Volume 9, Issue 7, July 2021 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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Comparative Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Quality Evaluation of Branded and Generic Formulations of Piroxicam []


Generic drugs recommendation, provision, and replacement in undeveloped countries has been challenging among physicians, predominantly because of difficulties regarding to quality, safety, and effectiveness Moreover, all these debates are due to variable drug guidelines and rules of every country along with awareness and attitudes of healthcare specialists towards generic drugs. Generic drugs are affordable and less in prize as compared to branded drugs. In the past years generic medicines have been disparaged for being inferior primarily because of poor compliance with good manufacturing practice guiding principle so, the objective of this research is to assess and relate knowledge, attitude, and practice of generic medicines amongst people by their quality assessment and comparison with branded drugs. Present study was carried out by taking branded and generic drugs of Piroxicam and doing all QC testing according to USP. Dissolution, HPLC UV assay, weight variation, friability disintegration tests of both branded and generic brands complies with USP specifications. These generics are cost effective and can be used alternative of branded medicine. Few ratios of doctors have information about generics and there is gap on perception and awareness to generic and brand name drugs. Therefore, extensive knowledge and research is required to fill the gap to the use of generics it will eventually would decrease healthcare expenditure especially in developing countries.

EFFECT OF POULTRY MANURE AND NPK 15:15:15 FERTILIZER ON THE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD OF OKRA (Abelmuschus esculentus L.) []


The study was carried out to investigate the effect of poultry manure on the growth, yield and development of okra (Abelmuschus esculentus L). It has been proven that inorganic or commercial fertilizers are not environmentally friendly and expensive. Hence, there is need for this study. The experiment consisted of four treatments: poultry manure at rate of 40 g and 50 g, NPK 15:15:15 at 40 g and control. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design and replicated four times. Poultry manure was incorporated into the beds two weeks before sowing and NPK 15:15:15 was applied at two weeks after planting. Parameters assessed were plant height (mm), stem girth (mm) and number of leaves per plant and the results obtained revealed that okra responded well to the application of poultry manure. Based on the finding, T3 (50 g of poultry manure) had the highest plant height of 60.33a, with stem diameter of 3.37a and the number of leaf of 12.33a. Therefore, T3 significantly increase the growth and yield of okra and the control had the least performance with a stem girth of 3.37a. Plant height of 39.53b and number of leaves of 9.33b on the growth and yield of okra. The plants treated with NPK 15:15:15 and poultry manure gave very close results with regards to plant height, stem girth and number of leaves. It is therefore recommended that topsoil with the application of 50 kg of poultry manure is optimal for the growth and yield of okra in the soil with similar physiochemical properties. Keywords: Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), Poultry manure, NPK 15:15:15, Yield, Height.

EFFECT OF SOIL MEDIA OF DIFFERENT AGROFORESTRY PLANTATION ON THE YIELD OF TOMATO (Lycopersicum esculentum) []


Abstract This study investigated the effects of three different soil media of different agroforestry plantations on the growth and yield of Lycopersicum esculentum (tomato) seed. The soil samples used were Tl (sample A) which was collected at the Federal college of forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria. T2 (sample B) was collected at Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria FRIN, T3 (soil sample C) was collected at Federal College of Agriculture, Moore Plantation Ibadan. The soil was spread in an open-air to dry for three days after which it was passed through a 2 mm mesh sieve to remove unwanted material. A subsoil sample was procured and taken to the laboratory for routine analysis, following the sieve, 10 g of the soil was weighed in each of fifteen pots in readiness for planting. The experimental design used was Complete Randomized Design (CRD), parameters assessed were plant height, stem girth, leaf production and numbers of fruit. It was assessed for the period of 8weeks and it was later monitored to the period of yield, the data generated were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The result showed that the treatment used did not have significantly different from one another on the growth of Lycopersicum esculentum on parameter assessed. However, T1 has the highest performance in plant height, leave production and number of fruit with a mean value of 22.76a, 28.00a and 8.02b respectively followed by T3 with a mean value of 22.72a, 27.0a and 15.21b respectively while T2 had the least performance with a mean value of 15.3 6b, 21.60a and 9.10a respectively. However there were the least significant differences among the treatment at a 5% level of probability, results obtained showed that TI and T3 are good for the production of Lycopersicum esculentum. It is therefore recommended that the use of soil with high nutrients and capability of retaining water as found in Tl and T3 are therefore recommended for establishing the plantation of Lycopersicum esculentum. Keywords: Agroforestry, Lycopersicum esculentum, Soil, Sieve, Height.

Study of etiological profile of large pericardial effusion and outcome of post pericardiocentesis in a tertiary care hospital in central part of Nepal. []


Background: Pericardial tamponade is a life threatening condition caused by the accumulation of fluids in the pericardial space. It is associated with increased risk of cardio respiratory failure and death. Mortality and morbidity can be minimized with the early diagnosis and treatment with pericardiocentesis. The etiology of pericardial effusion varies in different parts of the world and is related to the relative prevalence of different diseases. Methods: This is a single center prospective observational study where patient diagnosed with large pericardial effusion with or without tamponade were included. 24 cases diagnosed to have large pericardial effusion were established with echocardiography. Evaluation to find out the cause of large pericardial effusion were performed with various investigations. Results: Our patient age ranged from 16 to 76 years with mean age of 55.12± 2.97. Most common etiology of pericardial effusion was tuberculosis 37.5% followed by malignancy 25% then idiopathic 20.8% then hypothyroidism 8.33% followed by least being CKD and Viral infection (HBV) (4.16%). Majority of patients had tamponade or impending tamponade (70.8%). Four patients had reaccumulation of pericardial fluid where in one case needed pericardiocentesis twice. During pericardiocentesis, three patients developed non-fatal arrhythmias that is 2 patients had PVC's and 1 had APC's. Conclusion: By this study, we have observed various causes of pericardial effusion, tuberculosis being the most common cause. So, pericardiocentesis is the safe procedure in saving life when patient presented with tamponade or impending tamponade and helps in ascertaining the cause of it.

PLASMID PROFILES OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM KEROSENE, DIESEL AND CRUDE OIL POLLUTED SOILS []


Plasmid profile of bacterial isolates from kerosene, diesel and crude oil polluted soils was investigated. Serial dilution, culture based method and biochemical tests were used in isolation and identification of bacteria. Eight groups of bacteria were identified; Gram-positives (Bacillus spp., Micrococcus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Enterococcus spp.) and Gram-negatives (Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., Alcaligenes sp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Serratia sp.). The presence of plasmids was detected using the Alkaline lysis method. Four out six bacteria (66.7%) from kerosene polluted soils harboured plasmid DNA. Diesel polluted soil recorded four out of seven bacteria with plasmid DNA (57.1%). Crude oil polluted soil recorded eighteen out of twenty-four bacteria with plasmid DNA (75%). Results showed 50% of Gram positives (Bacillus spp.) and Gram negatives (Enterobacter and Pseudomonas sp.) respectively from kerosene polluted soil habour plasmid DNA; 25% of Gram positive (Lactobacillus sp.) and 75% of Gram negatives (Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., Alcaligenes sp.) have plasmid DNA from diesel polluted soil; 61% of Gram positives (Bacillus spp., Enterococcus spp.) and 39% of Gram negatives (Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp.) isolated from crude oil polluted soil harbour plasmid DNA. The overall percentage occurrence of the bacteria isolated from kerosene, diesel and crude oil polluted soils that have plasmid DNA is 26/37 (70%). Gel electrophoresis was conducted to determine the sizes of plasmids as 10 kbp, 11 kpb and 12 kbp except Micrococcus sp. E. coli and Serratia sp., that have no plasmids. These bacteria can be employed in bioremediating kerosene, diesel and crude oil polluted soils.

Effect of Corrosion on Rebar Mechanical Properties on Bond Strength and Interlock []


ABSTRACT Indeed, the manifestation of corrosion is a long-term process that takes decades to fully work, but the introduction of sodium chloride causes the appearance of corrosion in a short period. This research work evaluated the behavioral characteristics of non-coated and coated reinforcing steel inserted in concrete and immersed in corrosive media. The experimental work represented a suitable high-salt sea media and the possible use of daniellia oliveri exudate/resin extract as a barrier to prevent corrosion and the risk of corrosion impact in a reinforced concrete structure exposed or built within this harsh region. The experimental were results obtained from 36 concrete cube samples as explained in experimental procedures for 12 controlled, placed in freshwater for 360 days, 12 non-coated, and 12 coated with exudates/resin samples all embedded in concrete cube samples and immersed in 5% sodium chloride (NaCl) aqueous solution for 360 days and investigated their effectiveness by, monitoring, testing for three months in 90 days, 180 days, 270 days, and 360 days. Obtained results showed lower bond strength recorded in corroded and reduced/decreased value compared to controlled and coated samples, indications showed that coated materials increased the interaction between concrete and reinforcing steel.The maximum slip obtained peak comparative values are controlled 74.35% as against corroded -37.947% and coated 24.273%, The obtained results showed lower slippage and decrease value from the corroded sample as against controlled and coated samples with higher slippage to failure and increase values resulting from coating materials. The presence of corrosion reduces the efficiency of the material corroded thereby reduces the original mechanical properties of reinforcing steel.From the results obtained and given in Figures 3-6b, it can be seen that the diameter of uncoated decreased by the maximum value of (-0.97% and coated increased by 0.98%, for the cross-sectional area, corroded has maximum reduction value of -12.706% and coated increased by 42.617%%, weight loss and gain are corroded -22.623% decreased (loss) and coated 34.06% increase (gain). The indication analyzed from the test work was that the effect of corrosion on the non-coated concrete cube samples has a reduction in diameter and cross-sectional area and in rebar unit weight reduction, the increase in diameter of the coated concrete cube samples and the cross-sectional area increase resulting from varying thicknesses of the coating exudates /resins.while coated concrete cubes have diameter and cross – sectional area increases and weight gain resulting from the varying thickness coated to reinforcing steel. Index Terms: Corrosion, Corrosion inhibitors, Pull-out Bond Strength, Concrete and Steel Reinforcement

DATA MINING AND ANALYSIS: UNDERSTANDING COVID-19 THROUGH ANALYSIS OF HEALTHY DIET DATASET []


In the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak, due to the limited data accumulated, the role of big data analysis was limited, hence the data mining models could help policymakers and health managers in private and public bodies to plan health care resources and control the prevention of an epidemic outbreak. This could be achieved by extracting data from different spots such as the media, social media networks used by service users and their relatives. The data acquired by Data Mining can likewise be used for publicizing, extortion recognition and logical discoveries and so on. To carry out this work and achieve its goal, which is to respond on the given question “What do we know about non-pharmaceutical interventions in fighting with coronavirus pandemic?” through data visualization.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF AUDIT QUALITY OF INTERNAL SUPERVISORY APPOINTMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NORTH TORAJA REGENCY []


This study aims to examine and analyze the factors that influence the audit quality of the internal supervisory apparatus of the North Toraja Regency government. This study uses a quantitative approach. The object of research is Civil Servants (PNS) who work at the City/Regency Inspectorate Office or Bawasda at the North Toraja Regency Inspectorate Office. Data were obtained by survey methods and research instruments in the form of a questionnaire. The research sample was 45 people who were selected by census sampling method. Data were analyzed by multiple regression method. The results of the study indicate that Integrity, Code of Ethics, Competence and Independence affect the quality of audit results.

Net Neutrality - Issues, Debates and Sociolegal Challenges for Information Freedom across World []


Net neutrality is a network system that contends for broadband system suppliers to remain totally disconnected from what data is sent over their systems. Generally, it contends that no bit of data ought to be preferred over another. This standard suggests that a data system, for example, the web is most effective and helpful to the general population when it is less centered around a specific types of people and rather mindful to numerous users. segregate and choose how quick information will be transmitted and at what quality. Essentially, net neutrality advocates the idea that all activity on the web—regardless of what it is—merits a similar level of priority. Nothing can be throttled, given priority, blocked, or generally meddled with, which implies it's on network service providers to treat movement reasonably.

Efficient Lighting for Museum Exhibition Halls. []


A museum is a place to discover, explore and learn about the past, present and future of creativity, as well as history. Lighting plays a significant role in developing interaction between humans and museum artifacts in one defined space. "Museums are places where lighting design is critical to the overall experience” (Lowe,43, 2009). Lighting is essential for human interaction in a space. Technical illumination research lays a foundation to conduct analysis in a variety of museums. This research component is significant to understand the complexity and various facets of overall museum lighting design. This study evaluates both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of lighting design in museums. Psychological, physiological and experiential components are observed in these museums’ environments to analyze lighting design within its exhibits.

Covid-19 Pandemic and prevention according to teachings of Islam: A Review []


Through qualitative analysis of Holy Qur'an verses and the Hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW), it is credible to arise the Quranic teachings and hadith of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). The present study give some significant preventions which are just same as recommended by WHO. Advantage administrators and decision makers as a model, in regard to COVID‐19 pandemic. It can offer them Quranic strategies that could assist them to manage this crisis successfully. The present study can also help to remove the dreadful consequences that may result from COVID-19 pandemic, on the other hand it would increase their awareness about the crisis management regarding to the Islamic approach. These results may be valuable through a qualitative study of pandemic and crisis management in evolving programs to train leaders. Therefore, the results of this study may create a basis for upcoming research as a set of basic data, and as an initial point to train leaders and public in management of pandemic and outbreaks like COVID-19.

EFFECT OF FLIPPED CLASSROOM ON THE PERFORMANCE IN MATHEMATICS OF LEARNERS []


Learning Mathematics during the pandemic became much more challenging than before. There were a lot of adjustments needed to be considered as the educational curriculum also changed due to the situation faced by teachers and learners. These changes may lead to misunderstanding of the concept, misinterpretation of the lesson or as worse as laziness to learn Mathematics for the students. This review paper aimed to review various articles that explain the effect of flipped classrooms on the performance in Mathematics of learners. Specifically, it aims to identify the research gap pertaining to the use of flipped classrooms in teaching Mathematics. It reviewed articles published in on-line international journals from 2011 to 2021. The review focuses on the findings and conclusions of the articles reviewed. Keywords: Effect, flipped classroom, performance in Mathematics of learners

A Case Study on Strategies to Deal with the Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic in The Banking Industry in Sri Lanka []


ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to contribute to the scholarly research in the business and management field, by exploring banking strategies implemented during COVID- 19 pandemic. For this purpose, this study employed a qualitative, case-study-based methodology for collecting information. The study reviews the magnitude of the COVID 19 pandemic's impact on the Sri Lankan banking industry and review the importance of electronic banking products, services, staff engagement initiatives, and marketing strategies that contribute to the banking industry's digital transformation. Review of this study found the upgrading and introducing new digital applications, the introduction of new channels for easy banking, and the growth of self-banking are among the most promising strategies most of the banks utilised during the pandemic. Furthermore, findings realised that new integrated systems in conjunction with the core banking system, which is scheduled to ‘go-live in 2021’are being implemented. The most promising strategies which were implemented by most of private commercial banks in Sri Lanka during the pandemic are the integrated customer relationship management (CRM) system, online banking system with a mobile app, and a new integrated anti-money laundering system (AML). It implies that most of the banks in Sri Lanka realised the need for innovation and digital strategies as an important factor for facing the pandemic. Analysis further found many digital transformation strategies such as staff engagement on digital platforms, COVID 19 and the drifting curve, digital strategy and marketing activities via digital platforms. Based on these, the authors underline that the COVID-19 pandemic has speeded up digitalization in the banking system in Sri Lanka.

THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL AUDIT AND HUMAN RESOURCE COMPETENCY ON THE QUALITY OF FINANCIAL REPORTS IN THE GOVERNMENT OF NORTH TORAJA REGENCY []


This study aims to analyze and explain the Effect of Internal Audit and Human Resource Competence on the Quality of Financial Reports in the North Toraja Regency Government. The method used in this study is the explanatory method with data collection techniques using a questionnaire with a sample of 40 auditors and inspecting officers/staff at the North Toraja Regency Inspectorate Office. The data analysis technique used is path analysis. The results of this study indicate that internal audit affects the quality of LKPD directly and indirectly through organizational commitment in North Toraja Regency and human resource competence affects the quality of LKPD directly and indirectly through organizational commitment in North Toraja Regency.

TEACHER APPRAISAL AS A PREDICTOR OF TEACHER MOTIVATION IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA. []


ABSTRACT In order to achieve educational objectives world over it requires a motivated teaching work force. However, teachers in Kenya have always expressed lack of motivation in their jobs. This manifests that there is low morale in teaching profession and underperformance could be evident. This study set out to establish whether teacher appraisal could be linked to teacher motivation in public secondary schools in Kwale county Kenya. The study was guided by Vroom’s Expectancy Theory. Using ex-post facto research design, data was collected from 255 teachers randomly selected from a total population of 752 teachers in the County.

EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF NATURAL LIGHTING AND VENTILATION FOR SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE IN BOAT TERMINAL DESIGN []


The concept of sustainability has become a rapidly and widely adopted goal in building designs. When developing new buildings and infrastructure, an emphasis is being placed on environmental, energy, and resource use goals for the design, construction, operations and maintenance of these facilities. As intermodal transportation facilities, boat terminals present unique challenges in designing marine structures to accommodate buildings, automobiles, pedestrians, bicyclists and marine vessels. The facilities can be built over land, water or a combination of both. The scope of this study provides a vision for a sustainability system specific to boat terminal buildings. The proposed design is composed of a design guideline that provides the general framework for developing and tracking relevant sustainability metrics and considerations.

Lippia sidoides leaves: genotoxic, digestive; inflammatory and hamostatic, enzymes modulators for aqueous and ethanolic extracts []


Lippia sidoides' aqueous and ethanol extracts were chemically characterized and checked for activity on enzymes that engage in processes such as inflammation, blood clot and digestion. Both extracts improved phospholipase A2 production in Bothrops venom by 12 percent and fully inhibited B-induced hemolysis. B and jarararacusu. Moojeni venom at 1:0.5 to 1:5 proportions (venom:extracts, w:w). The thrombolysis triggered by B was prevented. Motanes (10-25%) also extended the coagulation period caused by B, potentiated by thrombolysis induced by Lachesis muta muta venom (30-80%). Motorcycles and L. Antigenotoxic responses presented muta muta venoms and. Both the extracts decreased α-glycosidases, the inhibited lipases of the aqueous extract and the inhibited α-amylases of the ethanolic extract. The findings indicate the modulative effects of proteases, phospholipases, and digestive enzymes of the extracts. Furthermore, its rich phenolic structure underlines its nutraceutical ability.

EFFECTIVENESS OF DISTANCE LEARNING TO THE PERFORMANCE OF LEARNERS []


This paper aimed to review various articles that explain the effectiveness of distance learning to the performance of learners. Its goal is to give knowledge regarding distance learning and how it works in our new setting specifically on limited face to face classes. Precisely it aims to distinguish the research gap pertaining to the effectiveness of distance learning on the learners. The researcher conducted this study to find out the variables on distance learning, which lead to an effective mode of learning in times of COVID-19 pandemic.

THE IMPACT OF BOKO-HARAM INSURGENCY ON JIMETA-YOLA METROPOLIS, 2009-2017 []


This research work focused on “The impact of Boko-Haram insurgency on Jimeta-Yola, Adamawa State, 2009-2017”. The choice of this study was informed by the need to contribute to the aspect of insurgency situation in North Eastern Nigeria, Jimeta-Yola in Particular that has not been adequately covered. While there is a plethora of works on Boko-Haram insurgency, considerable attention has not been given to the implications of insurgency and humanitarian crises in Jimeta-Yola. The adverse effects of the nefarious activities of the Sect on the people of Jimeta-Yola especially women and children, as evidenced in the increased number of widows and orphans in Adamawa State have not been adequately discussed. The rise in gender and sexual based violence against female internally displaced person’s (IDPs) both at various camps and in host communities is believed to be a wide spread phenomenon. This work relying on secondary and primary sources examines the activities of the Boko-Haram insurgency which have effects on the economy and the people of Jimeta-Yola. The research further examines Displacement and Resettlement in Jimeta-Yola, economic consequences of the Boko-Haram Insurgency, political, social and religious implications on Jimeta-Yola people. The continued bombing, killings, kidnappings and the destruction of property by Boko-Haram have become a great concern to the Nigerian government and the international community. Findings from the study indicate that the atrocities of Boko-Haram have severe implications on the economy and social lives of the people in the northeast where the activities of the sect are concentrated. Therefore, impact of armed conflict on the people of Jimeta-Yola is discussed in the context of the Boko-Haram insurgency in North-eastern part of Nigeria. Most of the studies on Boko-Haram insurgencies fail(ed) to acknowledge the economic, religious, social and political implications. This work hopes to fill a historical gap to remedy the virtual neglect of Jimeta-Yola by scholars. Keywords: Impact, Boko-Haram, Insurgency, Displacement.

THE INFLUENCE OF CAREER CHOICE TO GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES' WORK PREFERENCE IN LAGUNA: BASIS FOR TRAINING PROGRAM []


This study was conducted to determine the extent of influence of career choice among government employees’ work preference in Laguna. This study utilized mixed methods particularly sequential explanatory approach. Through Purposive Sampling and Purposeful Sampling, the respondents were composed of 102 total population of selected government agencies. Validated researcher-made survey instrument and semi-structured interview questions were used for gathering of data. Using five-point Likert Scale and the simple mean, t-test for independent samples, Pearson-r correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression, findings revealed that the extent of the career choice influence in male and female government employees’ work preference in the company in terms of work environment, core competencies and organizational productivity are influenced to a great extent while in terms of personality type it was influenced to a high extent. There were no significant differences in the assessment of the two groups of respondents. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, the themes that emerged from the interviews with the government employees were High Productivity through Compatibility of Career Choice and Work Preference, flexibility at work, Adaptability at Work and focus on the professional growth. The proposed training program was the output of the study.

THE ACTUALITY OF CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX IN THE FORMATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PUBLIC INVESTMENT POLICY []


This study investigated the actuality of the correlation between The Corruption Perception Index and The Foreign Direct Investment’s attractiveness index at the formation and implementation of public investment policy and influence of development projects of the countries by means of multiple regression analytical formulas. In addition, find some important drivers and factors of modelling issues of the foreign direct investment, which is associated with attracting into the economy, increasing its development attractiveness. Because, foreign investment provides an opportunity to saturate the sectors of the economy that are highly profitable, but at the same time need the necessary material and financial resources.

Data quality assessment for routine antenatal care services at the Ho Municipal Hospital in Volta region []


High quality data on antenatal services provided by health facilities are necessary to make informed decisions regarding resource allocation and planning. However, this potentially rich source of data is often overlooked in low- and middle-income countries, because it is assumed to be of limited completeness, timeliness, representativeness, and accuracy. The main objective of the study is to examine the quality of data for 2016 routine antenatal data from January to December. A retrospective cross-sectional study involving review of routine antenatal care data collected during the period January 2016 to December 2016. Checklist was used to collect data from the antenatal registers, data from the District Health Information System (DHIMS2) database was between the stipulated periods. The accuracy and completeness of data from the three sources were calculated using a tool from the WHO routine data duality assessment tool. A total of 1,193 antenatal registrants were available the antenatal register and 1,160 each for facility report and DHIMS2 database. There were discrepancies among the three data sources. Aside Tetanol-diphtheria, age, parity, haemoglobin at registration and 36 weeks were of good quality with data discrepancies less than 10% each. The overall level of discrepancies of ANC data on total number of antenatal registrants among the three sources ranges from 0.0% to -2.8%. Mean data completeness for facility report was 83.9%. The Antenatal register and DHIMS2 database recorded 99.1% and 88.0% level of completeness respectively. It was revealed that routine antenatal data is of good data quality and can be reliable for decision making and planning of health programs. Since almost all the indicators had less than 10 percent data discrepancies. Data handlers should be adequately trained and supervised during data generation or collections to ensure accurate transfer of complete data from one data source to another.

Assessment of acute flaccid paralysis surveillance system in Kwahu South District []


Millions of children and adults in Africa suffered from disability as a result of the impact of polio, which is one of the diseases targeted for eradication worldwide. Effective Acute Flaccid Paralysis surveillance had therefore been a key strategy to ensuring the absence of the circulation of polio virus amongst populations in all countries, which is a prerequisite for global eradication. However, this surveillance system in Kwahu South district has not detected any AFP case since 2013 thus the need to evaluate the system. The evaluation of the AFP surveillance system intended to ascertain whether the system was meeting its objectives, and to assess the attributes of the system as well as its usefulness. The CDC updated guidelines for evaluation of surveillance systems was adopted as the tool for the study. Data was collected through interview of key informants, observation and review of records. A purposive sampling method was used to recruit health facilities and staff as participants of the study and the data analyzed by descriptive statistics using Microsoft excel 2016 version and SPSS version 20. Findings and recommendations were disseminated to the stakeholders in the district through district review meetings. The study revealed that, the AFP surveillance system in Kwahu South district, is simple, flexible, and acceptable but does not meet its objectives. The Non-polio AFP rate was seen to be 0/100,000 children >15 years. However, for a system to be seen as sensitive enough, it should have non-polio AFP rate of at least 2/100,000 children >15 years, which was not achieved in Kwahu South within the study period, an indication that the system is not sensitive. Strengthening Community participation through sensitization and involvement of clinicians and community-based surveillance volunteers in surveillance activities would be a key strategy towards heightening surveillance on AFP in the district.

COMPUTATIONAL EXPERIMENT OF ITERATED LOCAL SEARCH FOR HIGHER DIMENSIONS ((k, N) = (4, 9) ) FOR OPTIMIZING LATIN HYPERCUBE DESIGNS []


A k-dimensional Latin hypercube design (LHD) of n points, is a set of n points where xi = (xij, xi2, . . . , xik) {0, . . . , N − 1}k such that for each factor j all xij are distinct. we assume that our design space is equal to the [0, N−1]k hypercube. However by scaling, we can use LHDs for any rectangular design space. One definition of LHD is to divide each axis into n equally sized bins and randomly select points such that each bin contains exactly one point. However, we refer to this technique as Latin hypercube sampling (LHS).We have compared the performance of ILS approach with other approaches regarding various characteristics of the optimal designs by considering a typical design namely (k, N) = (4, 9). The comparison study reveals that ILS approach is one of the best approaches for finding maximin LHDs.

A STUDY ON POPULATION OF KHULNA CITY AND SOME FUTURE CONCEPTS. []


Khulna is the third largest city of Bangladesh, which is basically a linear city. Khulna's 2021 population is now estimated at 949,229. In 1950, the population of Khulna was 61,259. Khulna has grown by -4,516 since 2015, which represents a -0.47% annual change. These population estimates and projections come from the latest revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects. These estimates represent the urban agglomeration of Khulna, which typically includes Khulna's population in addition to adjacent suburban areas. In this research, we see that after 2021, the population of Khulna city will be increased. Basing on this concepts we have assumed some concepts for the Khulna city.