Peer-reviewed international research papers published open-access with EOI assignment and global indexing across engineering, computer science, environmental science, social sciences, and more.
Purpose – The aim of this study is to check how academic team results in Chinese universities are influenced by transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership. Since research, teaching, and operations are demanding more, knowing how leadership affects teamwork is very important. Design/methodology – Data used for the study were collected through a questionnaire that was designated for academic staff. Leaders in the department were assessed by their companies’ methods, and team members graded performance on a Likert scale. The study used linear regression analysis to analyze the data. Findings – Transformational leadership greatly enhances the way a team works, while transactional leadership improves performance to a moderate degree; laissez-faire leadership harms the cohesiveness of teams. The model showed that 38.3% of the differences in team performance was due to its explanatory variables. Practical implications – Departments should help develop strong leadership skills in their heads through training and guidance. Transactional management supports orderliness, but it’s recommended not to practice laissez-faire leadership because it has unfavorable results. Following established guidelines along with new approaches increases a team’s performance in academics. Originality/value –This study proves how leadership helps academic teams and seeks to urge Chinese university leaders to encourage motivation and performance
Background: Over the past three decades, there has been a dramatic global increase in the frequency of dengue fever (DF), DHF and DSS and their epidemics, with a concomitant increase in disease incidence. Objectives: The study aimed to assess of knowledge, attitude and practice of adult population of Khartoum state regarding prevention of dengue vector, Sudan, 2025. Methods: This was descriptive cross-sectional study-community based. Data collected through questionnaire. A number of 770 participants were interviewed aged 18 years and above. The sampling was applied in 7 clusters, 110 participants for each cluster. Systematic simple random sampling was used. Results: The overall good knowledge regarding dengue vector prevention was found to be 83.6% while the poor knowledge was 16.4%. The overall favour attitude of participants regarding prevention of dengue fever vector was 85% and the unfavour attitude was 15%, while the overall mean good practice of participants regarding prevention of dengue fever vector was found to be 62% while the poor practice was 37%. Positive correlation was found between overall knowledge and attitude (r2=.164, p=.000) and between overall attitude and practice (r2=.191, p=.000). There was significant different between localities regarding level of overall knowledge (p=.000), attitude (p=0.000) and practice (p=.000). Male sex significantly influence the overall knowledge (p=.032) while female sex significantly influence the level of overall practice (p=.004). The older age 61- 80 years influence the level of overall knowledge (p=.006). Conclusion& Recommendations: The level of overall knowledge and attitude was satisfactory while still there is gap in practice. The study recommends to continuo work according to the current packages of health education due to its success in raising knowledge and promotes positive behavior for the participants regarding prevention of dengue fever vector. Working to strength practice for families through operational initiatives through female sex that the study proved is more practice, for examples for these initiatives the initiative of distribution of cloths water containers covers through adoption of its fund through voluntary work and organizations. Adoption of more motivated methods for the families more committed by weekly dryness and the absent of houses from dengue vector breeding with social organizations through female sex. Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Dengue fever, Khartoum.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the auditing and financial reporting landscape, enhancing efficiency, accuracy, and effectiveness. This study examines the impact of AI on auditing and financial reporting, highlighting benefits, challenges and future directions. It discusses AI’s role in improving audit quality, financial reporting accuracy, and compliance while addressing data quality, expertise and regulatory concerns. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Financial Reporting, Auditing, Audit Quality, Data Quality.
Internet Accessibility and Student Performance in Online Classes of Senior High School Students at PLT College of Guinobatan, Inc. This study examined the relationship between internet accessibility and online academic performance of Senior High School students at PLT College of Guinobatan, Inc. The research focused on students’ demographic location, technological access devices, type of internet connection, and internet speed. The respondents consisted of 23 Senior High School students, and the study employed a descriptive-correlational research design. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed quantitatively, including the computation of means, percentages, and Pearson r correlation coefficients. The findings revealed that a majority of students (56.52%) resided in rural areas, relied primarily on smartphones (95.65%) for online learning, and accessed the internet mostly via home Wi-Fi (65.22%). Most students reported moderate to slow internet speeds, with variations between rural and urban respondents. Academic performance during the first quarter showed that the majority achieved satisfactory to very satisfactory grades, while only a small fraction attained outstanding performance. The correlation analysis indicated no statistically significant relationship between internet accessibility and students’ online academic performance, suggesting that other factors such as motivation, self-discipline, and study habits played a more influential role. Proposed interventions included providing recorded lectures for offline access, implementing extended deadlines, supplying printed learning materials, and establishing on-campus computer or internet access stations. In conclusion, while internet accessibility varied among students and influenced participation to some extent, it did not have a significant linear relationship with academic performance. Factors such as study habits, intrinsic motivation, and coping strategies were more determinative of student success in online learning. Based on these conclusions, the study recommended providing guidance on effective smartphone use for learning, improving connectivity in collaboration with local service providers, supporting students’ study habits, fostering self-discipline and motivation, and implementing flexible learning strategies to accommodate varying levels of internet accessibility. Keywords: Academic Achievement, Connectivity Challenges, Distance, Learning, Educational Technology, E-Learning Environment, Internet Accessibility, Online Education, Online Learning, Senior High School Students, Student Performance, Virtual Learning Platforms
This study investigates the special distribution of Ferrous, Clay and Iron oxide-bearing minerals in the Horana divisional secretari-at division (DSD) using the integration of remote sensing techniques and soil classification analysis. The Landsat 8 ETM+ image was used to extract the mineral signatures based on specific spectral bands and indicate the Ferrous, Clay and Iron oxide miner-als. The soil Classification mapping supported mineral identification by correlating spectral data with ground truth soil character-istics. The image processing techniques, band ratioing, band composite and unsupervised Classification were applied to detect the mineral zones and assess the accuracy using ArcGIS 10.8 software. The field survey was used and plot the identified soil loca-tions using a hand GPS. The published soil map of the Irrigation Department of Sri Lanka Soil Map and correlated with field sur-vey data and ‘Kappa (ko) Statistics’ accuracy assessment with mapping to validate processed data. This integrative approach is effective for preliminary mineral exploration and land use planning. KeyWords Mineral Detection and Mapping, Remote Sensing Techniques, GIS.
In digital forensics, behavioural signatures, such as keystroke dynamics, browsing history, and application usage, are increasingly important in user profiling and cybercrime investigations. However, the extent to which deleted behavioural data can be successfully recovered remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of recovering deleted behavioural signatures from digital devices and evaluate the accuracy of reconstructed user profiles following forensic recovery.
This systematic review investigates the influence of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on brand image and customer loyalty in service sector organizations. CSR has emerged as a vital strategic tool that shapes customer evaluations, enhances brand perception, and strengthens loyalty across industries such as hospitality, telecommunications, banking, and retail. Despite extensive research, empirical evidence remains fragmented due to methodological inconsistencies, sect-oral variations, and geographical limitations. This review synthesizes global, regional, and local studies to clarify how CSR dimensions affect brand related outcomes and identify mediating variables such as trust, satisfaction, perceived service quality, and customer–company identification. A comprehensive PRISMA guided search yielded 35 eligible studies published between 2000 and 2025. Findings indicate that CSR significantly enhances both brand image and customer loyalty across diverse service contexts, with stakeholder and social identity theories emerging as dominant explanatory frameworks. Gaps include an over-reliance on cross-sectional designs, limited representation of African and Middle Eastern service sectors, and inconsistency in CSR measurement. The review recommends longitudinal and sector comparative studies to deepen understanding of CSR’s strategic contributions.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Sales Volume, Manufacturing Firms, Africa, Firm Performance A fresh wave of digital transformation has been brought about by the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), with artificial intelligence (AI) being a key factor in the global transformation of manufacturing operations. Nevertheless, little is known about how AI deployment affects sales volumes among African manufacturing companies, despite its increasing significance. In order to ascertain the degree of AI's influence on sales performance in the African manufacturing sector, this systematic analysis looks at forty peer-reviewed research papers that were published between 2020 and 2025. The review compiles information from several electronic databases, such as Scopus, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and AJOL, and adheres to the PRISMA framework. The results show that the application of AI greatly increases sales volumes through three main mechanisms: customer relationship optimization, predictive marketing analytics, and operational efficiency. Research from Tanzania, Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa shows quantifiable increases in revenue growth, market responsiveness, and productivity. However, obstacles including low digital proficiency, gaps in infrastructure, and expensive implementation costs prevent widespread adoption. Although AI has the potential to significantly improve sales performance in African manufacturing, the analysis indicates that in order to fully realize this potential, investment in technological infrastructure, capacity building, and strategic policy support are essential. To measure the causal relationship between
The youth are the hope of the nation. Through supporting the youth, a society can thrive for generations. This research study explored the Lived Experiences of the students on the Bagani Lugawan Initiative at Salay Community College. This study used grounded theory, specifically thematic analysis research. The data was thoroughly documented. The information was gathered through three steps: Open coding, Axial coding, Corbin and Strauss 2015 (development of concepts, grouping of concepts into categories), and formation of a theory. The respondents were two (2) students from each of the four programs (Bachelor of Early Childhood Education (BECED), Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood Education (BTLED), Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurship (BS Entrep), and Bachelor of Science in Midwifery (BSM) who availed the Initiative. Three (3) volunteers were also asked about their experiences with the program. The experiences of the respondents were taken through individual interviews. The result showed that the initiative has contributed a lot in terms of students’ strong desire to continue their studies despite many challenges, especially attending classes on an empty stomach. The readiness to attend classes was guaranteed despite traveling early because of the Lugawan Initiative. The Students from far places availed of the initiative, which helped them budget the limited amount of money given to them by their parents. The spirit of voluntarism was also strengthened among student volunteers. These results strongly support the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Goal 4: Quality Education, which ensures quality education that is equitable and inclusive. It was recommended that the amount of Lugaw must be increased to cater to more students. The need to strengthen collaboration among stakeholders for the sustainability of the Bagani Lugawan Initiative was emphasized. Keywords: Bagani Lugawan Initiative; key informants; United Nations; Sustainable Development Goal
In today's world, agricultural productivity has significantly decreased due to reasons such as drought and climate change, and based on the data we have, the outlook for the coming years does not look promising. This article examines seven separate parameters that significantly affect precision agriculture: Land Surface Temperature (LST), Evapotranspiration (ET), Soil Moisture (SM), Leaf Area Index (LAI), Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), Land Cover/Crop Type, and Topography (Elevation, Slope, Aspect). Using the data collected through this system, plans are being made to create a Europe-wide agricultural suitability map and make future predictions.
Background : Metabolic syndrome (SM) or insulin resistance syndrome is a collection of symptoms such as increased blood pressure (BP), increased plasma glucose levels, increased triglyceride levels, central obesity, and dyslipidemia associated with insulin resistance. Aim : Analyzing the relationship between the level of depression and smoking on the incidence of metabolic syndrome in the academic community of Universitas Nusa Cendana. Method : This study was a correlation analytic study with a Cross Sectional design conducted at the academic community of Universitas Nusa Cendana by examining waist circumference, triglyceride levels, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar levels, and HDL levels and filling out the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) questionnaire. The sampling technique used the Accidental Sampling technique with a total sample of 70 who met the inclusion criteria. Bivariate analysis used the Chi Square non-parametric test. Results : Of the 70 respondents, there were 43 respondents (61.4%) not depressed, 10 respondents (14.2%) mildly depressed, 9 respondents (12.8%) moderately depressed, 5 respondents (7.1%) severely depressed, and 3 respondents (4.3%) had very severe depression. Then, 57 respondents (81.4%) did not smoke and 13 respondents (18.6%) smoked. There were 66 respondents (94.3%) did not metabolic syndrome while 4 respondents (5.7%) metabolic syndrome. Conclusion : There is no relationship between depression level and smoking on the incidence of metabolic syndrome in the Academic Community of Universitas Nusa Cendana. Keywords : Depression Level, Smoking, Metabolic Syndrome, Academic Community of Universitas Nusa Cendana.
This paper explores the ‘karaang balay’ sa Salay, in the province of Misamis Oriental including its stories. Karaang balay is literally an old family house that is at least 50 years of age. This paper seeks to document these karaang balay because these old houses were witnesses to the beautiful cultural history of the town that provides the Salayanon a sense of place and connection to the past. The identified karaang balay includes the old houses of Prudencio Agcopra, Herminihildo Gabin-Agcopra, Margarito Agcopra, Ponciano Salvaña, Luncio Valmorez, Pascual Olano, Gimeñano Pante, Antonio Olano and Conrado Capistrano. This project conducts cultural mapping and key informant interviews. This study reveals that these karaang balay provide the family with a unique link to the past, an assertion that their houses are not just a mere structure, but a home that serves as a significant meeting place for family reunions, bonding, unity and a home that represents family's longevity and sustainability despite changes in the community. This study recommends preserving these karaang balay (tangible heritage), including its stories (intangible heritage).
This research work, titled “Personality Factors and Students’ Achievement in Biology in Calabar South Local Government Area, Cross River State of Nigeria,” investigated the influence of selected personality variables on students’ academic performance in Biology. The study adopted a survey design. A total of two hundred and ten (210) senior secondary school students were randomly selected through stratified random sampling from seven (7) public secondary schools in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State. The sample comprised both male and female students. Two instruments were developed for data collection: a 20-item Students’ Personality Factors (SPF) Questionnaire and a 30-item Biology Achievement Test (BAT). Four null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Data were analysed using the independent t-test statistic at the 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that there was no significant influence of achievement motivation on students’ performance in Biology. Similarly, there was no significant difference in Biology achievement between introverted and extroverted students. Furthermore, self-concept and students’ attitudes towards study did not significantly influence achievement in Biology. The study concluded that personality factors, as investigated, did not significantly affect students’ academic achievement in Biology. Based on these findings, it was recommended that students should complement achievement motivation with positive study habits for improved learning outcomes. Teachers should also employ differentiated instructional strategies to accommodate students’ varying personality traits. In addition, behaviour modification techniques can be used to improve students’ self-concept. Finally, teachers are encouraged to understand and manage the individual differences of their students for optimal classroom performance.
This study, “Supervisory Practices of Selected Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) Program Managers in Region V,” examined the supervisory approaches exercised by program managers assigned in Region V, with particular focus on the Province of Masbate. It described their practices in terms of leadership and decision-making, communication, performance monitoring and evaluation, staff development, and interpersonal relations. The descriptive research design was utilized, and the respondents consisted of seventy-three (73) DILG personnel, including technical, support, and administrative staff. The study also explored the demographic profile of the respondents, the challenges they encountered, and the suggested measures to address these concerns. Findings revealed that most respondents were aged 46 and above, predominantly male, and had served the agency for more than 15 years. Supervisory practices in communication, performance monitoring, staff development, and interpersonal relations were strongly observed, while leadership and decision-making were observed. The most serious challenge identified was political intervention, followed by the need for more skills training in technology and productivity tools. Respondents strongly suggested strengthening policy measures against political intervention and increasing training opportunities to enhance work efficiency. Based on the findings, it was concluded that supervisory practices of DILG Program Managers in Region V are generally effective, particularly in communication, monitoring, staff development, and interpersonal relations. However, leadership and decision-making need further strengthening. Challenges affecting supervisory performance remain, especially political interference and workload-related limitations, which require policy attention and continuous capacity-building. In light of these conclusions, it is recommended that leadership and decision-making practices be improved to reach a “highly observed” level, while the strong practices in communication, performance evaluation, staff development, and interpersonal relations be sustained. The DILG is encouraged to intensify policy enforcement to minimize political intervention and provide continuous training on technology and productivity tools to ensure efficient program implementation and timely submission of reports. Keywords: Capacity Building, Capacity-Building Measures, Challenges in Supervision, Leadership and Decision-Making, Local Government Operations, Organizational Effectiveness, Public Administration, and Supervisory Practices
The study investigated the impact of physical activity interventions on body composition and flexibility in adolescent students at the Federal College of Education (Technical), Gombe. The aim of the study is to examine the impact of physical activity interventions on body composition and flexibility among students of the College of Education (Technical), Gombe. Specifically, the objectives of the study are to assess the baseline body composition and flexibility levels of students before the intervention; implement a structured physical activity intervention program tailored to the students’ needs; evaluate changes in body composition after the intervention; assess improvement in flexibility levels following the intervention; and compare the pre- and post-intervention outcomes to determine the effectiveness of the program. quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test design on a NCE students, the study used a sample of 60 students who meet the inclusion criteria through purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using Body Composition Measurement Tools, Flexibility Test, Physical Activity Log and Observation Checklist. The study found out that Students in the experimental group showed a statistically significant reduction in body composition (BMI) after the 6-week intervention, and there was a statistically significant improvement in flexibility scores for students in the experimental group with the control group showed no significant changes in either body composition or flexibility. The study recommended that physical activity programs should be formally integrated into the timetable of the College of Education (Technical), Gombe, to ensure regular participation by students.
Dhaka Ram Kadel1 and Associate Prof. Dr. Anil Tiwari2 1 PhD Scholar, Singhania University, Rajasthan, India 2 Faculty Member, Singhania University, Rajasthan, India
This study examines the volatility properties of the Nepal Stock Exchange Index (NEPSE) using 223 monthly observations from July 2006 to January 2025. Based on EGARCH estimation, the Nepalese stock market demonstrates asymmetric, persistent, mean-reverting, and highly clustered volatility, with negative shocks causing larger movements than positive shocks of the same magnitude. Among the macroeconomic variables, only the treasury bill rate has a significant impact on stock returns, confirming that rising short-term interest rates reduce market performance. Variance decomposition establishes that NEPSE is largely self-driven in the short run, with its own innovations, accounting for approximately 95% of forecast error variance. Money supply exerts a small positive effect, and inflation has a minimal negative impact, while the contribution of TBR increases steadily over the medium and long term. IRF results suggest that NEPSE strongly responds to its own shocks in the initial periods, which gradually diminish over time as external macroeconomic variables influence the market. Findings reveal that internal market dynamics mainly drive short-term fluctuations, while the influence of rising interest rates strongly influence medium- and long-term behaviour. The NEPSE remains largely self-correcting in the short term, emphasizing the importance of stable monetary policy and effective macroeconomic management for market stability, growth, and development. Key Words: NEPSE, EGARCH model, volatility dynamics, VDC, IRF.
This research determined the level of Reading Fluency (ReFln) in second-grade learners. This was accomplished using an instrument that evaluated the students’ reading rate, accuracy, and understanding. The researchers adopted the instrument created by NAEP to determine the reading proficiency of Grade 2 learners. Additionally, the researchers developed a four-level checklist to gauge students' reading fluency. The results of Cronbach's Alpha showed poor reliability for Level 1 and Level 2, but good to excellent reliability for Level 3 and Level 4, with Level 4 demonstrating the strongest consistency. The outcomes of this study provided insights useful for enhancing approaches that could be used to teach and evaluate the reading ability of Grade 2 learners.
This research examined teaching practices in pediatrics for third-year LMD students at ISTM in Maniema, Democratic Republic of Congo. Its objective was to understand how teaching methods influence the quality of training, while identifying barriers to learning and possible areas for improvement. The study adopted a mixed methodological approach, combining quantitative and qualitative tools. Data were collected from students, teachers, and section committee members through questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and direct observations. This approach made it possible to cross-reference information and obtain a comprehensive and reliable overview of current teaching practices. The results showed that, despite the implementation of the LMD system, pediatric teaching remains largely focused on lectures and tutorials, to the detriment of active and participatory approaches. The use of methods such as simulation, problem-based learning, and the flipped classroom is still very limited, which reduces student engagement and hinders the development of their practical skills. Learners expressed moderate satisfaction, citing in particular the imbalance between theory and practice, the lack of teaching materials, and insufficient clinical supervision. Several constraints have been identified, including overcrowded classrooms, inadequate infrastructure and teaching equipment, and a lack of continuing education for teachers in active teaching methods. These obstacles limit the effective application of the LMD principles and restrict the quality of practical learning in pediatric care. The study concludes that the transition to more interactive, skills-based teaching is essential to improving training. The systematic adoption of active methods could strengthen the mastery of practical skills and prepare students to deal with real clinical situations with confidence, quality, and safety. Recommendations have been made at several levels. At the national level, it is necessary to provide clear educational standards, increase funding and material resources, and establish a system for monitoring and evaluating the LMD. At the institutional level, it is recommended that courses and internships be better planned, student supervision be strengthened, and modern teaching materials be developed. Teachers should integrate active methods into their practice and participate in continuing education, while students are encouraged to actively engage in their learning and communicate their needs to improve the educational process. In summary, this study highlights the need to rethink teaching practices in pediatrics in Maniema in order to guarantee high-quality training that meets the requirements of the LMD system and effectively prepares future professionals for the realities of the field. Keywords : Teaching and learning; Pediatrics; LMD system; Teaching methods; ISTM Maniema; DRC
Automated detection of surface defects in steel plates is essential for ensuring product reliability, reducing inspection costs, and improving overall manufacturing quality, particularly within civil engineering applications where steel components form critical elements of bridges, high-rise buildings, and large industrial structures. Traditional manual inspection methods are slow, subjective, and often fail to detect subtle or overlapping defects, motivating the need for accurate data-driven inspection systems. However, developing such systems remains chal-lenging due to the multi-label nature of real industrial defects, significant class imbalance in defect occurrences, and the substantial overlap in geometric and luminosity features across defect categories. In this study, we analyze the Steel Plates Faults dataset and develop a complete machine learning pipeline for modeling seven defect types using Random Forest and XGBoost classifiers within a MultiOutput framework. A comprehensive exploratory data analysis reveals important defect behaviors, including strong co-occurrence patterns most notably between K_Scatch and Other_Faults, and visual feature overlap highlighted by 2D and 3D PCA projections, underscoring the inherent complexity of the classification problem. After appropriately scaling continuous features and retaining binary variables, XGBoost achieves the highest predictive performance with a macro F1-score of 0.4928, outperforming the Random Forest baseline and demonstrating superior handling of nonlinear relationships and imbalanced data. Feature importance analysis further shows that geometric descriptors (such as area, perimeter, and posi-tional indices) and luminosity measures play dominant roles in predicting defect categories, offering interpretable insights valuable for indus-trial quality-control engineers. The primary contributions of this work include a detailed EDA of multi-label defect interactions, a rigorous comparative evaluation of two ensemble-based models, an interpretable feature analysis, and visualization-driven understanding of defect separability. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of machine learning for automated steel defect inspection and establish a foundation for future advancements using deep learning, imbalance-aware sampling, and explainability methods to better support industrial and civil engineering quality assurance systems.
This study investigates the influence of Energy Technology Research, Development, and Demonstration (RD&D) budgets on Canada’s Total Energy Supply (TES). Using secondary data from 1974–2023, the research employs Pearson correlation and simple linear regression to test the statistical relationship between RD&D expenditure and national energy supply. Results show a significant and positive relationship, indicating that higher RD&D investment contributes to expanding Canada’s energy capacity. The paper also reviews global literature on energy innovation systems and compares Canada’s approach to the highly successful Finnish model. Policy recommendations emphasize the need for coherent, long-term innovation planning to strengthen Canada’s leadership in clean energy technologies.
The infinite darkness, the temperature and the time are the three fundamental dimensions of the Universe. The heat energy transforms the infinite darkness into the celestial bodies and vice versa by the passing of time, Because change is the law of the Universe. Hence heat energy is the creator, the ruler and the destroyer of the Universe. But God is the creator, the ruler and the destroyer of the Universe. So, Heat Energy is the God of the Universe. “ HEAT ENERGY = PRESSURE * VOLUME ” “ NASA says that ,Until around a few hundred million years or so after the Big Bang, the Universe was a very dark place. There were no stars and there were no galaxies ” This implies that, “ Universe had the infinite darkness only at the beginning ” “ NASA also says that, After the Big Bang the universe was like a hot soup of particles ( i.e. electrons, protons and neutrons) ” This implies that “ The particles of electrons, protons and neutrons were created from the infinite darkness due to the heat energy” Then all the celestial bodies are created from these particles by the heat energy. SEEBECK EFFECT : “ when two different materials are joined and one junction is heated while the other is kept cold , This temperature difference causes electrons to flow from the hot side to the cold side creating voltage. ” “ THE INFINITE DARKNESS OF THE UNIVERSE IS MADE UP OF THE INFINITE DARK MATTERS AS WELL AS THE INFINITE DARK ENERGY ” Hence “ Electrons are created from the dark matters by the Seebeck Effect. But Protons and Neutrons are created from the Up quarks and the Down quarks of the Dark Energy of the infinite darkness” All the living beings are living in the Earth. So they are created from the Earth by the heat energy. The fishes are living in the water of the ocean, So they are created from the water of the ocean. Similarly, there are crores of celestial bodies living in the infinite darkness of the Universe. So they are created from the infinite darkness of the Universe by Heat Energy. This implies that, All the celestial bodies are created from the particles of electrons, protons and neutrons of the infinite darkness. Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles within a system . Heat energy is the transfer of the thermal energy between objects due to the difference in their temperatures, It always moves from the hotter object to the cooler one . Motion is rotation and Rotation is motion. Hence , If a force is applied to a wheel such that every point of it moves simultaneously in the vertical cycloid path to cover on the horizontal straight line path. Then the following Inertia of motion is derived from the above fact as, A body is at motion, as long as the applied force on it, converts to the centripetal force as well as the centrifugal force. This implies the following law, THE FORCE OF ACTION IS ALWAYS EQUAL TO THE SUM OF OPPOSITE REACTION AND ABSORPTION This implies the law, 14 PARTS ACTION = 11 PARTS REACTION + 3 PARTS ABSORPTION => 1 PART ACTION = (11/14) PART REACTION + (3/14) PART ABSORPTION => ACTION = REACTION + ABSORPTION The following laws are derived from the above law Pressure * Volume = (11/14) Temperature----(I) , Heat Energy = (11/14) Temperature-----(II) Energy=(11/14)mass(velocity of light)² -------( III ) , Energy = (11/14) Frequency-------( IV ) The following law is derived from the law (I) and the law (II) HEAT ENERGY = PRESSURE * VOLUME “ THE CREATION IN THE UNIVERSE IS BASED ON THE LAW HEAT ENERGY = PRESSURE * VOLUME ” All the celestial bodies live by the following law ,ACTION = REACTION + ABSORPTION And every celestial body destroys according to the law ACTION = REACTION
Directional wells often encounter complex hydraulic challenges due to increased annular friction, non-uniform Understanding the specific impact of mud rheology on formation pressure control in directional wells remains a cuttings transport, and variable pressure profiles. When mud rheology is not properly designed or controlled, these index (K), plastic viscosity (PV), mud yield point (YP), YP/PV ratio, apparent viscosity and effective viscosity. Fifteen challenges can lead to inaccurate formation pressure estimation, wellbore instability, kicks, or lost circulation. ) were parameters influence the removal of cuttings in nonvertical boreholes. It contributes to work already done to ensure , 45oand 70o and other impediments to standard drilling and completion procedures. This study investigates how rheological efficient hole cleaning process. In this study, the rheological parameters examined were the flow index (n), consistency considered. An Excel Spreadsheets program was used to determine the parameters. The results of this study show that, higher annular mud velocities are required for efficient hole cleaning in directional wells than in vertical wells. boreholes is necessary for oil and gas wells. Adequate cuttings removal from a well in drilling is critical for cost mud samples, three annular velocities (3.82, 2.86 and 1.91ft/sec) and three hole angles (30o Increasing values of YP, YP/PV ratio and K promote effective cuttings transport while the value of n should be low. effective drilling as high annular cuttings buildup often leads to high risk of stuck pipe, reduced rate of penetration critical engineering challenge requiring detailed investigation.Cuttingstransportation during in non-vertical Effective and apparent viscosities also should be high.
This study titled “The Road to Readiness: Aspirations and Preparedness of Grade 12 Senior High School Students at Quezon National High School, Claveria, Masbate in Pursuing College Degree”, examined the levels of aspiration and preparedness of Grade 12 General Academic Strand (GAS) students of Quezon National High School in Claveria, Masbate in pursuing a college degree. It described the respondents’ profile in terms of age, sex, parents’ monthly income, and number of siblings; identified the challenges they encounter; and explored strategies to support their transition to higher education. Utilizing a descriptive-quantitative research design, the study involved 54 Grade 12 GAS students as respondents. The findings revealed that most respondents were 18 years old, predominantly female, with parents whose monthly income ranged from ₱10,000 to ₱30,000, and belonging to families with six to ten siblings. Students demonstrated high levels of readiness, aspiration, and preparedness—particularly in emotional and psychological aspects, which obtained the highest overall weighted mean of 4.77 interpreted as Very Much Agree. They also expressed strong aspirations (WM = 4.64), financial preparedness (WM = 4.29), and general readiness for college (WM = 4.37). However, they also acknowledged significant challenges, including fear of failure, social adjustment concerns, and limited guidance in choosing an appropriate course or school, with an overall weighted mean of 4.57 interpreted as Much Agree. Proposed strategies included career guidance and counseling, mentorship, academic enrichment, exposure to higher education institutions, parental and community engagement, use of online resources, and development of soft and life skills. Based on the results, the study concluded that the majority of Grade 12 GAS students are within the expected age bracket and exhibit strong aspirations and preparedness for college despite financial limitations and personal challenges. Their emotional and psychological readiness is particularly high, indicating resilience and a strong desire to pursue higher education. Nonetheless, financial constraints, large family size, and fear of academic or social difficulties remain potential barriers that must be addressed to ensure a smooth transition to college. In light of these conclusions, the study recommends strengthening initiatives that further enhance college readiness, particularly raising the level of readiness from Much Agree to Very Much Agree. The high level of aspirations should be maintained, while financial preparedness may be improved through scholarship awareness and family financial planning. Emotional and psychological readiness should likewise be sustained. Challenges and barriers identified should be mitigated through targeted interventions. Finally, the proposed strategies should be considered for immediate implementation to support GAS students in their pursuit of higher education. Keywords: Academic Preparedness, Aspirations, Career Guidance, Challenges and Barriers, College Readiness, Emotional and Psychological Preparedness, Financial Preparedness, General Academic Strand (GAS), Higher Education Transition, Preparedness, Quezon National High School, Senior High School Students, Transition to College
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