Volume 13, Issue 4, April 2025 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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UTILIZATION OF PHENOLIC ACIDS CO-PIGMENTATION IN IMPROVEMENT OF COLOUR CHARACTERISTICS AND THERMAL STABILITY OF ROSELLE (HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA) ANTHOCYANINS []


The present study investigated the co-pigmentation effects of four phenolic acids (gallic, rosmarinic, caffeic, and coumaric acids) on the colour characteristics, thermal resistance, and antioxidant activity of anthocyanins extracted from Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) calyces. Anthocyanin-rich extracts were obtained via aqueous extraction and characterized by UV-Visible spectrophotometry. Co-pigmentation reactions were conducted at various pigment-to-co-pigment molar ratios (1:0; 1:5; 1:10; 1:20 and 1:30) and tempera-tures ranging from 65°C to 95°C. It was found that rosmarinic acid exhibited the strongest stabilizing effect, producing a bathochromic shift of 8.5 nm and a hyperchromic effect of 37.7% at a 1:30 molar ratio. Gallic acid also demonstrated significant enhancement in both absorbance intensity and thermal protection. Caffeic acid showed moderate stabilization capabilities. Coumaric acid exhibited the weakest effect among the tested phenolic acids, with lower bathochromic and hyperchromic shifts, and a more pronounced de-cline in anthocyanin retention at elevated temperatures. Nevertheless, coumaric acid still contributed to improved pigment stability compared to the control. Additionally, antioxidant activity assessed via DPPH radical scavenging assays confirmed dose-dependent inhibition, with an EC50 of 0.945 g extract/g DPPH. These findings advance the usage of phenolic acids, in particular; rosmarinic and gallic acids, as natural co-pigments for improving the thermal stability and functional performance of Roselle anthocyanins in thermal-ly processed food products.

Effect of procurement fraud detection practices on company performance, A case of Rwanda Energy Group, in Rwanda []


The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of procurement fraud detection on performance of Rwanda Energy Group company. Specifically, to assess the effect of contract implementation on company performance, to examine the effect of procurement planning on company performance, to determine the effect of tender committee team on company performance, a case study of Rwanda Energy Group. The theories that guided this study were theory of contract, theory of planning and theory of realistic evaluation. The study employed the descriptive and correlational research design to address the statement of the problem. this study used the target population of 100 people. A sample size of 100 respondents and census method were used in this study. The questionnaire and interview guide tools were used to collect data from respondents. The data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 25.0. The study findings indicate that there is effect (M=4.02, SD=1.011) of contract implementation on company performance, there is effect (M=4.27, SD=0.872) of procurement planning on company performance, and there is effect (M=4.15, SD=0.927) of tender committee evaluation on company performance. Moreover, there is a statistically no significant effect (p=0.338˃0.05) of contract implementation on performance, there is statistically significant effect (p=0.005˂0.05) of procurement planning on performance and there is statistically significant effect (p=0.017˂0.05) of tender committee evaluation on performance. The study recommends that REG should develop a contract management plan, provide contract management training, and establishing key performance indicators to identify ineffective parts of the contract management process. Staff should also schedule lead time for procurement processes, prepare and analyze a table with key dates, and decide when to review sources of fraud, contract implementation, and delivery of products or services.

Impact of project life cycle on success of agriculture project in rwanda []


Agriculture is Rwanda’s economic backbone, contributing significantly to GDP and employing many. It ensures food security, improves livelihoods, and fosters growth. This research assesses the project life cycle’s impact on agriculture projects in Rwanda, with a focus on the Agro Processing Trust Corporation (APTC). Guided by three specific objectives, it examined the Initiation Phase’s effect, the Planning Phase’s effect, and the Execution Phase’s impact. Theoretical reviews included Project Life Cycle Theory, Systems Theory, and Stakeholder Theory. This study used a descriptive research design. The target population was individuals involved in three key projects under the APTC: the APTC Poultry Farming project, Gako Livestock Farm, and the Fertilizers and Seeds Distribution project. The group consisted of 153 research respondents, selected using a census approach. This study employed structured questionnaires and structured interviews to gather both quantitative and qualitative data from participants in three APTC agricultural projects. Data collection involved pre-testing instruments for clarity, using SPSS for statistical analysis, and thematic analysis for qualitative insights. The findings revealed that project life cycle phases significantly influenced agricultural project performance at APTC. In the first objectives, the initiation phase showed 62.09% agreement and 33.33% strong agreement on feasibility studies (M = 4.27, SD = 0.57), while stakeholder identification scored similarly (M = 4.24, SD = 0.58). In the second objective looks at planning where, for planning, 62.09% agreed and 33.33% strongly agreed on scope definition (M = 4.30, SD = 0.52), with budgeting and scheduling at 58.82% agreement and 35.29% strong agreement (M = 4.28, SD = 0.53). And finally, the third objectives which is execution, in execution, 69.93% agreed and 24.84% strongly agreed on resource management (M = 4.17, SD = 0.56), with timeline adherence at 71.90% agreement (M = 4.18, SD = 0.68) and lasting impacts at 68.63% agreement (M = 4.21, SD = 0.64). Overall performance was high (M = 4.57, SD = 0.33). Correlation analysis showed strong positive relationships: initiation (r = .850, p < .000), planning (r = .844, p < .000), and execution (r = .861, p < .000). Regression analysis revealed phases explained 92.5% (R² = 0.925) of performance variance, with planning having the strongest influence (B = 0.232, p = 0.048). These findings underscore the importance of structured project management for enhancing agricultural project success, sustainability, and efficiency. The study concluded by showing the critical role of project life cycle phases—initiation, planning, and execution—in enhancing agricultural project performance, with planning showing the highest influence due to its emphasis on strategic resource alignment and risk mitigation. Recommendations call for organizations like APTC and policymakers to prioritize comprehensive feasibility studies, robust stakeholder engagement, advanced planning practices, and adaptive execution strategies supported by modern tools. For future research, longitudinal studies on the long-term effects of structured project cycles, the integration of advanced technologies, and the evolving role of stakeholder dynamics are suggested to inform sustainable practices and scalability in Rwanda's agricultural sector, fostering innovation and resilience. Key words: Project Lifecycle, Project Success, Agro-processing and Agriculture project

WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION MANAGEMENT IN THE PROVINCE OF MAGUINDANAO DEL SUR []


The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the extent knowledge of women on their roles in participating conflict resolution, and how they manage their involvement during the process. The data gathered serves as a reference that aids in determining and assessing the elements that support the significance of women’s involvement in conflict resolution management. The research design used in this study was a combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods of research. This study was conducted at five (5) selected mmunicipalities in the province of Maguindanao Del Sur such as; Datu Piang, Rajah Buayan, Datu Salibo, Sultan Sa Barongis, and Datu Saudi Ampatuan, respectively. The instrument used for data gathering is a survey questionnaire as the main tool of data collections for this study. The findings revealed for the women’s participation in conflict resolution management in terms of being proactive in peace building and peace negotiations was interpreted as always, also involvement of women in the conduct of dialogue, mitigation, resolution and settlement between conflicting parties was interpreted as always, but in terms of involvement of women as mediators and having a seat in a negotiation table thus committed to address local conflict resolution was interpreted as sometimes. Common problems encountered by the women in participating conflict resolution management appeared as rank 1 was sometimes women are neglected to be part of conflict resolution, followed by no membership of women in the mediation, unification and reconciliation task force created by the LGUs as ranked 2, women are poorly equipped with appropriate skills in mediation ranked 3. On the other hand, Limited collaboration with LGUs ranked 4 and ranked 5 is that the limited opportunity of women to participate. The researcher recommended to strengthen advocacy on women empowerment, encourage more women to participate in the local conflict resolution management, and process as peace builders and peace advocates, provide more trainings and sustainable support for women local mediators, and to recognized the effort and potentials of women as local mediators. Keywords: Women’s Participation, Conflict Resolution, Management, Maguindanao del Sur

DEVELOPMENT OF LESSON EXEMPLAR – BASED DESIGN IN PRECALCULUS []


This study investigated the proficiency levels of Grade 11 STEM students in various Precalculus topics and explored the influence of demographic factors on their academic performance. The majority of the respondents were aged 16 to 17, predominantly female, and residing in rural areas, with most mothers having attained college-level education and both parents generally engaged in formal or informal employment. The results revealed that students exhibited low to moderate proficiency in Precalculus, performing relatively better in geometry-based and visual topics such as Conic Sections and Inverse Trigonometric Functions, but encountering significant difficulties with more abstract topics like Mathematical Induction and Circular Functions. Statistical analysis showed a positive correlation between the father's educational attainment and student performance in Circular Functions, while the father's occupation showed a negative correlation, implying that demanding jobs may limit parental academic support. To address these challenges, a lesson exemplar was developed and evaluated, demonstrating very high validity across content, organization, and mechanics. The study recommends targeted interventions including the use of interactive, technology-enhanced instructional strategies, tailored academic support for students from rural areas or with parents in demanding occupations, and strengthened parental engagement initiatives. The validated lesson exemplar is proposed for classroom implementation, with minor refinements based on feedback and diverse learning needs. Future research is encouraged to further validate these findings and enhance the instructional strategies in Precalculus education.

NEUROLOGY/ BIOLOGY/ LET THE MIND BLOOM: PARTHENOCISSUS QUINQUEFOLIA FOR HOPE []


This study is the first scientific investigation to explore the potential neuroprotective effects of a poisonous plant, Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) extract on neuronal viability in neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer’s. Since neurodegenerative disorders are associated with processes such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal loss, the study aimed to determine whether this plant extract could provide protective benefits for neurons under oxidative stress conditions. In the experiment, Sh-SY5Y human neuronal cells were exposed to different concentrations of the Virginia creeper’s extract in a cell culture laboratory setting to assess its effects on cell viability, oxidative stress suppression, and overall cellular functionality. The experimental results demonstrated a dose-dependent effect. While low concentrations of the extract did not produce significant changes in neuronal viability, higher concentrations led to improved cell survival rates. These findings suggest that the extract may contribute to reducing oxidative stress and enhancing neuronal resilience, potentially supporting cellular defense mechanisms. However, the results also indicated that the effects varied depending on dosage, emphasizing the need for precise dose optimization in future studies. As the first study to experimentally demonstrate the potential neuroprotective properties of Virginia creeper extract, this research represents a significant step in developing new therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases. Although Virginia creeper is classified as toxic for human consumption, its potential benefits in a controlled medical context highlight the necessity for further preclinical and clinical investigations. Understanding its mechanisms of action and determining safe dosage ranges could pave the way for novel treatment strategies targeting oxidative stress and neuronal loss in conditions like Alzheimer’s.

Correlation of fasting glucose and serum lipid profile during gestational pregnancy. []


Abstract: Objective: During gestational diabetes mellitus, altered glucose metabolism causes the lipid metabolism to promote itself as the main energy source for the maternal-fetal body. The changes in the lipid metabolism depends on the severity of GDM. However, GDM is independent of severity in obesity and so is altered lipid profile while other typical parameters are not always responsible for GDM progression and to investigate the correlation between fasting glucose and lipid profile. Along with the suggestion that the abnormal levels of lipid profile during pregnancy are associated with the impaired glucose metabolism. Materials and methods: A total of 120 pregnant women in their late 2nd and early 3rd trimester were taken. Out of which 60 were healthy with fit family background while 60 were affected by GDM with unfit family background. All the women were in the 3rd trimester and belonged to the age group of 25-35 with average BMI of 26.9-30.0 kg/m2 in which family history was not considered along with glucose and lipid tests were performed according to their physicians. Results: When significance was α=0.05, among OGTT, FBG and HbA1c, OGTT showed a strong negative correlation (180.23 ±7.8143, r= -0.7873, p<0.001) and an inverse relationship between glucose and lipid profile. Concluding that although FBG and HbA1c have a weaker relationship as compared to OGTT, but still the high level of FBG is associated with GDM. On the other hand, total cholesterol presented a very strong negative correlation with GDM (192.43 ±8.666, r=-0.7873, p-value= 8.647 × 10⁻¹⁴). Suggesting that as total cholesterol decreases, glucose levels increase. These results also show a highlighting relationship between glucose intolerance and lipid metabolism along with triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C. Conclusion: Profile OGTT had the strongest negative correlation among the glycemic markers while HbA1c was not able to prove any correlation. The results of this study states that all the parameters are directly or inversely proportional to each other while some parameter, HbA1c, showed a positive correlation with the GDM. Hence, we were able to say that the objective of this study has enough evidence to support the hypothesis, “ dyslipidemia particularly elevates total cholesterol, and triglycerides are closely linked with impaired glucose metabolism during pregnancy”. Keywords: gestational diabetes, lipid metabolism, metabolic alterations, serum lipid profile.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of the General Information Technology (GIT) Subject in Enhancing Digital Literacy among secondary grades students in Sri Lanka []


This study evaluates the effectiveness of the General Information Technology (GIT) subject in improving digital literacy among secondary grades students in Sri Lanka. The research looks at how well the GIT curriculum matches digital literacy standards, how it is taught, how ready the teachers are, and how well the students are doing. Using a mixed-methods, the study used surveys, interviews, and a review of the curriculum to find out what is working well and what needs to be improved in the current system. The findings show that students’ digital skills have improved slightly, but there are still challenges. Many schools lack sufficient digital equipment, students do not receive enough hands-on practice, and teachers have varying skill levels. The study recommends curriculum revision, improvements in teacher training, investment in infrastructure, a stronger practical component, regular monitoring system, and certified recognition.

CONTRIBUTION OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION ON THE GROWTH OF SMALL BUSINESS IN RUBAVU DISTRICT, RWANDA []


This study investigates the contribution of financial inclusion to small business growth in Rubavu District, Rwanda, from 2018 to 2023. The primary objective is to assess the impact of financial accessibility, financial technology, and financial literacy on small business growth. A descriptive and correlational research design was adopted, with a sample of 91 participants, including 87 business owners and 4 representatives from the Private Sector Federation (PSF). This study was based on the Financial Intermediation theory and Resource-Based View (RBV) Theory. Descriptive statistics were used to determine frequencies and percentages, while regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficients were employed to analyze the relationships between variables. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 28. The pilot study tested the research tools with 13 respondents (representing 10% of the sample size) to check their accuracy and consistency. Experts confirmed the tools' validity with a score of 0.8, and reliability was proven with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.789, showing the tools were effective for data collection. The study reveals that small businesses in Rubavu show strong growth potential, with 45.05% of respondents agreeing and 35.16% strongly agreeing that their businesses are profitable (mean = 4.09). Additionally, 49.45% report paying taxes on profits (mean = 3.99), reflecting positive formalization. Despite these successes, challenges remain in financial accessibility, with many businesses struggling to secure loans due to high-interest rates (mean = 3.60) and collateral requirements (mean = 3.58). Financial technology has positively impacted businesses, with mobile banking and mobile money contributing to profit growth (mean = 3.57) and reduced theft (mean = 3.88). However, variability in experiences, especially related to digital literacy and infrastructure, indicates areas for improvement in supporting small businesses. These findings underscore the importance of financial inclusion and the need for tailored digital literacy programs to foster sustained business growth in Rubavu. Key words: Financial inclusion, Business growth

Security Compliance or Civil Society Crackdown? Analysing Zimbabwe’s new PVO Acts Impact on Development, Civic Space and State-Society Relations []


The Zimbabwe government recently passed the Private Voluntary Organisations (PVO) Amendment Bill, which greatly rewrote the legal framework governing civil society organizations (CSOs). This qualitative study, based on thematic analysis of document reviews as well as secondary data and expert interviews, describes the Bills elements, articulated rationale and contestations, and describes potential implications. The government has justified the law mainly as being required to satisfy Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recommendations to combat money laundering and terrorism financing (AML/CFT). However, beneath the surface, a thematic analysis of the Bill’s provisions shows that it confers overly broad discretionary powers to the executive, overly broad restrictions on “political activities” and foreign funding, and impose overly harsh penalties, well outside the FATF approach of risk-based analysis. Critics — from domestic CSOs to UN experts, human rights bodies, and foreign governments — consider the law as a weaponisation of FATF compliance to narrow civic space, clamp down on dissent (especially in governance and human rights), and consolidate state control in violation of international standards on freedom of association. Now, the Bill 2 brings considerable operational challenges for PVOs that will threaten critical services (health, education, humanitarian) provided by the sector throughout history, undermine development assistance, cost jobs and stunt progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 16. On the theoretical level, the laws implications highlight a shift toward an authoritarian statism through the challenge of paradigms of participatory development and the global trend of diminishing civic space. It threatens to undermine aid effectiveness, exacerbates state-society distrust and threatens development, despite its professed objectives. Ultimately, the PVO Amendment Bill, now gazetted as Act 1 of 2025, represents a grave danger to Zimbabwes path to an open and participatory democracy and sustainable development, the paper further concludes. Key Words: PVO Amendment Bill, Civil Society, Civic Space, NGO Regulation, State- Society Relations, Authoritarianism.

SELF MANAGEMENT AND SERVICE INNOVATION OF INSURANCE INDUSTRY, SOUTH-SOUTH, NIGERIA. []


This innovative study investigates the intricate relationship between Self-Management and Service Innovation in the insurance sector of South-South Nigeria. Employing a cross-sectional survey research design, this study sampled 210 respondents from a population of 440 employees across 22 insurance firms in the region. The cross-sectional survey approach enabled a snapshot of the relationship between Self-Management and Service Innovation at a specific point in time, providing valuable insights into the current state of service innovation in the insurance industry. The data collected was analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) constructed with Amos21 software, which enabled the modelling of complex relationships between variables, including the moderating effect of Organizational Structure. Additionally, the Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient was used to indicate the strength and direction of these relationships. The findings reveal significant positive relationship between self-management and service innovation. Moreover, organizational culture emerged as a potent moderator between the variables, underscoring its critical role in fostering innovative work behaviour. The findings have important implications for insurance firms seeking to foster a culture of innovation, highlighting the need for leaders to develop their emotional intelligence especially in the area of self-management and create a conducive work environment that supports service innovation.

SELF-AWARENESS AND PROCESS INNOVATION OF INSURANCE INDUSTRY, SOUTH-SOUTH, NIGERIA. []


This study examines the multifaceted relationship between Self-Awareness and Process Innovation in the insurance sector of South-South Nigeria. Utilizing a cross-sectional survey research design, this study sampled 210 respondents from a population of 440 employees across 22 insurance firms in the region. The cross-sectional survey approach provided a snapshot of the relationship between Self-Awareness and Process Innovation at a specific point in time, offering valuable insights into the current state of process innovation in the insurance industry. The data collected was analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) constructed with Amos21 software, which enabled the modelling of complex relationships between variables, including the moderating effect of Organizational Structure. Additionally, the Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient was used to indicate the strength and direction of these relationships. The findings reveal a significant positive relationship between Self-Awareness and Process Innovation. Moreover, organizational culture emerged as a potent moderator between the variables, underscoring its critical role in fostering innovative work behavior. The findings have important implications for insurance firms seeking to foster a culture of innovation, highlighting the need for leaders to develop their emotional intelligence, particularly in the area of Self-Awareness, and create a conducive work environment that supports Process Innovation.

THE VALUE OF DIGITAL LANGUAGE IN FULFILLING LEARNERS' NEEDS []


As education gains increasing recognition and respect, the relationship between digital technology and learning, especially language acquisition continues to strengthen. Researchers frequently explore the concept of digital language to address learners' diverse needs. This study investigates various aspects of digital language to provide a comprehensive understanding of its significance in providing to learners’ different requirements. The rapid advancement of technology has led to the development of digital language tools, which offer accessibility, flexibility, and personalization. This paper explores the benefits and challenges of online language learning, highlighting the potential of digital language to create dynamic, engaging, and effective learning environments. The findings suggest that digital technology is widely perceived as relevant, useful, and essential in an educational context. However, despite its advantages, challenges such as the digital divide, financial constraints, and cybersecurity concerns must be addressed. By acknowledging the importance of digital language tools, educators, developers, and policymakers can create more inclusive and effective language learning experiences.

Renewable Energy/CRET/SOLAR FARM []


This paper presents a numerical analysis of energy storage systems within hybrid renewable energy grids using the Centre for Renewable Energy Technology (CRET) solar energy farm in Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA) as a case study. The case study describes the modeling of the output from an energy-producing facility, which is a solar farm consisting of 108 photovoltaic (PV) panels rated at 300 W each, a deep-cycle battery bank for energy storage made up of 16 units of 12 V, 200 Ah batteries, and average peak sun hours of around 4 hours per day. The simulation is implemented using a standard fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK4) technique for daily, monthly and annual energy generation, load consumption, and battery performance over a full year period. Results indicate that about 60 kWh is produced by the system from solar energy per day, which comfortably meets the daily load requirement of 24 kWh. However, the capacity of the available PV battery storage system leads to surplus power generation on many occasions and its underutilization. Graphical analysis indicates that SOC (State of Charge) of the battery remains close to 100% for most of the year, depicting that there does not exist the optimum use of available energy through any means of storage or diversion. Storage optimization and grid integration were areas of concern underlining this study to maximize the utilization efficiency of energy. The research showcases the applicability of different numerical methods for Hybrid Renewable System analyses and optimization, primarily based on Runge-Kutta approaches. Such findings give enormous insights to researchers and engineers as well as energy managers who have to spend their efforts to design better solar-based micro grids specifically for developing regions.

SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL CERTITUDE ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE []


Social Media Usage is the utilization of the multimedia infrastructure as a means of communication and other relative form thereto. It is utilized in mediating people to people in the community for any form or purposes. The 250 social studies participants were studied in two (2) years from academic year 2022-2024. They were studied phenomenologically in their lived experienced regarding the social media usage for academic performance. Although Bytedance, Instagram, Facebook, Discord and WhatsApps were ranked high according to their usability but contributed low in academic performance. The eight to ten hours of social media utilization do not support nor scaffold the LMS. Instead, they were utilized for information, communication and socialization. So, social media bridges only the gaps in connecting people to people through communication and information. It does not support to be a platform for a classroom instruction. Using this to be a platform or tool for instruction use the ILMS (Institutional Learning Management System).

COSTS AND RETURNS, POVERTY DYNAMICS, AND CONSTRAINTS IN COWPEA PRODUCTION: ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF FADAMA III PROJECT IN NIGERIA []


ABSTRACT The study examines the impact of the Fadama III agricultural intervention on cowpea farmers in Nigeria, comparing beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries in terms of socioeconomic characteristics, costs and returns, poverty status, and production constraints. A multistage random sampling approach was employed to select 500 respondents (250 beneficiaries and 250 non-beneficiaries) across four Agricultural Development Project (ADP) zones. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, cost-return analysis, and poverty indices. Findings reveal that beneficiaries are predominantly male (84.8%) with an average age of 45.73 years, slightly older than non-beneficiaries (43.02 years). Beneficiaries also have larger household sizes (6 members) and greater access to formal education (62%). Landholding size was higher for beneficiaries (1.86 hectares) compared to non-beneficiaries (1.21 hectares), highlighting their comparative advantage in production scale. The cost-return analysis shows that beneficiaries incurred higher production costs (₦54,368.07) than non-beneficiaries (₦48,195.40), yet they also generated significantly greater revenue (₦197,876.50 vs. ₦126,369.00). Consequently, beneficiaries achieved higher net farm income (₦148,378.63) compared to non-beneficiaries (₦81,493.92), demonstrating the economic benefits of the intervention. Poverty indices indicate that 52% of beneficiaries were classified as poor compared to 68% of non-beneficiaries. Beneficiaries also exhibited lower poverty depth (0.26) and severity (0.07), suggesting that the intervention helped mitigate poverty. Major production constraints include pest infestations, drought stress, high pesticide costs, and limited access to improved seeds. These challenges were more severe among non-beneficiaries. Strengthening institutional support in extension services, input accessibility, and financial aid is recommended to sustain productivity and enhance farmers’ economic well-being.

EFFECT OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE Case study: Skol Brewery Ltd, Kigali Rwanda (2021-2023) []


Effect of Supply Chain Management on the Performance of Skol Brewery Ltd, Kigali Rwanda Mpakaniye Jean Claude1, Dr Joseph Akumuntu 2 1,2 University of Kigali, Rwanda Abstract Supply chain has become an important topic for Business Company, especially since the business sector is related to conditions of uncertainty. The general objective of this study is to determine the effect of supply chain management to organizational performance with a case study of Skol Brewery Limited, Kigali Rwanda. This study examined the factors supply chain management being the variable independent on the organization performance as dependent variable. The specific objective of the study is to investigate the effect of supplier selection management on performance of Skol Ltd, to Analyze the effect of distribution channel management on organizational performance of Skol Ltd, to determine the effect of customer relationship on organizational performance of Skol Ltd, and to Evaluate the warehouse Management on organizational performance of Skol Ltd, Kigali-Rwanda. This study employs a case study design. The descriptive research design was applied with qualitative and quantitative approaches. The target populations are to the Management, Procurement, Finance, Logistics as well as Human Resource Staffs. Suppliers and stakeholders because they are the one who have a great role in supply chain management to organizational performance, this work tries to conceptualize a model and provide leaders more useful guide increase the performance In the proposed model of this study, the customer’s collaboration, supplier partnership, outsourcing strategy, coordination agility influence organizational performance. Additionally, according to these four propositions, are derived based on the proposed model and literature review. This research used qualitative and quantitative research, also survey method was employed. The data collected by using questionnaires and analysis of primary data by descriptive statistical tools and SPSS. The module summary indicates the overall coefficients of determination of the four independent variables under study. The table summarizes the results of a regression model, indicating the goodness of fit and predictive power. The value R of 0.870 suggests a strong linear relationship between the predictor variable (supplier selection management, customer relationship management, Distribution channel management and Warehouse Management) and dependent variable. The R square value of 0.733 indicates that approximately 73.3% of the variance in the dependent variable can be explained by these predictors. the adjusted R square of 0.745, while slightly lower, still reflected a robust fit. The standard error of the estimate, at 0.14781, represents an average error between the observed and predicted values, proving an assessment of the model accuracy. Overall, this regression model with its high R and R Square values suggests that the combination of these predictors significantly contributes to explaining variations in the dependent variable. Key Words: Supply Chain Management, Organizational Performance, Supplier Selection Management, Distribution Channel Management, Customer Relationship and Warehouse Management. 1. Introduction Supply chain Management has been improved and recognized as a crucial main factor for the performance of manufacturing companies worldwide. Effective supply chain management practices may enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of service delivery, reducing waste and delays. Globally, Effective supply chain management (SCM) has become a potentially valuable way of securing competitive advantage and improving organizational performance since competition is no longer between organizations, without supply chains (Chen et al., 2020). Although the Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the one of the key mechanisms enabling government to implement policy. The inefficiency in supply chain management, particularly in the procurement phase of chain attributed to supply chain practices has contributed to inequality in the Manufacturing organization sector in Rwanda. The manufacturing organizations in Rwanda like in other developing countries, faces numerous challenges, such us a lack of skilled labor, inadequate financial resources, and poor supply chain management practices. The problem and cost efficiency and delays to the customers as the significant that are affecting the performance of the organizations in Rwanda, we have not given an adequate attention throughout the production phases from initiation to end consumer and it has resulted in negative consequences such us a dispute, cost overrun (Ntihabose et al.2021). According to the Rwanda national industrial policy (2011) Transport is another major constraint faced by businesses in Rwanda. The MINICOM Investor Perception Index 2010 found that only 22 per cent of industrial firms cite the cost of transport services as low or very low17. Transport costs are further exacerbated by the quality of roads. As shown in 3 below, with the exception of the paved national roads, the majority of roads are in a bad condition. Furthermore, the majority of investment geared towards the road network is focused on national roads, which are often times already paved. As a result, district feeder roads are often neglected by investment programmes, thereby causing extra costs for agricultural suppliers to markets and to industrial buyers. The Condition Paved national roads 45%, Earth national roads 10%, Districts roads 10% Kilometers While poor quality of roads can increase the costs for businesses, particularly traders, high vehicle operating costs are also a problem. The 2005 DTIS report quoted a domestic freight rate of $0.20 per ton/km, which is more than twice the rate for international transportation Rwanda understands the importance of infrastructure in the development of a competitive private sector. To this end, the government continues to invest heavily in infrastructure. Almost a tenth of Rwanda’s annual budget is committed to transport and other infrastructure. To develop a vibrant private sector, Rwanda is investing in Roads, Rail, and water transport infrastructure with the intent of dramatically reducing the cost of transport to businesses and individuals. RDB Report (2024) Numerous public institutions’ projects and organizations are/were frequently delayed, with supply chain functions being one of the key factors. So, when Supply Chain fails to deliver the goods to the clients and consumers on the time cause by the infrastructure and delays on customs orders the performance of organization suffers, and the profitability of organization and institution image suffer as result. Therefore, there is a need for empirical study that specially focus on the infrastructure industry in Rwanda to identify the unique challenges faced by this organization and how supply chain management practice can be adopted to improve its performance. Based on the above findings, the researcher wishes to carry out this study in order to find out the main challenges and consequences of infrastructure and customer orders delays with strategy of skol ltd to overcome and none affect it performance. when the concept of Supply Chain Management towards organizational performance is still a relatively unknown domain to our society. Much research discussed brand and market strategy to increase their performance but few studies on how SCM influences organizational performance. This study addressed this gap by analyzing the Effect of Supply Chain Management on organizational performance at Skol SBL Ltd. The General objective of the study was to examine the effect of supply chain management on organizational performance with a case study of Skol Ltd, Kigali-Rwanda The Specific objectives were: 1. To Examine the effect of supplier selection on performance of Skol Ltd, Kigali-Rwanda, 2. To Analyze the effect of distribution channel on organizational performance of Skol Ltd, Kigali-Rwanda. 3. To determine the effect of customer relationship on organizational performance of Skol Ltd, Kigali-Rwanda 4. To Evaluate the warehouse Management on organizational performance of Skol Ltd, Kigali-Rwanda 2. Literature Review 2.1 Grey Systems theory Grey Systems theory was initiated by Deng in 1982.in response to the necessity of making strategic decisions in situations characterized by uncertainty and limited availability of information, the systems which lack information, such as structure message, operation mechanism and behavior document, are referred to as Grey Systems. For example, the human body, agriculture, economy, etc. The concept behind this theory diverges significantly from the principles of probability and fuzzy mathematics theories The scientific background that grey systems theory comes into being, the astonishing progress that grey systems theory has made in the world of learning and its wide-ranging applications in the entire spectrum of science, and the characteristics of unascertained systems include incomplete information and inaccuracies in data are presented in this paper. that is why the grey system applied is supply chain management because the perfect networking from row materials to the end consumers is the main factor of organization performance Finally, the elementary concepts and fundamental principles of grey systems, and main components of grey systems theory are introduced briefly. A time series is a collection of data points which are generally sampled equally in time intervals. Time series prediction refers to the process by which the future value of a system is forecasted based on the information obtained from the past and current data points. Generally, a pre-defined mathematical model is used to make accurate predictions. Time series prediction models are widely used in financial areas, such as predicting stock price indexes, foreign currency exchange rates (FX rates) and so on. The ability to do predictions with reasonable accuracy can change the economic policy of large companies and governments and ensure more reasonable behavior by the financial actors. The success of a corporate entity is heavily dependent on the quality of material, consumables, services and sub-component it utilizes. Therefore, it is crucial for a firm to thoroughly evaluate the pool of potential suppliers to choose the most idea one. In addition, the issue of supplier assessment may develop due to the existence of precognitive uncertainty, which is influenced by subjective judgement of decisio2n makers. Consequently, the application of grey system theory offers a suitable framework for addressing both precognitive and stochastic uncertainty (Liu et al.,2020) The researcher discovered that the implementation of efficient supply chain management strategies has the potential to greatly enhance project performance. Additionally, Zhang, Fang, and Han (2020) observed that grey systems theory possesses the capability to effectively incorporate emerging aspects throughout the duration of a project, theory by demonstrating its flexibility and adaptability. The significance of this matter is particularly pronounced within the manufacturing sector. As unanticipated events and modifications have the potential to significantly increase the results of Study. 2.2 Empirical review Kloter & Armstrong (2021) described distribution as the process of planning, implementing and controlling the physical flow of materials, final goods and related information from the point of origin to the points of consumption to meet customer requirements at a profit. In their words, Schewe and Smith (2018) explained that distribution is the physical movement of products to the ultimate consumers. Production is not complete until goods reach the final consumers and products are worthless until they are made available to those who need them. It is this process of making goods available to those that need them that gives rise to the distribution basis in marketing strategy. It is very important to note that goods and services can only get to the consumers through a reliable and efficient channel of distribution. Hence, channels of distribution can be described as systems of marketing institution through which goods and services are transferred channel the original producers to the ultimate consumers. Osuagwu and Emola (2018) view the channels of distribution to be series of marketing institutions through which title to or control of a product, service or idea is transferred from the producer to customer, clients or business users. Kotler & Armstrong (2021) view it as a set of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer. Nnolim (2023) says that the distribution system is the general set-up to channel the product of labor and capital to both intermediate and final consumers can best be described as haphazard, long-winded and generally inefficient. On the other hand, poor distribution spreads an array of distractions and dissatisfaction across the supply chain and ultimately customers. As regards the hoarding of goods, distribution channel reduces organizational performance in terms of profitability, sales revenue and customer satisfaction as goods will not get to the end users at the right time. The cost associated with having a distribution channel like delivery and discount also harms organization performance. The longer the distribution channel, the less profit a manufacturer might get from a sale because each intermediary charges for its services. Karakostas et al. (2023) have demonstrated that in the contemporary business environment, customers are considered to be the central element of all marketing actions, and CRM has become a priority for companies. This is highlighted by the claim of academics and practitioners that a customer orientation strategy is necessary for companies to survive and be successful in saturated markets (Heinrich, 2021). Business firms, regardless of the size of their organization, as a whole, are spending billions of dollars each year on Customer Relationship Management applications.   Jafari and Soltani, (2016) argue that companies must accurately understand the needs of customers to provide information, services, and products to customers via the Internet, Since the world of business has changed its focus from product-orientation to customer-orientation, it is perceived that enhancing relations with customers leads to the profitable and sustainable growth of revenue which are the indicators of organizational performance. Research will show if the customer-to-firm relationships have been positively affected by relationships established between service providers and customers. A business is enabled by CRM to better understand its customers' implied, and the stated needs and corporations have invested in heavily and have adopted it as a core business strategy Customer Relationship Management focuses on enhancing, maintaining, and establishing long-term associations with customers and is based on information collection before decision making. Giannakis-Bompolis and Boutsouki (2014) Also, identify the CRM as: “a comprehensive strategy and process of acquiring, retaining, and partnering with selective customers to create superior value for the company and the customer”. The study additionally will see if the enhancement of customer relationships management plays a crucial role in the achievement of a firm within highly competitive market. Crişan, (2019) states that Companies could gain cost advantage using their logistics area of the business. because warehouse management is a possible source of cost improvements from logistics that companies could use during this economic crisis. Best practices in warehouse performance measurement which lead to performance improvements and their solution led to the optimal use of storage space, customer relations activity, quality level, assets usage and costs. The main contribution of performance measurement is to find what the causes that generated a poor performance were. After this step, there must be found solutions for improving performance and immediately improve performance, for avoiding inconveniences before it’s too late, for monitoring customer relations, for process and cost control and for maintaining quality (Ackerman, 2023). As per my detailed investigation the warehousing practice was measured based on the five warehousing function measurements such receiving activity, put way activity, storage activity, order picking activity, and shipping activity. 3. Methodology This section highlights the different methods and techniques that employed for gathering and analyzing data. Research methodology is a scientific technique used to collect data either from field (primary data) or from other sources (secondary data) the research used to explain how the required information was obtained and analyzed. This chapter deals with techniques, sources of information and methods of data collection. 3.1 Research design In the context of current study, a descriptive and correlational research design were employed which thoughtfully integrated both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. This approach is chosen as it aligns with the central objective of the research, which aims to analyze the effect of specific supply chain management practices, namely, Supplier Selection, Distribution Channel, customer relationship and Warehouse management on the performance of the organizations in Rwanda. By using this research design, study sought to provide a comprehensive and holistic understanding of the factors influencing organizational performance in unique context of Rwanda, with a specific focus on the Skol Ltd Company. 3.2 Population and Sampling Design The entire population of the study who were supposed to provide the information data related to the objectives of the research were based on 68 staff of Skol Ltd Kigali Rwanda, therefore, the entire target population of this research is 68 population. The complete population of the study which is intended to give the necessary data for the research is 68 people from different department of Skol Ltd, since the population is below 100 elements; therefore, there was no need of selecting the sample form it. The entire population is expected to provide all data needed for the research to work. Therefore, the entire target population of this study is 68 population. 3.3 Data Collection Methods and Instruments For primary data, qualitative data were collected using in-depth-interview and key informant interview; while for quantitative data, on the other hand, were collected using interview questionnaires administered to the target population. And Secondary data also known as desk documents/ library data collection refers to the information the researcher obtained by consulting already existing resources that is from library resources and documents, research articles, internet, newspapers, Skol ltd annual reports, journals and government annual reports. It involves all the information specifically for this purpose. 3.4 Data Analysis To analyze objects that were in nominal scale the research used a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5. Inferential statistics entail the use of ANOVA t-test and F-test to determine the relationships between variables. Regression analyses present how the variables are associated (Locke et al.2022). Regression analyses will be utilized to evaluate the effect of supply chain management on the performance of an organization. To determine whether the independent variables influenced supply chain management or not, hypotheses were tested, the analysis were involved testing every independent variable separately to determine their individual effect on the dependent variable. The ANOVA t-test was utilized to test the hypotheses to show whether the regression coefficients of all the independent variables are jointly equal to zero. All the independents’ variables were combined and involved in the analysis. The F-test is used to determine the overall significance of regression model. The hypotheses testing were 5% level of significance and SPSS was utilized for this reason. Regression model also tested on how well it fitted the data, the significance of each independent variable also tested, F-test which is Fischer distribution was applied refers the ratio between the model mean square divided by the error mean square. F-test was used to test the significance of the overall model at a 95% confidence level. The different regression models were used for gathered variables are presented in the equation below. Y= Organization performance (Dependent variable) Y=β₀+β₁X₁1+β₂X₂+β₃X₃ +β₄X₄+ɛ β₀=Constant (co-efficient of intercept) β₁, β₂, β₃, β₄, are regression coefficients to be estimated X₁= Supplier Selection management X₂= Customer relationship management X₃= Distribution Channel Management β₄= Warehouse management ɛ=is the error term   3.5 Ethical Considerations The researcher maintained a high degree of academic ethical values and ensured that measures are put in place to guard against and protect the research process to ensure it is successful. Such measures include obtaining a letter of introduction from University of Kigali seeking consent from management to carry out the research, ensuring confidentiality of data and data sources, also and clearance letter was obtained from Skol Brewery Ltd Rwanda and nondisclosure and exposure the interviewees and to avoid plagiarism, all sources of information were revealed as per references. 4. Findings & Discussion This chapter presents a comprehensive analysis of the collected data, along with an exploration of the various interpretations and discussions pertaining to the research findings. To enhance understanding, The SPSS software tool was utilized for analysis. The objective of this study is to conduct a thorough analysis of the findings delivered from the process of exploration, with the primary goal of presenting a full understanding of and evaluation of the gathered data. Table 1: Respond rate Administered Returned Response Rate 68 65 83.9 Source: Primary Data, (2024). In this review, out of 68 surveys and meetings that were conducted to respondents, 65 were returned, giving a reaction to space 98%. As indicated by Mugenga (2020) a half reaction rate is satisfactory, and a reaction rate mare prominent that 70% is awesome. 4.1 Multiple Regression Analysis The module summary displayed in Table 2 indicates the overall coefficients of determination of the four independent variables under study. The table summarizes the results of a regression model, indicating the goodness of fit and predictive power. The value R of 0.870 suggests a strong linear relationship between the predictor variable (supplier selection management, customer relationship management, Distribution channel management and Warehouse Management) and dependent variable. The R square value of 0.733 indicates that approximately 73.3% of the variance in the dependent variable can be explained by these predictors. the adjusted R square of 0.745, while slightly lower, still reflected a robust fit. The standard error of the estimate, at 0.14781, represents an average error between the observed and predicted values, proving an assessment of the model accuracy. Overall, this regression model with its high R and R Square values suggests that the combination of these predictors significantly contributes to explaining variations in the dependent variable. Table 2: Combined Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .870a .733 .745 .14781 a. Predators: (constant), supplier selection management, customer relationship management, Distribution channel management and Warehouse Management. Source: Primary data (2024) Table 3 presents the results of a regression analysis for the model with the "performance "as the dependent variable and four predictors: supplier selection management, customer relationship management, Distribution Shannel management and Warehouse management. The analysis indicates that the regression model is statistically significant (P more than 0.001) as evidenced by a high F-statistic of 64.418. This suggests that at least one of the independent variables in the model is a significant predictor of "performance". The regression model accounts for a significant predictor portion of the variance in "performance" as indicated by a large sum of square for regression (5.587) compared to the sum of square for residuals (2.154). In summary, the model, with its combination of predictors, demonstrates a strong ability to explain and predict variation in "performance" making it a valuable tool for understanding the relationship between these variables. Table 3 Combined ANOVA Results Model Sum of square Df Mean square F Sig Regression 5.587 4 1.394 64.418 .000 1 Residuals 2.154 99 .022 Total 7.718 103 a. Dependent variable: performance b. Predictor: (Constant); supplier selection management, customer relationship management, Distribution channel management and Warehouse Management Source: Primary data (2024) The table presents the results of a regression model assessing the relationship between various independent variables (supplier selection management, customer relationship management, Distribution channel management and Warehouse Management) and a dependent variable ‘‘performance’’. The analysis reveals several important findings. Firstly, supplier selection management exhibits a highly significant positive effect on performance (Beta = 1.049, p < 0.001), indicating that improvements in supplier selection management are associated with significant enhancements in performance. Secondly, customer relationship management has a notable negative impact on performance (Beta = 0.391, p<0.001), suggesting that unfavorable customer relationship management can lead to lower performance. Additionally, Distribution channel management shows a modest positive effect on performance (Beta =0.109, p=0.048), while Distribution channel management does not have a significant impact on performance (Beta = -0.027, p= 0.651). The model’s constant term represents the baseline performance when all independent variables are zero and is statistically significant (< 0.001). In summary, customer relationship management and Distribution channel management appear to be key drivers of performance in the context of this analysis, while supply selection management also has a modest positive influence.   Table 4: Coefficient Results for all Variables Model Unstandardized Coefficients B Std.Error Standardized Coefficients Beta t Sig. (Constant) 1.384 .369 3.746 .000 Supplier Selection management .119 .059 .109 2.009 .047 Customer relationship management -.027 .052 -.025 -.0458 .651 1 Distribution channel td -.316 .058 -.391 -5.458 .000 Warehouse Management .920 .062 1.049 14.786 .000 a. Dependent Variable: performance Source: Primary data, (2024). The overall regression equation can be represented as: Performance of Skol Breweries ltd in Kigali = 1.384+ 0.119 supplier selection management -0.027 Customer relationship management -0.316 Distribution channel management +0.920 Warehouse Management, The multiple regression equation model as shown in equation indicates that all the coefficients of all the predictor variables were significant in influencing performance of Skol Breweries ltd in Kigali. This signifies that an increase in management effectiveness and efficiency of Breweries company would result in increased by 11.9%, -31.6%, and 92.0% in the variable. Supplier selection management, Customer relationship, Distributional channel management and warehouse management respectively. The study indicates that customer relationship management has a highly significant positive effect on performance, implying that improvement in CRM is associated with enhanced performance. This finding aligns with previous research in the fields. For example, Smith and Zook (2021) found that effective CRM practices can lead to increased customer satisfaction and loyalty, ultimately driving better organizational performance. The positive relationship between customer relationship management and performance has also been highlighted in studies by Greenberg (2020) and Reinartz et al. (2014). In addition, the study reveals a notable negative impact of warehouse management on performance. This suggests that unfavorable warehouse management can lead to lower performance. This finding is consistent with the literature on warehouse management. For instance, Chopra and Meindl (2019) emphasize the importance of efficient warehouse management in achieving operational excellence and improved performance. poorly designed or implemented policies can hinder supply chain performance, as noted by Chen and Paulraj (2014) in their research. Furthermore, the study finds a modest positive effect of supplier selection management on performance. While this effect is modest, it still suggests that better supplier selection practices can lead to improved performance. this aligns with literature emphasizing the importance of supplier selection in supply chain management. Ellram (2015) discusses how effective supplier selection can lead to cost reductions and improved overall performance. Similarly, Lenders et al (2022) highlights the role of supplier selection in achieving supply chain excellence.   Finally, the study suggests that warehouse management does not have a significant impact on performance. This finding may be subject to further investigation, as the literature on warehouse management’s impact on performance is mixed. For instance, Narasimhan and Das (2021) found a positive relationship between W.H.M and Distribution performance, whereas Gligor and Holcomb (2022) argue that the relationship may vary based on the specific dimension of W.H.M practices. In conclusion, the study’s findings generally align with existing literature, emphasizing the crucial role of W.H.M, distribution channel management, and customer relationship management in influencing performance. However, the lack of significant impact of W.H.M on performance warrants further exploration and may be contingent on specific contextual factors. These findings contribute to our understanding of how various management practices can affect performance outcomes within organizations. 5. Conclusion The study's first objective revolved around a thorough examination of the influence of Supplier selection management on the performance of Skol Breweries Ltd in Kigali. The company's meticulous supplier evaluation criteria, which encompass Facets such as technical expertise, technical capability, financial capability, after-sales Service, past performance, and order accuracy, were found to be highly emphasized and Well-regarded by the study's respondents. This analysis highlights that Skol Breweries construction's customer relationship Managements and communication strategies have garnered a considerable degree of Approval among respondents. In line with the third research objective, which aimed to assess the impact of Distribution channel on performance of Skol Ltd Kigali Rwanda, the survey results shed light on the critical significance of strategic supplier Partnerships across various facets of distribution channel. The forth objective of this study was to examine the impact of Warehouse Management on the performance of Skol Breweries ltd in Kigali. The Survey results shed light on the perceptions of the company's Warehouse Management practices among the respondents. The findings reveal an overall positive Perception of Skol Breweries company's warehouse Management, with respondents expressing a notable level of agreement and strong consensus on various Facets. 6. Recommendations This study recommends that Skol Breweries Ltd in Kigali should consider provision of after sales service when evaluating suppliers. The study further recommends that Skol Breweries ltd in Kigali should ensure full adoption of Information technology in procurement and supply chain departments. This study recommends that Skol Breweries ltd in Kigali should formulate policies to enhance frequent identification of potential risk in supply chain and onsite investigation of existence of risk. The study recommends that the skol breweries should come up with a policy requiring suppliers to have compatible information system with public institutions. 7. References Agapiou, A., Clausen, l. E., Flanagan, R., & Norman, G. (1998). The role of logistics in the materials flow control process. Construction Management and Economics, 16, 131-137. Ali I, Rehman KU, Yilmaz AK, Nazir S & Ali JF (2010). Effects of corporate social responsibility on consumer retention in cellular industry of Pakistan. Africa. Journal. Business. Manag., 4(4):475-485. Arx UV & Ziegler A (2008). The effects of CSR on stock performance: new evidence for USA and Europe. Economic Working Paper Series, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich. Ballou, R. H. (2004). Business logistics/supply chain management: Planning, organizing, and controlling the supply chain (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Banbury, J. G. (1975). Distribution – the final link in the electricity supply chain; Electrics and Power Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, pp. 773-775. Bert, S. (2008). A note on the interaction between corporate social responsibility and financial performance. Ecological economics 68,46-55. Bowen, H. R. (1953). ―Social responsibilities of the businessman New York: Harper Birkeland, H. S. & Hartmann, H.; 2020; Internet of Things–the future of managing supply chain risks; Supply chain management, Vol.25; Emerald Blanchard, D.; 2010; Supply Chain Management Best Practices; Second Edition. Jhon Wiley & Sons Burton, B.K., Farh, J. and Hegarty, H., (2000). A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Corporate Social Responsibility Orientation: Hong Kong vs. United States Students. Teaching Business Ethics. 4(2), 151-157. Carey, A. (2001). Effective risk management in financial institution. Balance sheet, vol.9(3). Carroll, A.B., 1979. A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance. Academy of Management Review,4 (4), 497–505. Chen, F. T. S. (2003). Performance Measurement in a Supply Chain, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, No. 21 Chopra, S. & Meindl, P.; 2012; Supply Chain Management: strategy, planning, and operations; Fifth Edition, Pearson Christopher, M.; 2016; Logistics & Supply Chain Management; Fifth Edition. Financial Times Publishing; Pearson. Christopher, M.; Logistics & Supply Chain Management; Pearson Education Limited; p 16. Crandall, R. E.; Crandall, W. R. & CHEN, C. C. (2014). Principles of Supply Chain Management; Second Edition; CRC Press. Das, S. & Hassan, H.K. (2021), Impact of sustainable supply chain management and customer relationship management on organizational performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 2021. Helo, Petri, and Yuqiuge Hao (2022). "Artificial intelligence in operations management and supply chain management: An exploratory case study." Production Planning & Control 33.16 (2022): 1573-1590. Jermsittiparsert, K. & Joemsittiprasert W. (2019)., Mediating role of sustainability capability in determining sustainable supply chain management in tourism industry of Thailand. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 2019. 8(3): p. 47-58 Kilic, H, Durmusoglu M. & Baskak, M. (2012) Classification and modeling for in-plant milk-run distribution systems. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 62(9–12):1135–1146. Malta, J. & Cunha PF (2011) A new approach for cost modelling and performance evaluation within operations planning. CIRP J Manuf Sci Technol 4(3):234–242 Mentzer, J. T.; Dewitt, W.; Keebler, J. S.; Min, S.; Nix, N. W.; Smith, Zacharia, Z. G. (2001). Defining Supply Chain Management; Journal of Business Logistics; Vol. 22. No. 2; p. 19 Robert, F. J. & Richard B. Chase. (2018). Operation and Supply Chain Management Fifteenth Edition P.622. Samaranayake, P. (2005), "A conceptual framework for supply chain management: a structural integration", Supply Chain Management, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 47-5 Utami, C. W., Susanto, H., Septina, F., Sumaji, Y. M. P., & Pratam,, I. (2019). Effect of supply chain management practices on financial and economic sustainable performance of Indonesian SMEs. International journal of supply chain management, 8(5) 523-535. Waqas, N. (2020). The impact of supply chain management practices on organizational performance of textile industry. Master’s thesis. Bharia University, Pakistan. Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource􀇦based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171-180. Wijetunge, W. A. D. S. (2017). The role of supply chain management practices I am achieving organizational performance through competitive advantage in Sri-Lankan SMEs. International journal of management and applied science 3(1) 81-88. Yamane, Taro. (1967). Statistics: An Introductory Analysis, 2nd Edition, New York: Harper and Row.

(Research) - Bridging the Divide: Women, AI, and the Quest for Equitable Futures []


This research paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the complex and changing relationship between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and women. It examines the significant underrepresentation of women across the AI ecosystem, from education and research to industry leadership, highlighting persistent data gaps that hinder accurate assessment and effective intervention. The paper delves into the pervasive issue of gender bias embedded within AI algorithms, exploring its origins in data, design, and evaluation processes, and detailing its detrimental consequences in critical domains such as hiring, healthcare, and finance. It investigates the various aspects of AI on women's employment, economic standing, and daily lives, considering both potential benefits like enhanced financial inclusion and risks like job displacement and the exacerbation of the digital divide. Furthermore, the analysis highlights the systemic barriers—including toxic workplace cultures, funding disparities, and gaps in mentorship and sponsorship—that impede women's entry, retention, and advancement in the AI field. The paper also celebrates the often-overlooked historical and contemporary contributions of women pioneers who have shaped AI, particularly in driving the crucial agenda of AI ethics and fairness. Recognizing that experiences are not monolithic, the paper incorporates an intersectional lens, examining how AI impacts women differently based on race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and other identities. It concludes by analyzing key findings and offering actionable recommendations for academia, industry, policymakers, and civil society to foster a more equitable, inclusive, and responsible AI future where technology serves to empower, rather than marginalize, women.

BEYOND THE BOOKS: ADDRESSING ACADEMIC STRESS THROUGH STUDENT SUPPORT SYSTEM KIT (SSK) PROJECT []


This study aimed to determine the significant difference in the academic stress levels of Grade 9 learners at Sacub National High School, Division of Davao del Sur before and after the implementation of the Student Support System Kit (SSK) Project. Specifically, it assessed the effectiveness of SSK as an intervention tool in improving students' emotional well-being through structured support mechanisms. A total of 30 Grade 9 learners were selected through random sampling and participated in the study, with their stress levels measured before and after the intervention. To analyze the data, a paired-sample t-test was conducted to compare academic stress levels before and after using the SSK Project. The findings revealed a statistically significant reduction in stress levels, with a mean difference of -0.667 (before: 3.3, after: 2.63). The computed t-statistic of -5.525, with 29 degrees of freedom, was well beyond the critical t-value of ±2.045 (two-tailed test), and the p-value (5.90E-06) was significantly lower than the 0.05 threshold, indicating strong statistical evidence against the null hypothesis. These results confirmed that the intervention had a substantial and measurable impact on reducing academic stress. The negative mean difference supported the conclusion that students experienced a decline in stress levels after the implementation of the support system. This reinforces the effectiveness of structured support mechanisms, such as the SSK Project, in promoting students' emotional well-being. However, while the intervention was effective, further refinements may enhance its long-term sustainability. Future initiatives should focus on adapting and expanding the SSK intervention across different grade levels, incorporating digital tools to improve accessibility and maximize its impact on student well-being.

Sujet : Analyse Historique de Discours de Lumumba du 30 Juin 1960 à Léopoldville Kinshasa, RDC. []


We recall that the ignited rhetoric of Lumumba in his speech of June 30, 1960, interrupted eight times by the sustained applause of the Congolese present and crowned by a real ovation, was not only a golden opportunity of denunciation against colonial abuses and to thwart the conspiracy of marginalization and humiliation against his responsibility as head of government, but also and above all a hole continue to shape the universal values of freedom, justice and dignity, the struggle, resistance, resilience, unity, patriotism and nationalism in the collective memory of Congolese in particular and Africans in general. It is also "the few minutes of truths" as a reward of eighty years of domination. This incidential speech of Lumumba on June 30, 1960 at the official Ceremony of the Proclamation of the independence of the DRC, in a context of institutional fragility and foreign lusts, would have addressed several main themes, notably: the denunciation of colonialism, the call for dignity and pride, national unity, hope in the future, sovereignty that are unwanted patriotic undeniable. And each theme positively influences the consolidation of the achievements of the country's independence. Keywords : National Heros, Decolisation, Colonisation, Speech, Conspirancy.

PROCEDURES FOR THE ADOPTION OF STATE GOVERNMENT BUDGET IN NIGERIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW []


Reports by relevant legal researchers, development practitioners and independent government research bodies indicate that procedures for the adoption of state government budget in Nigeria do not comply with extant laws and treaties; a phenomenon that many believe engenders widespread corruption in public budgeting at the sub-national levels in Nigeria. The paper analyzes the extent to which the procedures for the adoption of state government budget in Nigeria complied with relevant provisions of the Constitution, UNCAC, AUPCC and ECOWAS Protocol within the Systems Theory which is the traditional framework for the analysis of public policies and budgeting procedures. The paper secondarily deployed information from official documents and extant literature to identify and analyze the procedures under consideration. The procedures basically consist of legislative measures for budget planning and articulation, constitutional arrangement for public budgeting, preparation of the budget and citizens’ participation and legislative adoption of the budget. However, in terms of compliance with these constitutional provisions and those of state party treaties, state governments in Nigeria have not fared well in the adoption of their budgets or the management of their public finance which fall short of international standards. Even where states enact best practices or models of procedures, they still fall short of internal standards. Therefore, to fulfill the goal of accountability and transparency which is one of the basic aims of these procedures, the paper recommends that extant laws and treaties, code of conduct and ethics for public officers and stakeholders be strengthened and complied with and authorities be made to face sanctions when and where violation ensue as required by law.

ACCOUNTING PRACTICES OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED ENTERPRISES AND THEIR EFFECT ON ACCESS TO FINANCE. A CASE OF SELECTED SMEs IN MANSA DISTRICT []


In developing countries, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have a vibrant role and serve as engines through which the growth objectives of developing countries can be achieved. In Zambia, the SME sector has been instrumental in bringing about economic transition by providing goods and services, which are of adequate quality and are reasonably priced, to a large number of people, and by effectively using the skills and talents of a large number of people without requiring high level training, large sums of capital or complicated technology. However, access to finance remains to be a major problem hampering SMEs from playing their productive role in the economy. Accounting is also basically defined as the process of recording economic information in a significant manner in order to measure the performance of a firm. Accounting practices consist of the methods and records established by management to identify, assemble, analyze, classify, record and report a company’s transactions and to provide assurance that the objectives of internal control are being met. Using a mixed research design that was chosen for this study, this study examined the financial accounting practices of SMEs drawing on a survey of 30 SME’s in Mansa District of Luapula Province. The results revealed that majority of SMEs failed to keep proper accounting records pertaining to their businesses. Consequently, it was difficult for the SME’s to determine the profit earned or loss suffered in the business during a particular accounting period in addition to the position of assets and liabilities to be able to strategize and make certain adjustments on their businesses. The major reasons for the entities failure to maintain proper accounting records and prepare a complete set of financial statements included high cost of hiring qualified accountants and lack of accounting knowledge on the part of SME’s. It is recommended that The Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises in collaboration with the accounting bodies the accounting bodies in Zambia, the Zambia Institute of Chartered Accountants (ZICA) should wear global outfit and train their members to serve SMEs’ accounting need due to their relevance in the economy

ACTEURS ET DEFIS DU DEVELOPPEMENT EN REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRIQUE DU CONGO : Cas de la relance économique dans la Province du Nord-Kivu []


This article presents the current economic situation of NK and the issues that hinder the economic growth of this Province. It identifies the main potentialities and opportunities across the growth sectors and sectors as well as the related players. However, the economy of the NK Province continues to deteriorate due to the negative impact of all the crises and various difficulties that the province is experiencing. We must therefore take an economic perspective from North Kivu to the East of the DRC, identify the main players and the constraints they face and study the exit routes to revive this economy. Thus, to revive the economy of NK, three major factors are needed, namely the restoration of peace, the revival of agriculture and the sanitation of the mining sector (transparent management of mining resources). Keywords : Actors, Challenges, development, Democratic Republic of Congo, Economic recovery and North Kivu Province.

Development and Validation of Instructional Materials in Biology for Grade 9 Learners. []


This study aimed to develop, validate, and evaluate the validity of the Instructional Materials in Biology for Grade 9 learners at Candon National High School. The objective was to assess the performance of students in key Biology topics and address gaps in their understanding by creating an intervention to support their learning. A teacher-made test was used to measure student performance across various Biology topics. A developmental research design was employed to create the Instructional Materials, with the validity of the materials being assessed using a mean score. The evaluation focused on the content and face validity of the supplementary material to ensure its alignment with educational needs. The results showed that Grade 9 learners demonstrated low mastery in topics such as the collaborative functioning of the respiratory and circulatory systems, non-Mendelian inheritance patterns, and the differentiation between photosynthesis and respiration, with test scores ranging from 48% to 49%. The Instructional Materials was positively evaluated for its ability to address these gaps and support critical thinking, scientific literacy, and student engagement. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the developed Instructional Material be adopted and integrated into Biology instruction to improve student understanding and achievement in key areas. Additionally, it suggests enhancing the material with more interactive features and ensuring it is culturally relevant to better engage students in the learning process. Keywords: Most mastered, Least Mastered Competencies.

DEVELOPMENT OF A LEARNING WORKBOOK IN CHEMISTRY FOR GRADE 7 LEARNERS []


This study aimed to develop a Chemistry learning workbook designed to help Grade 7 learners master their least learned competencies. The workbook integrates active learning strategies to encourage participation, critical thinking, and better understanding of science concepts aligned with the K to 12 curriculum (Tomlinson, 2021; Hattie, 2020). A descriptive developmental design was utilized. Least mastered competencies were identified through a diagnostic test and served as the foundation for the workbook’s content. It was validated by five subject matter experts, who assessed its content, clarity, format, and visual appeal. Additionally, Grade 7 science teachers evaluated the workbook’s acceptability based on seven indicators using a Likert-scale survey. The workbook received a high overall acceptability mean of 4.42, interpreted as “Very Much Acceptable.” Validators noted that the workbook supported student engagement, enhanced retention, and improved scientific thinking skills (Dunlosky et al., 2018; Clark & Lyons, 2021). Its structure and learning activities were commended for sustaining learner interest and promoting mastery (Kirschner & Hendrick, 2020; Hattie, 2020). It is recommended that the workbook be used in Grade 7 classrooms to support differentiated instruction. Future researchers may adapt its format for other grade levels or science areas to address similar learning gaps and encourage learner-centered approaches. Keywords: learning workbook development, Grade 7 learners, science competencies

DEVELOPMENT OF A LEARNING MATERIAL ON THE BASICS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH FOR GRADE 7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ENGINEERING STUDENTS []


Abstract Grade 7 STE students encountered learning challenges such as the unavailability of Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs), shortage of Self-Learning Modules (SLMs), and insufficient assessment resources, that hindered academic and scientific growth. To address these gaps, a Developmental Research Design using a Design and Development approach was employed to create and evaluate a learning material aimed at enhancing students’ experimental research skills (Jaya et.al, 2021). Validated tools used for data collection included a school profiling questionnaire, a teacher-made test, and an expert evaluation form. The questionnaire, administered to five administrative staff, assessed the availability and sufficiency of materials, while the teacher-made test was administered to Grade 7 STE students. Results revealed notable gaps in learning materials, with a partially available mean of 2.19, a partially sufficient mean of 1.91, and a very highly affected impact of 4.95. Student performance averaged 42.44%, indicating difficulty in mastering research concepts. A competency assessment showed an overall mean of 42.29%, reflecting least-mastered skills. Correlation analysis revealed no significant relationship with core materials, a moderate negative correlation of -0.678 with supplementary materials, and a strong positive correlation of 0.954 with research materials, all statistically significant at the 0.05 level. In response, a learning material on experimental research using the 4A Model was developed and rated 4.68, highly valid by experts, proving its effectiveness in supporting instructional goals. Therefore, it is recommended as a reference learning material for research teachers nationwide. Keywords: Science Technology and Engineering, Self-Learning Modules, Least Mastered Competencies, Experimental Research, Learning Materials, MELCs