Volume 13, Issue 5, May 2025 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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BOARDING HOUSE OF STUDENTS: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL LIVED EXPERIENCE []


The boarding house is the second home of the tenant, as experienced by the ten (10) participant social studies students within four (4) semesters. Students' academic success, personal development, and overall well-being are secured. The social support, a sense of community, and a conducive learning environment foster positive academic outcomes. The boarding houses expressed satisfaction with the facilities and amenities, academic support, sense of community, academic performance, study habits, mental health, and overall adaptation. However, if the boarding house is approved by the Office of the Building Official (OBO) safety and security for the tenant are provided.

Implementation of ICT on Teachers’ Competence and Challenges []


This study explores how the implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education influences teachers’ competencies and the challenges they face. It examines teachers' ICT use, assesses their competence and difficulties, and analyzes the relationships among these factors. Using a descriptive-correlational method, data were gathered from 348 randomly selected teachers through questionnaires covering personal characteristics, ICT competency standards, and implementation challenges. Statistical analyses included frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Pearson-r, and t-test. Findings indicate that most respondents were women aged 30–34, in Teacher I positions, teaching Grade 5, with 10–14 years of experience and school-level ICT training. They showed a positive attitude toward ICT and used it actively, especially in pedagogical practices, while professional application was less emphasized. Teachers demonstrated strong communication and organizational competencies. Although overall challenges were minimal, integrating ICT into pedagogy was the most difficult area, followed by issues with infrastructure and resources. Significant relationships were found between ICT implementation and both competence and challenges. Teachers’ characteristics, excluding sex, were also significantly related to their competence. The study concludes that ICT use enhances teacher competence and highlights the importance of addressing implementation challenges. It recommends upskilling programs and prioritizing organizational improvements in schools. Keywords: ICT implementation, competence, challenges

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE USE OF CHAT GPT ON THE WRITING SKILLS OF THE STUDENT []


THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE USE OF CHAT GPT ON THE WRITING SKILLS OF THE STUDENTS Gwen Leanne L. Sison Anna Liza C. Cerbo As ChatGPT continues to gain traction in educational settings, concerns have emerged regarding its effectiveness in enhancing students’ research writing skills. However, limited research has focused on its impact at the Grade 12 level, particularly in the context of Practical Research subject. This quasi-experimental research examined the effect of ChatGPT on the writing proficiency of Grade 12 students in Practical Research by comparing their performance with and without AI assistance. Writing outputs were assessed by three Master Teachers using established criteria, and statistical analysis determined proficiency levels. Results showed that students performed significantly better with ChatGPT, achieving a mean score of 16.02 (“Exceptional”), compared to 14.68 (“Advanced”) without ChatGPT. A paired samples t-test (p= 0.013) confirmed a significant difference, indicating that ChatGPT improved grammar, coherence, organization, and creativity. While students demonstrated strong independent writing skills, ChatGPT’s real-time feedback, structural refinement, and stylistic guidance contributed to a more polished output. These findings suggest that AI tools like ChatGPT can enhance writing proficiency and support digital literacy. Given its effectiveness, future researchers should explore its long-term impact and practices for integration into educational settings. Keywords: Education, writing skills, research writing, quasi-experimental, Philippines

OPERATION BUNYAN-UN-MARSOOS: PAKISTAN'S STRETEGIC RESPONSE TO OPERATION SINDOOR: []


In May 2025, the fragile peace between India and Pakistan was once again brought to the brink of destruction. In retaliation for India's Operation Sindoor, a strategic military exercise against militant groups in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, Pakistan launched Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos within a very short while. This article analyzes Pakistan's reaction — its raison , strategic objectives, and broader implications of the operation on regional stability and intergovernmental relations. With this tit-for-tat cycle as our prism, we analyze how militarized responses create diplomacy, deterrence, and public opinion in South Asia.

Study on the impact of transport infrastructure on international trade in the Republic of Congo: challenges and prospects []


The impact of transportation infrastructure on international trade in the Republic of the Congo is a complex yet crucial topic for the country's economic development. Infrastructure, which includes roads, railways, and airports, plays a fundamental role in facilitating international commercial exchanges. However, the Republic of the Congo faces numerous challenges in this area, notably deteriorated and inadequate transportation networks. Historically, the lack of investments to maintain and improve these infrastructures has led to a decline in the efficiency of international trade. Additionally, high costs and frequent delays in transportation, especially in the port sector, exacerbate the difficulties. For example, regional ports often do not meet regional and global standards, causing delays in cargo processing. Despite these obstacles, recent governments have launched programs aimed at improving connectivity and the quality of transportation infrastructure. These initiatives could not only boost economic productivity by making transportation faster and more reliable but also facilitate access to international markets, thereby offering opportunities for local businesses and stimulating economic growth. Finally, integrating transportation into a broader economic development strategy could play a role in reducing poverty and improving the population's living standards. In summary, although numerous challenges exist, the prospects appear promising provided that infrastructure is improved and policies supporting international trade are implemented. Keywords: transportation infrastructure, international trade, logistics, port sector, roads, prospects, regional integration.

An Assessment of Public Private Partnership in Enhancing Quality of Rwanda's Coffee Production, A Case of Specialty Coffee Rwanda Project []


This study explores the impact of public private partnership in enhancing quality of Rwanda’s Coffee Production. Other studies failed to specifically demonstrate how public private partnership can influence coffee sector through financial access, infrastructure development and Coffee Trainings. This study evaluates the role of Infrastructure development on Coffee quality Production, Measuring the impact of training and capacity building initiatives on coffee quality Production and Analyzing the impact of finance access improvements on Coffee quality Production, anchored by Stakeholder theory, Business value chain theory, and Prospect theory. Utilizing a descriptive research design with both quantitative and qualitative approaches, data were collected from a census of 200 farmers from Nova coffee and 4 staffs from sustainable growers Rwanda. Questionnaires and interview guides were used for data collection, and statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS software, version 21. Statistically findings revealed that access to finance significantly enhance Coffee quality, with the highest ratings for financing models through PPP (M = 4.2079, SD = 0.98379) and ability to invest in better coffee production techniques (M= 4.1910, SD = 0.97860). infrastructure development showed that development of better roads through public-private partnerships was rated highest (M = 4.5506, SD = 0.53173). Training and capacity building initiatives were highly rated for improved farmers knowledge about cultivation techniques (M = 4.5282, SD = 0.55418) and implementing new practices in their coffee farming as result of the training programs. (M = 4.4944, SD = 0.50138), whether ongoing support from the trainers after the initial program is essential for maintaining improvements in coffee quality scored low rate (M = 2.9888, SD = 1.33187). The study found a moderate to strong correlation between infrastructure development and coffee quality production performance, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.622, Access to finance also shows moderate performance 0.538 and Coffee Training scored 0.524 with a p-value of 0.000 for all variables, highlighting that infrastructure development, Access to finance and Coffee Training are significantly associated with better coffee quality. The model summary for multiple regression shows the correlation coefficient (R) of 0.732 which indicates a strong positive association among predictors, intervening variables, and the dependent variable. Additionally, the study revealed that approximately 53.6% of the variability can be explained by the model, showed by R square of 0.536. The study recommend that the government should invest in improving coffee grower financial infrastructure, promoting public-private partnerships, and implementing financial literacy training programs. Coffee growers should utilize government or NGOs training to improve finance management and quality. Key words: Public Private Partnership, Quality production, Coffee Production

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF REED VALVE TYPES ON FUEL CONSUMPTION OF RX-KING MOTORCYCLE []


Reed valve is a one-way valve designed to regulate fluid flow in a two-stroke engine, usually installed on the intake manifold connect-ing the carburetor to the crankcase to ensure that the air-fuel mixture flows in only one direction. Its function is to regulate the flow of the air and fuel mixture so that it only enters the crankcase when the piston moves and prevents backflow when the piston goes down. Along with advances in automotive technology, especially in motorcycles, optimal engine performance and high fuel efficiency are needed. This study aims to evaluate the effect of variations in the type of reed valve on fuel consumption on the RX King motor-cycle. The three types of reed valves tested include standard reed valves, fiber reed valves, and carbon reed valves. The method used is a direct experiment by testing the time required to use up 50 ml of fuel. The test results show that the lowest fuel consump-tion occurs in the standard reed valve (harmonica plate) at an engine speed of 2000 rpm of 0.609 kg/hour. Conversely, the highest fuel consumption is found in the TK racing fiber membrane tongue at an engine speed of 9000 rpm of 3.894 kg/hour. The lowest spe-cific fuel consumption effective is found in the Kawahara carbon membrane tongue at 8000 rpm engine speed of 0.153 kg/hp.Hour. While the highest specific fuel consumption effective value is found in the TK racing fiber membrane tongue variation at 2000 rpm engine speed of 0.592 kg/hp.Hour.

Fossilized Plant Inclusion in Natural Yemeni Agate A Rare Case of Bio-Mineral Preservation []


This study documents a rare case of a fossilized plant inclusion within a 6-carat specimen of natural Yemeni agate (chalcedony - SiO2). Microscopic analysis reveals distinct three-dimensional plant tissue structures with circular cellular patterns. Based on geological context, the inclusion dates to approximately 30–70 million years ago, corresponding to the Late Cretaceous to Early Paleogene periods. This specimen offers valuable insights into ancient biological preservation processes within silicate environments and highlights the intersection of paleobotany and gemology.

PREVALENCE DES VERMINOSES INTESTINALES CHEZ L’ENFANT DE 6 A 12 ANS DANS LA ZONE DE SANTE DE NZABA A MBUJIMAYI/RD-CONGO []


Introduction: Les verminoses intestinales sont répandues pratiquement dans le monde entier et ont le taux de prévalence élevé dans des nombreuses régions. La présente étude a pour objectif de contribuer à l’amélioration de santé de l’enfant par la détermination de la prévalence des verminoses intestinales chez les enfants de 6 à 12 ans. Méthode : C’est une étude descriptive transversale effectuée d’une manière rétrospective et portant sur 78 sujets de 6 à 12 ans. Pour chaque sujet nous avons relevé, par fiche d’enquête les informations sur les caractéristiques de l’enfant, les symptômes présentés ainsi que les traitements administrés à l’enfant. Résultats : Les résultats de notre étude trouve que la prévelance des verminoses étaient de 92 ,3% et la majorité des enfants enquêtés avaient pris les antiparasites (71,8%) ,parmi les symptômes la plus part de nos enquêtés présentés la diarrhée soit 39 ,7% suivi de douleurs abdominales soit 19 ,2%, la majorité des enquêtés étaient rétablis soit (79,5%), plus que de la moitié des enquêtés avaient pour principale source d’approvisionnement d’eau de robinet (53,8%). eau de pluie (19,2%), eau de rivière (11,5%) et eau de puits (15,4%). Plus de la moitié des enquêtés ne traitaient pas l’eau (41%), la majorité des enquêtés se lavaient parfois les mains avant l’usage de latrines et avant de manger. Conclusion : D’une manière définitive la lutte contre les verminoses intestinales repose à l’amélioration de l’accès à l’eau portable, le respect des règles d’hygiène, les ménages ayant ces deux commodités avaient la plus, faibles prévalence des verminoses intestinales. Mots clés : Prévalence, verminose intestinale, enfant en âge scolaire

EVALUATION DES PRATIQUES ANESTHESIQUES DANS LA PRISE EN CHARGE DES PATIENTS OPERES EN UROLOGIE POUR RESECTION ENDOSCOPIQUE CLINIQUE MAYA, BAMAKO, MALI. []


RÉSUMÉ : L’hypertrophie bénigne de la prostate (HBP) et les tumeurs vésicales représentent des pathologies fréquentes chez l’homme âgé. La résection transurétrale (RTU) constitue le traitement chirurgical de référence. L’anesthésie loco-régionale (ALR) est souvent privilégiée dans ce contexte. Notre étude vise à évaluer les pratiques anesthésiques lors de ces interventions à la Polyclinique Maya, Bamako. Il s’agit d’une étude rétro-prospective, descriptive, menée sur une période de 21 mois (1er janvier 2013 au 31 octobre 2014), incluant 52 patients opérés par voie endoscopique. Les données ont été collectées à partir des dossiers anesthésiques et opératoires. L’âge moyen des patients était de 69 ans, avec une prédominance masculine (sex-ratio de 16,3). L’HBP était le diagnostic le plus fréquent (84,6 %). La résection transurétrale de la prostate (RTUP) représentait 75 % des interventions. L’ALR a été utilisée dans 96,2 % des cas. Des effets indésirables peropératoires ont été observés chez 70 % des patients, principalement l’hypotension (70 %). La durée d’intervention était inférieure à une heure dans la majorité des cas. L’ALR reste la technique d’anesthésie privilégiée pour la RTU en urologie. Toutefois, une meilleure évaluation préopératoire et un monitorage peropératoire rigoureux sont indispensables pour réduire les complications. Mots-clés : Anesthésie loco-régionale, résection transurétrale, urologie, complications peropératoires, Bamako.

IMPACTS OF ADVERSARIAL ATTACKS ON NIGERIA’S TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR []


The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) within Nigeria’s telecommunication infrastructure particularly amid the rollout of 5G networks has inadvertently introduced complex cybersecurity vulnerabilities, most notably adversarial attacks. These attacks, which exploit weaknesses in AI algorithms through the manipulation of input data, have emerged as a critical threat vector capable of bypassing traditional security mechanisms. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the growing incidence and impact of adversarial attacks on Nigeria’s telecommunication industry. Employing a qualitative methodology that includes thematic analysis of cybersecurity reports, expert interviews, and case study evaluations, the research uncovers a spectrum of consequences including service disruptions, financial losses, consumer distrust, and regulatory inadequacies. The findings reveal that the nation’s digital infrastructure is increasingly exposed due to insufficient adversarial threat modeling, limited national policy focus, and inadequate organizational preparedness. Furthermore, the paper explores the implications of these attacks in the context of Nigeria’s expanding digital economy and forecasts heightened future risks as 5G and IoT ecosystems proliferate. It concludes with a strategic framework of technical and policy-driven solutions, including adversarial training, the use of machine learning based systems, and comprehensive national cybersecurity reforms. The study contributes to both academic discourse and practical policymaking by offering evidence-based insights and adaptive strategies to safeguard Nigeria’s telecommunications landscape against evolving adversarial threats

THE ETHICS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION: A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON STUDENT VIEWS ON CHATGPT []


This study, titled Artificail Intelligence-Powered Assessment Tools: Teacher’s Experiences and Challenges, employed a qualitative phenomenological research design to explore the lived experiences of public-school teachers in using artificial intelligence (AI) tools for student assessment. Conducted at Buhatan National High School in Sorsogon City, Philippines, the study involved 12 purposively selected teachers from various subject areas and grade levels. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observations, and focus group discussions, and analyzed using thematic analysis to capture insights on the effectiveness, challenges, and implications of AI use in assessment. The findings revealed that teachers generally perceived AI-powered assessment tools as effective and reliable, particularly for generating quick, objective, and consistent feedback. However, challenges emerged, including insufficient training, technical limitations, ethical concerns regarding data privacy, and a lack of institutional support. While the tools enhanced grading efficiency and feedback timeliness, some teachers expressed concern over diminished personalization and control. Participants emphasized the need for continuous professional development, ethical safeguards, improved technical infrastructure, and teacher involvement in AI tool development. In conclusion, the study confirmed the potential of AI-powered assessment tools to enhance evaluation practices but highlighted significant barriers to effective integration. Addressing these barriers through training, policy support, and ethical design is vital for sustainable and responsible AI use in education. The study recommends that educational institutions invest in teacher training, robust technical infrastructure, and clear ethical guidelines. Additionally, schools should encourage teacher participation in tool design and promote balanced use of AI to complement, rather than replace, professional judgment, thereby fostering fair, efficient, and learner-centered assessment practices. Keywords: Aemilianum College Inc., Ai-Powered Assessment Tools, Artificial Intelligence in Education, Educational Technology, Technology Integration.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-POWERED ASSESSMENT TOOLS: TEACHER’S EXPERIENCES AND CHALLENGES []


This study, titled Artificail Intelligence-Powered Assessment Tools: Teacher’s Experiences and Challenges, employed a qualitative phenomenological research design to explore the lived experiences of public-school teachers in using artificial intelligence (AI) tools for student assessment. Conducted at Buhatan National High School in Sorsogon City, Philippines, the study involved 12 purposively selected teachers from various subject areas and grade levels. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observations, and focus group discussions, and analyzed using thematic analysis to capture insights on the effectiveness, challenges, and implications of AI use in assessment. The findings revealed that teachers generally perceived AI-powered assessment tools as effective and reliable, particularly for generating quick, objective, and consistent feedback. However, challenges emerged, including insufficient training, technical limitations, ethical concerns regarding data privacy, and a lack of institutional support. While the tools enhanced grading efficiency and feedback timeliness, some teachers expressed concern over diminished personalization and control. Participants emphasized the need for continuous professional development, ethical safeguards, improved technical infrastructure, and teacher involvement in AI tool development. In conclusion, the study confirmed the potential of AI-powered assessment tools to enhance evaluation practices but highlighted significant barriers to effective integration. Addressing these barriers through training, policy support, and ethical design is vital for sustainable and responsible AI use in education. The study recommends that educational institutions invest in teacher training, robust technical infrastructure, and clear ethical guidelines. Additionally, schools should encourage teacher participation in tool design and promote balanced use of AI to complement, rather than replace, professional judgment, thereby fostering fair, efficient, and learner-centered assessment practices. Keywords: Aemilianum College Inc., Ai-Powered Assessment Tools, Artificial Intelligence in Education, Educational Technology, Technology Integration

Adaptation of System Development Methodologies and Automation Tools for Enhanced Efficiency: A Transition from Waterfall to Agile []


The transition from Waterfall to Agile techniques, aided by automation tools, addresses major inflexibilities, test effectiveness, and stakeholder alignment shortcomings of conventional development techniques. We explore in this paper how Agile's iterative cycles, feedback mechanisms in place, and judicious automation integration separately and together enhance software delivery performance. Through comparison of Waterfall's form rigidity and back-end test phases with Agile's adaptive sprints and anticipatory defect detection, we illustrate quantifiable improvements in contemporary development environments. The study assesses specifically three key automation technologies: Git for distributed version control, Jenkins for continuous integration/deployment pipelines, and Selenium for automated regression testing. These technologies are found to significantly contribute to minimising manual intervention needs and improving deployment speed and reliability. Challenges of implementation, such as organisational resistance and skill competency gaps for technical skills, are examined, with evidence-based suggestions such as incremental adoption frameworks and competency-based upskilling programs. Quantitative results demonstrate remarkable process enhancements: 30-50% reduction in delivery lead times, 40-60% improved defect detection rates, and significantly enhanced stakeholder satisfaction scores. The article wraps up with real-world implementation guidelines for businesses, highlighting the synergistic interaction between Agile principles and toolchain optimisation. Practical advice includes team structuring, tool selection criteria, and change management processes to maximise transition success.

Job Satisfaction among Teachers with Ancillary Functions and Learners’ Academic Performance []


This study examined the relationship between job satisfaction among teachers with ancillary functions and the academic performance of their learners in English, Science, and Mathematics during the First and Second Quarters of the School Year 2023–2024. Guided by Republic Act 4670 and DepEd Order No. 005, s. 2024, public school teachers in the Philippines are mandated to allocate six hours for instruction and two hours for lesson planning and other duties. However, teachers often take on additional roles such as coordinators for various programs, adding to their workload and potentially impacting job satisfaction and teaching effectiveness. Employing a descriptive-correlational research design, the study utilized a questionnaire adapted and modified from Paula E. Lester’s "Educational and Psychological Measurement." Universal sampling was applied to 220 teachers with ancillary functions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson r, T-test, and F-test to examine relationships and differences between variables. Findings indicate a significant relationship between teachers' job satisfaction and learners' academic performance. While overall job satisfaction remained stable, variations emerged based on respondents' profiles, particularly concerning pay, responsibilities, and recognition. Teachers with higher satisfaction in the dimension of "Work Itself" demonstrated a positive correlation with improved student performance. Science recorded the highest mean scores, emphasizing the role of intrinsic motivation in fostering learner achievement. The study recommends implementing workload management strategies, enhancing compensation, developing professional growth opportunities, and establishing mentorship programs. Addressing these concerns will help improve teacher well-being, ensuring a balance between instructional and ancillary tasks while enhancing student learning outcomes. Keywords: job satisfaction, ancillary functions, academic performance, teacher workload, instructional effectiveness

Unveiling the Gaps: Teachers' Responsiveness and Barriers Faced in the Implementation of Science, Technology, and Engineering (STE) Program: A Sequential Explanatory Study []


Poor satisfaction in the implementation of the Science, Technology, and Engineering program is disturbing. Aimed of this study was to determine the level of teachers' responsiveness and barriers faced in the implementation of STE program. The sequential explanatory mixed method was used. The survey was administered to sixty (60) respondents, and interviews were done with seven (7) study participants. The data on quantitative findings revealed that teachers exhibit excellent responsiveness and very poor barriers. Sub-themes that emerged on teachers' responsiveness included achievement, opportunities, and the meaningfulness of work; the barriers identified were lack of resources, insufficient training, and expertise mismatch; and work fulfillment encompassed a passion-driven commitment, pursuing lifelong learning, and resilience. Qualitative research may be pursued utilizing the themes and sub-themes of this study as variables and indicators. Keywords: Teacher responsiveness, implementation of science, technology, and engineering program, sequential explanatory

PROTOTYPE OF SMALL-SCALE TEST EQUIPMENT MACHINE FOR VIBRA-TION MEASUREMENT ON BEARINGS []


The rotating shaft on the bearing receives a number of repeated stresses and works at the same time, which causes the shaft to bend at a critical rotation. Repeated movements at certain time intervals will cause vibrations. The purpose of this study is to measure the vibration value of the bearing due to the rotating shaft using an accelerometer and Arduino sensor device. The method used is to build a miniature rotating machine manufacturing device used to simulate machine vibrations. The ADXL345 accelerometer measures the magnitude of the vibrations that occur on the rotating shaft. Arduino Uno becomes the data acquirer obtained from ADXL345. The amplitude, speed, acceleration and frequency values are measured based on the rotation value. The largest speed, acceleration, frequency and amplitude values were found at the radial point position.

Assessing the Effect of Bio-Disc on the Proximate Composition of Oven Dried and Sun Dried Clarias Gariepinus and Coptodon Zillii Fish Species []


Post-harvest losses of fish occur during the numerous steps between catch and distribution, there are several processing methods some of which have been reported to affect the nutritional composition of fish. This research aims to assess proximate and fatty acid composition of oven and sun dried Clarias gariepinus and Coptodon zillii exposed to bio-disc. Each of the two species (C. gariepinus and Coptodon zillii) were processed using oven-dry and sun drying methods. The results revealed that, unenergised oven dried C. gariepinus, sample had the highest moisture, lipid, protein and fibre, with mean values of 1.50±0.58, 14.00±1.00, 55.83±0.92 and 14.00±1.00% respectively, while energized C. gariepinus had the highest ash and carbohydrate content with mean values of 11.33±0.33 and 7.17±1.74% respectively. Unenergised sun dried C. gariepinus, sample had the highest ash, moisture and protein contents with mean values of 13.33±1.687, 1.50±0.29 and 56.33±1.86% respectively, while energize sun dried C. gariepinus had highest carbohydrate content with mean value of 7.17±1.74%. Unenergised oven dried Coptodon zillii, sample had the highest protein content with mean values of 60.67±2.3. While the energize Coptodon zillii had the highest moisture, fibre and carbohydrate content with mean values of 11.50±0.29, 11.50±0.29 and 5.43±0.73% respectively. Unenergised sun dried Coptodon zillii, sample had the highest ash, lipid and fibre contents with mean values of 12.83±1.09, 13.00±1.00 and 13.33±1.67% respectively. In conclusion, this study deduced that bio-energizer has no significant impact on proximate contents and free fatty acid compositions of preserved Clarias gariepinus and Coptodon zilli fish species.