer from psychological distress with overall average of 2.714 for both domains (suspicion and anxiety and fear). As pharmacists are believed to offer frontline services to their patients, this led to the psychological distress that was experienced by the pharmacists as well as by the pharmacy technician, assistant and aide during COVID-19 pandemic. Meanwhile for the QWL, working environment (x̅=3), benefits, compensation and rewards (x̅=3), autonomy of work (x̅=2.833), and job satisfaction and security (x̅=3), indicated that the respondents were highly satisfied.

INFLUENCE OF TILLAGE INTENSITY AND IRRIGATION ON SOIL PROPERTIES, WATER CONSERVATION AND YIELD OF WHEAT []


An experiment was conducted at during winter season, from 26 November 2019 to 23 March 2020 to evaluate the influence of tillage intensity and irrigation on soil properties, water conservation and yield of wheat (cv. Prodip). The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three tillage practices arranged as main plots and four irrigation practices in the sub-plots and replicated thrice. The tillage operations were: T1 = 1 passing of a power tiller, T2= 2 passing of a power tiller and T3= 3 passing of a power tiller and the irrigation treatments were: I0= No irrigation, I1=1 irrigation at crown root initiation (CRI) stage i.e., at 17 days after sowing (DAS), I2= 2 irrigation, at crown root initiation (CRI) stage and another at jointing stage i.e., at 54 days after sowing (DAS) and I3= 3 irrigation, at crown root initiation (CRI) stage, another at jointing stage and the final irrigation at booting stage i.e. at 65 days after sowing (DAS). The unit plot size was 4m×2.5 m. Fertilizers were applied @ 100 kg N ha-1, 18 kg P ha-1, 50 kg K ha-1, 20 kg S ha-1, 3 kg Zn ha -1 and 1 kg B ha-1. The highest soil moisture (35.52%) was observed with T3 and lowest (33.32%) with T1 treatments over the growth period. In case of irrigation, I3 recorded the highest soil moisture (38.40%) and I0 showed the lowest (28.44%). The maximum (1.51 g cm-3) and minimum (1.32 g cm-3) bulk densities were obtained from T1 and T3 treatments, respectively and for irrigation treatments bulk densities were 1.50 g cm-3 (I0) and 1.30 g cm-3 (I3), respectively. The highest air filled porosity (76.94%) was recorded under T3 treatment and lowest values of air filled porosity (76.86%) and (74.68%) were recorded in I0 treatment. The highest and lowest soil organic matter contents (1.87% and 1.09%) were found respectively in T1 and T3 under tillage treatments and in I0 (1.84%) and I3 (1.18%) under irrigation treatments. The total N content of soil exactly followed the organic matter result. The plant height, effective tillers hill-1, spike length and 1000 grain weight, the highest result was measured with T3 and I3 treatments and the minimum with T1 and I0 treatments. These plant parameters had reflected the grain yield showing the highest yield by T3 (3.74 t ha-1) and I3 (4.26 t ha-1) treatments and the lowest yield by T1 (3.32 t ha-1) and I0 (2.68 t ha-1). The maximum and minimum straw yields (6.98 t ha-1 and 6.29 t ha-1) were found in T3 and T1 treatments. Considering the irrigation, the highest (7.29 t ha-1) and lowest (5.78 t h-1) straw yield were obtained in I3 and I0 treatments. Overall results indicate that tillage and irrigation helped in improving soil aeration, soil moisture, bulk density, organic matter decomposition and nutrient availability, which in turn had impacted the increased wheat yield.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE USE OF NATURAL DYES: A CASE OF THREE SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN SOLWEZI DISTRICT OF NORTH-WESTERN PROVINCE []


Many of us have our favorite colors and often prefer wearing clothes of that particular color. Though the colors that we are fascinated with over a long period of time are in one way or another connected to our personality type, our strengths and weaknesses, as well as our potential in life. But wearing your selective styles of garments in synthetic dyes and natural color dyes is a different experience altogether. Color performance on textiles is affected by many factors. Pad dyeing of different cotton fabrics with vat dyes was carried out, and principal component analysis was used to analyze the comprehensive properties of fabrics. According to the factor weight, the main factors affecting the dyeing effect were obtained, and a mathematical regression model between the comprehensive values of fabric properties and the dyeing effect was established. The results showed that with the increase of dye concentration, the apparent shade depth of the fabric increased correspondingly. The purpose of this study was to determine or investigate the factors influencing the use of natural dyes in three selected secondary schools of Solwezi district. The main objective in this study was to investigate the factors influencing the use of natural dyes in selected secondary schools of Solwezi district. The study was confined within three (3) random sampled secondary schools in Solwezi district of North-Western province, in which a total of 60 teachers and learners were selected at random. Keys words: Factors, Influencing, Dyes, Dyeing, Natural, Perception, Use, and Textile.