Peer-reviewed international research papers published open-access with EOI assignment and global indexing across engineering, computer science, environmental science, social sciences, and more.
The Rwanda like other African countries is facing with the many challenges in road construction industry. These are uncertain and unstable construction environment, uncompetitive construction firms, changes in project design, climate changes and relocation of utilities and citizens. The study was cunducted to assess the effect of natural disaters’occurrence on poor performance of road construction projects in southern province of Rwanda. The 2 districts of South province such as Nyamagabe, and Gisagara were considered for this study and the descriptive research design was used for this study. The population comprises 520 whereby sample size was 122 respondents to provide relevant information for the study. The questionnaires were used as tools for data collection and statistical analysis was performed to establish relationship between effect on natural disasters ‘occurrence and performance of road construction projects in south province of Rwanda. The frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviations, correlation and regression coefficient were used to present, and to interpret the findings. The results indicated that; the correlation coefficient between Natural disaters’occurrence and poor performance of road construction projects is high as it was equal to (r =0.974); and regression coefficient was (β3= β3=0.659). Therefore, there is high positive correlation between natural disasters ‘occurrence and poor performance of road construction projects; and this implies that; an increase by one unit in Natural Disasters, would result to an increase by 65.9% changes in overall poor performance of road construction projects in southern province of Rwanda. The effect of natural disasters is the fundamental project management challenge, that lead to poor performance of road construction project in southern province of Rwanda and it recommended that, this should be taken under consideration before during project design; planning and before stating implementation of road construction projects in order to enhance project performance. Keywords: Natural disaters’occurence, Road construction projects, poor performance of road construction projects
Conducted in the Care Channels Farm at Sitio Manirob, Esperanza, S.k. the study entitled “TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION AND RESOURCE UTILIZATION UNDER CACAO-BASED FARMING SYSTEM” aimed to know the technology adopted and resources utilized by Care Channels in cacao farming system. The farm was sloppy terrain, soil type was mostly clay loam, labor workers were all hired, cacao varieties were mostly HYVs, planting distance was 4mx5m, source of irrigation was rainfed, fertilizers and pesticides applied were organically formulated such as Oriental Herbal Nutrients (OHN) and Effective Microorganisms and Activated Solutions (EMAS). Harvesting of cacao was done manually. The problems encountered were inadequate capital, some portion of the area being too shady, inadequate information on cacao technology, pests and diseases, lack of irrigation facilities, government support for the low regulation price, technical support, care and management, erratic weather condition, marketing of the product and infertile soils. To overcome the problems encountered by the respondents, they suggested having a lending agency with a minimal interest rate, the establishment of market linkages, conducting technology training in cacao farming, and government price support. Cacao Productivity Index of the respondents was low with an average of 0.191. the reason was that the respondents did not adopt the recommended package of technology in the cacao farming system.
Software systems have become the necessity of most of the organizations and testing their security and integrity has become crucial. However, attacks on the online systems have been increased over the last decades. This research caters to these aspects with the objectives to determine and evaluate the security testing techniques for different test cases and test strategies in testing security of software systems and the security vulnerabilities which exist in those systems.
The emergence of drug-resistant malarial parasites has posed a serious threat to malaria therapy. Scientists have developed many semisynthetic derivatives of artemisinin to combat the limitations of the Act via rational synthetic drug modification strategies. However, a significant proportion of these derivatives which showed optimum therapeutic activity have been limited due to poor pharmacokinetic profiles which included poor lipid solubility, short half-lives, and an increased rate of metabolism has further strengthened the grounds for the development of drug resistance. In this work, dihydroartemisinin (a reduced form of artemisinin) was used to prepare three (3) semi-synthetic derivatives with sebacoyl chloride, maleic and phthalic anhydrides via Einhorn’s method of esterification. A comparative in silico clog P determination using five (5) different pharmacokinetic software, reveals that sebacoyl ester product gave a clog P value of 6.02 while the maleic and phthalic ester products gave clog P- values of 2.81 and 3.90. In comparison with dihydroartemisinin (2.63) and artesunate (2.65), it was observed that the maleic and phthalic ester products gave clog P values that are higher in lipophilicity and membrane permeability, but still within the Lipinski’s cut off for orally viable drug candidates (< 5). The sebacoyl ester did not show appreciable oral viability.
This dissertation intended to develop a digital forensic setup & data encryption, underpinning Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Algorithm in Rwanda. It was guided by specific objectives which are to identify common challenges faced by investigators in maintaining the digital evidence’s integrity in digital forensics investigations, to review the existing solutions used in securing digital evidence, to design a novel digital forensic model that will help investigators in preserving the integrity of evidence, and to simulate the new digital forensic and data encryption model. The total population was 300 people and the sample size was 171. Both primary and secondary data were used. Questionnaires were sent to the respondents and collected back. With this instrument, questions were being asked to particular respondents. The findings have proven that 31.58% of respondents strongly agreed, 59.06% of respondents agreed, 5.26% of respondents were not sure, 2.93% of respondents disagreed, and 1.17% of respondents strongly disagreed that explosion of complexity is one of the common challenges faced by investigators in maintaining the digital evidence’s integrity in digital forensics investigations. The findings indicated that 36.26% of respondents strongly agreed, while 63.74% agreed that back up of data is one of the existing methods used in securing digital evidence. Findings also revealed that 88.88% of respondents strongly agreed, while 11.12% agreed that the use strong passwords is one of the existing methods used in securing digital evidence. Lastly, 25.14% of respondents strongly agreed, 63.74% of respondents agreed, 9.36% of respondents were not sure, while 1.75% of respondents disagreed that taking care when working remotely is one of the existing methods used in securing digital evidence. The findings related to the third objective of this study have indicated that each block will be decrypted without depending on other blocks hence making the processes safer and lastly the encryption of blocks can happen in parallel which will increase the performance of the process. The decryption part ensures that each block is decrypted independently. Evidence will be decrypted in blocks. Evidence be decrypted if the user provides a correct key which matches evidence file to be decrypted. This is being emphasized basing on clear evidence from respondent’s views during analysis of the findings. As recommendations from the study. The research results however revealed some areas that still need continuous improvement. Thus , the research has given different recommendations to different people who will intervene in the use of this new forensic setup. Keywords: Digital Forensic; Encryption/Decryption; Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Introduction: Going into University is accompanied by a great deal of changes in the life of a student. Attending medical school is thought to be an even greater source of intense stress for students. Objective: To identify the factors associated with self-perceived fulfilment and well-being of medical students in Cameroon. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from September 1 to October 30, 2020. An electronic bilingual questionnaire (French / English) was sent via WhatsApp groups of students of the different faculties of medicine listed in the country. The flourishing scale was adapted and used to assess individual perceived fulfilment. Associated factors were assessed using logistic regressions. The level of significance was set at p <0.05. Results: Overall, 200 students participated in the study. The median age of the study participants was 22 (21-24) years. Seventeen percent of participants admitted being regularly absent from lecture halls. The median fulfilment score was 48 (42-51). A score below 48 was independently associated with irregular participation in lectures [aOR = 2.61, 95% CI = (1.17 - 6.07), p = 0.0214]. Conclusion: Medical students generally have overall fulfilment score above-average. Absenteeism was the only factor associated with a low fulfilment score. The establishment of psychological support units will make it possible to understand and manage student absenteeism and could improve their development. Keywords: Medical students, self-fulfilment, flourishing scale, Cameroon
The main purpose of this research was to analyze Inventory Management and inventory turnover ratio case of ADMA. The research guided by the following specific objectives: i) Analyze the effect of lean manufacturing on lead time, ii) Study the effect of bulk purchase on cost of goods sold and iii) Examine the effect of demand forecasting on average inventory. Descriptive survey used in this study to collect information. The total population for this study was 200 Person from whom a sample of 103 respondents calculated using Yamane formula. The purposive sampling technique used to select the participants. Data collected using questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics mean and standard deviation. The significant change in inventory turnover ratio due to the change of Lean manufacturing, because of the Sig. value is 0.021, which is less than the acceptable value of 0.05. The significant change in inventory turnover ratio due to the Bulk purchase change, because of the Sig. value is 017, which is less than the acceptable value of 0.05. The significant change in inventory turnover ratio due to the Inventory forecasting change, because of the Sig. value is 0. 038, which is less than the acceptable value of 0.05.
The purpose of this research was to explore lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from Nigerian fermented foods that can be used to produce riboflavin. In this study, LAB were isolated from “wara”, “nono”, and “ogi”. Total number of colonies of LAB in triplicates ranged from 3.9 x 106 CFU ml 1 to 4.2 x 106 CFU ml 1. A total of 321 lactic acid bacteria were isolated. Of these LAB isolates, 129 (40%) belong to the genus Lactobacillus, 69 (21%) to Lactococcus, 53 (21%) to Streptococcus, 41 (13%) to Pediococcus (13%) while 29 (9%) to genus Leuconostoc. All isolated LAB strains were screened for riboflavin production, but twenty sixsynthesized riboflavin. The results of the biochemical test showed that the isolates were gram positive, catalase negative, indole, negative, non motile and were able to assimilate ribose, galactose, D glucose, lactose, mannose, manitol, arabinose, cellobiose, and maltose. Molecularcharacteristics of the best riboflavin-producing LAB revealed the presence of L. plantarum, L. fermentum, L. acidophilus and L. plantarum (CAU7407), L. fermentum (CAU2804), L. acidophilus (DL2). This study indicated that LAB strains from Nigerian fermented foods could produce riboflavin. Further study is needed to optimize the conditions for riboflavin production by these LAB isolates.
Background: Antiretroviral Medication Adherence constitutes an important aspect of HIV treatment to reduce transmission of HIV and improve quality of life. Objective: This study evaluates the determinants of Anti-Retroviral Medication Adherence among participants. Methods: Survey design was adopted in this study using the precede model. Validated questionnaire was used to gather information from 120 PLWHA. This followed ethical approval from Taraba State College of Nursing Science Research Ethics Committee and informed consent from participants. Descriptive statistics and frequency distributions were employed in the analysis of data. Validity and reliability of Instrument were tested with Cronbach Alpha, 0.795. Results: Mean age of respondents was 35.4 ± 9.061. Majority were married (62%), self –employed (42%) female (67%) Christians (72%) of Mumuye ethnic origin (28%) with lower educational attainments (56.6%). The level of predisposing factors in HIV treatment on 137-point reference scale scored = 80.9 (2.77) ±15.15; Reinforcing factors in HIV treatment on 15-points scale, = 8.87(0.69) ±3.78, Enabling factors in HIV treatment on 15-points scale = 8.00(0.51) ±2.77 and Self-Reported Adherence on 24-points scale, = 17.87(0.91) ±4.99. The adherence prevalence rate for this population was 74%. Conclusion: Determinants for medication adherence were found to be low to average levels against medication adherence in HIV treatment. It is therefore, recommended that Strategically targeted theory-grounded intervention programs should be targeted at every program for the prevention of HIV/ AIDS. Key words: Demography, Education, Adherence, Predisposing, Enabling. Words Count: (248)
The present study is aimed at examining the level of awareness and impact of climate change on the health of the elderly in Rivers state. Climate change is a serious environmental challenge affecting humans of all age, group and status. The study adopted the survey research design, the multi-stage sampling technique was used for data collection, two hundred and seventy six elderly persons from three senatorial districts constituted the sample size, a self-structured questionnaire was used to elicit response from the respondents, descriptive statistics was used to analyze the result. The findings showed that climate change has had adverse impact on the health of the elderly especially through extreme temperature, high vector borne disease burden and respiratory illness as a result of inhaling contaminated air, however, the elderly had good actual knowledge on the existence and effect of climate on their health. The study recommends amongst others, regular blood Pressure check for the elderly especially those between 75-84 and 85 and above, also increased awareness on the need for life style change among the elderly persons so as to strengthen their age compromised immunity. Keywords: Climate Change, Elderly, Health of the Elderly, awareness of climate change.
stages of the project life cycle might have effects to the performance of the project. This study aimed to assess stakeholder engagement practices on the project performance of Prime Cement Ltd located in Musanze District, Rwanda. The study’s aim was reached through the assessment of the relationships between stakeholder engagement practices and the four performance parameters namely; project quality, cost efficiency, timeliness and profitability. The research methods that adopted in this study were quantitative and qualitative with descriptive research design. The target population for this study includes employees of Prime Cement Ltd and its stakeholders including employees, contractors, customers, suppliers, government officials. Stratified random sampling technique was employed in order to determine the sample size. Both primary and secondary data were gathered. Questionnaire and interviews were used as instruments for data collection. Data was analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Simple descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were determined to analyze the findings. The regression analysis was used to describe correlation between the independent and dependent variables. The research instrument reliability test showed a Cronbach Alpha of 0.862. The findings of the study confirmed that there is a moderate negative correlation between Stakeholder engagement practices in project identification and project performance (project quality) as represented by Pearson coefficient (r = -.412, n = 223, p = 0.01). The findings also showed that there is a strong positive correlation between Stakeholder engagement practices in project planning and project performance (project profitability) as evidenced by (r = .705, n = 223, p = 0.01). The findings indicated that there is a strong positive correlation between Stakeholder engagement practices in project implementation and project performance (project completion time) as represented by (r = .720, n = 223, p = 0.01). It was also noticed that there is a strong positive correlation between Stakeholder engagement practices in project monitoring and project performance (cost efficiency) as represented by (r = .580, n = 223, p = 0.01). The study recommends that stakeholders should be effectively engaged at all project stages to enhance project performance.
Being a human, living, preserving and practicing the traditional cultures are important in their lives. It can help them to patronize their culture and bring it until the next generation, but colonization exist and some of their cultures adopted by the Filipino and until know are existing. This study was undertaken to assess the perception of Filipino youths on the effects of foreign culture to the traditional cultures in the Philippines and to answer the statement of the problems like what is the traditional cultures in the Philippines and what are the effects of foreign culture to the perception of the students. At the same time to know the different foreign cultures arises in the Philippines. Also they want to know if there is a significant relationship between the effects of foreign culture to the perception of the students to the traditional cultures in the Philippines and to provide proposed plan of action that will help the others.Keywords: Traditional Cultures, Philippines, Foreign cultures
Résumé L’environnement des entreprises évolue et les managers doivent sans cesse s’adapter aux changements. L'une des tâches principales de manager d'une entreprise est de gérer les ressources de l’entreprise afin qu'elle puisse apporter la bonne réponse aux changements. Aussi, les managers doivent s’adapter, non seulement aux facteurs qui déterminent la survie d'une entreprise mais aussi l'environnement externe envue de diriger le processus d'intégration interne. Abstract The business environment is changing and managers must constantly address changes. One of the main tasks of managing a company is to manage the resources of a company so that it can provide the right response toward the changes. Also, managers must adapt, not only to the factors that determine the survival of a company, nevertheless, also the external environment in order to direct the internal integration process. Key words: Environment, change, managers, company, internal integration, adapt, managing…
Cet article s’est fixé comme objectif d’analyser les déterminants de la demande de monnaie dans une économie dollarisée comme la République Démocratique du Congo. En effet, une économie dollarisée est caractérisée par une dominance d’une autre monnaie que celle émise par la banque d’émission de ce pays. Cette situation remet en cause les déterminants fondamentaux de demande monnaie à savoir le taux d’intérêt, le produit intérieur brut et le taux de change. En RDC, le taux de la dollarisation oscille autour de 90% ce qui classe le RDC parmi le pays fortement dollarisée. Cette situation est apparue vers les années 90 suite à l’hyperinflation qui a causé la dépréciation de la monnaie. Apres analyse, il est remarqué que dans une économie dollarisée, la fonction de la demande de monnaie est déterminée par le taux de change et le PIB. Le taux d’intérêt de la banque centrale est inefficace pour impacter la demande de la monnaie.
This research aims to analyze the added value of shrimp processed into dimsum and the marketing carried out by "DIMSUM 220". The research was conducted in October 2022 at the Dimsum 220 Factory Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) in Bandung, Cicendo District, Bandung City, West Java, which is located on Jalan H. Mesri No. 28b, Pasir Kaliki. The research method used is a case study method (case study). The type of data used is primary data. Respondents who were interviewed in this study were the owner of the Dimsum Factory and Producer, Mr. Kiki Hendra. Data collection methods used in this study include interviews, recording and observation. The data analysis method used is quantitative descriptive analysis. Value added analysis using the Hayami method (Yuichi Hayami et al. 1987). Marketing analysis is carried out on market segmentation, competitor identification, pricing and promotion. Data obtained from observations to the marketing location of shrimp dimsum "Dimsum 220". Based on the results of the research, it shows that the added value of shrimp is processed into dimsum by "Dimsum 220" amounting to Rp. 24,575.4/kg. The added value ratio is 24.59%. Products made from raw shrimp that are processed into dimsum experienced a price increase of 0.833 times compared to the price of fresh shrimp sold in the market. In addition, from these calculations, the results of direct labor income are 1.15%, the contribution of other inputs is 17.97%, and the profit of business owners is 80.88%. Dimsum market segmentation “Dimsum 220” are adults - young consumers with an age range of 20-30 years. The identified competitors are rival competitors with a competitive basis of “cost advantage. The pricing used is cost plus pricing and promotions through the Tokopedia marketplace, Instagram, and also Go-Food services.
Human activities have a profound effect on ecology at large and bird species in particular due to destroying of their natural habitat. Human activities like agriculture, mines, and urban development result in loss of forests, plains and other natural resources through the draining of swamps, and other wetlands; cutting of forests, trees, shrubs and resulting in reduction of potential habitat for many species especially in India with varied biodiversity. Window strikes are among the top three human-related cause of bird deaths, along with cats and habitat destruction. As a result of urbanization and population growth, cities are expanding vertically intruding into the bird fly paths and destroying their natural habitat. This is causing increase in threat of bird-window strikes. People in India are hardly aware of this issue. There should be standards or acts to address this issue, this paper is an attempt in this direction to make law makers, institutions giving permissions to buildings aware of this issue and suggesting measures of its mitigation based on best practice around the globe.
Background: HIV/AIDS is globally a public health threat needing optimum medication-Adherence to reduce transmission and improve quality of life. Objective: Survey design was used to assess the level of Antiretroviral Medication Adherence of PLWHA. Methodology: Precede model significantly explained how ARVs adherence can be achieved efficiently in HIV/AIDS treatment. Descriptive Survey design with validated questionnaire was used to gather information from 60 PLWHA. This followed ethical approval from Taraba State College of Nursing Science Research Ethics Committee and informed consent from participants. Descriptive statistics and frequency distributions were employed in the analysis of data. Validity and reliability of Instrument were tested with Cronbach Alpha, 0.795. Results: Study recorded Mean age of participants 35.4 ± 9.061; Majority were married (61%) females (66%) and self –employed (41.7%) Mumuye ethnic group (28.3%), of Christian faith (71.7%) and lower educational attainments (56.6%). predisposing factors on reference scale of 137-points, reported = 82.17(2.18) ±11.92; Perceptions on 105-point, = 60.33(1.88) ±10.30; Attitude on 21-points scale, =13.17(0.57) ± 3.12); Reinforcing factors on 15-points scale, scored = 9.00(0.65) ±3.65; Enabling factors on 15-points reference scale reported = 8.23(0.46) ±2.50 and Self-Reported Adherence and Appointment Keeping on 24-points reference scale was = 16.23(0.82) ±4.49 and Adherence prevalence rate for this group was 67.6%. Conclusion: Intervention Programs should be intensified in HIV treatment to optimize Adherence level to the recommended minimum of 95%. Key words: Demography, Education, Adherence, Predisposing, Reinforcing. Words Count: (250)
Food is a basic need of life and sufficient consumption of it is a key for healthy and productive life. All living things need food to satisfy hunger and nourish the body. It is obvious that the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) cannot be achieved without major changes in food production, distribution and consumption. In fact, food security remains a crucial problem in Nigeria, despite the availability of plentiful natural, physical and human resources; there is still high rate of food insecurity in Nigeria especially in the post planting period. In the light of this basic truth, it is highly imperative that attempts be made at examining food insecurity transition among rural households in South-western Nigeria. Consequently, adopting the descriptive survey research design using two-stage stratified sampling technique. The first stage involved the selection of Enumeration Areas (EAs) based on probability proportional to size (PPS) of the total EAs in each state in Nigeria and Federal Capital Tertiary consisting of a total of 500 EAs. More so, the second stage was a systematic random selection of ten (10) households from each EA to make up a total number of 5000 households consisting of 3,370 rural households and 1,630 urban households. The final number of households interviewed was 4,581 because of a non-response rate of 0.4 percent. However, due to incomplete information from some households, only 3112 rural households were used for both post planting and post harvesting period. These 3112 households therefore constituted the sample size for this study. The findings of the study showed that the log likelihood of -39.6315 and -56.5341, the pseudo R2 of 0.5787 and 0.3108 which suggests that about 58% and 31% of the variability in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variables in the model and that the LR (Chi square) of 0.0332 and 0.0679 for post-planting and post-harvesting season respectively implies that the overall model is fitted and the explanatory variables used in the model were collectively able to explain the influence of food insecurity among rural households in Nigeria. Premised on the findings, it was recommended among others that special nutritional programme involving the provision of free meal for the malnourished households becomes necessary. Also, together with all other goals of SDG set out, we can end hunger by 2030.Keywords: Food insecure, Food insecurity transition, Post-planting, Post-harvestin
The general objective of this research study is to investigate the influence of project practices on success of donor funded projects in Rwanda with reference of Compassion International Rwanda Projects. The specific objectives are to assess the influence of partners’ involvement on success of donor funded projects in Compassion International Rwanda Projects; to determine the influence of funds control on success of donor funded projects in Compassion International Rwanda Projects and to examine the influence of executive collaboration on success of donor funded projects in Compassion International Rwanda Projects. The researcher stated the problems saying that the primary problem of project practices is to achieve all goals within the given constraints. The main constraints are scope, time, quality and prepared budget. Partners are no longer solely interested in organizational activities and outputs, but than ever interested in actual institutions results. The insufficient reliable and relevant project practices reports have caused institutions to collapse; they fall into failure because of their liabilities far outweigh their general assets they even fail to repay their partners. The researcher developed related theories as well as partners’ theory and institutional Theory. The study utilized the sample size of 186 respondents from total population of 712 respondents including 672 as employees who have responsibilities and related duties in projects operations of CIR and 40 partners, and they were selected through simple random sampling technique, where research tools that were used are questionnaire; interview and documentation. Then SPSS was used during data analysis and the results findings allowed the researcher to draw the policy recommendations. The regression square (R2) equals to 0.705 (70.5%) and this show the goodness of fit of the estimated model. Up to 70.5% of long-run appreciation in success of donor funded projects in CIR is influenced by changes in partners’ involvement; funds control; executive collaboration as implemented by CIR. The research hypotheses were tested and verified and then they are confirmed referring to the statistical (regression analysis) findings and then according to the research, the correlation of 0.705 (705%) is categorized as positive and significant this leads to confirm that there is significant relationship between project practices with its observed indicators (factors) and success of donor funded projects in CIR. Finally, the study recommended that The leaders of CIR, who have particularly, the projects activities into their attribution and responsibilities should ensure the security in project practices services as most if not all users expect it.
This paper entitled “Management of Work-Life Balance: Psychoanalysis and Alternatives” is truly related with the balance between work and personal life. It shows the activeness and simplicity of a person who is the head of the family to manage both work-life and personal life. The focus of this study is given on the problems and getting the solutions for the imbalance working life. First to understand the basic problems and then find out the solutions that how to handles these deficiencies tactfully after getting the different sources. This work of study emphasized the overall characteristics of a successful work-life balance. This paper is divided into four sections in which first part is introduction to study, second is related to the challenges and its solutions, third is proper guidelines to handle the personal and work-life imbalances and fourth is conclusion of the study. Keywords: Work-life balance, Challenges to handle work life imbalance, Commands of steps to manage work-life imbalance, Psychoanalysis and Alternatives of work-life balance,
Contract Management is understood as comprising the negotiation of the terms and conditions of contracts,ensuring compliance, documenting and agreeing to any changes that may arise during contract implementation. all require a high level of contract management to maintain efficiency for the construction project. Performance in contract management is directly linked to customer satisfaction level. Customers are only satisfied when projects meet the planned or expected quality and time. Thus, best performance is achieved when quality standards are met. This implied that there was a strong positive relationship between contract management practices and project performance of construction company. Further, the study take a look on specific objectives like contract management practice, main risks factors,contract regulation,supervision and evaluation practices on the performance of construction company in Kigali, Rwanda, and the study revealed that once all are considered during implementation phase, it grant construction projects performance undertaken by construction company. Keywords: Contract management practices, Project performance of construction company
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